洗衣机漂洗效率及影响因素的研究

对洗衣机漂洗效率的检测方法进行了实验研究。在传统的碱性残留检测法基础上,运用两相滴定法测定残留漂洗液中活性物含量,计算了活性物漂洗率。同等漂洗条件下,活性物残留量高于碱性物质残留量,第1、2次漂洗差异明显,第3次漂洗后基本一致。运用两种检测方法分别测定漂洗比、水温、含水率、漂洗时间对漂洗效率的影响,提出了漂洗程序的改进方案。     

赤泥脱水隔膜压滤机的改进与应用浅析

针对赤泥的高温、强腐蚀性等物料特点,为赤泥矿浆的干堆干排或综合利用解决脱水难题,利用低压入料过滤、高压隔膜压榨及压缩空气吹风干燥原理,提出一种新型高效赤泥脱水专业隔膜压滤机。其是在传统隔膜压滤机基础上,对隔膜滤板等进行改进优化,进而延长赤泥脱水压滤机隔膜滤板的使用寿命。     

磷酸铁锂净化压滤机的设计与应用浅析

针对磷酸铁锂悬浮液的高氯离子、强腐蚀性、细粒度等物料特点,为解决磷酸铁锂滤饼洗涤与净化过滤难题,提出一种新型重防腐隔膜压滤机。其是在传统隔膜压滤机基础上,对隔膜滤板、过滤板等零部件进行优化改进,实现进一步降低滤饼水分、改善滤饼洗涤效果和延长滤板使用寿命的目的;并对压滤机进行重防腐处理,使其满足在高氯离子、极强腐蚀性等恶劣工况下正常使用要求;增加滤布快速清洗、振动辅助卸料等装置,有效提高隔膜压滤机工作效率。     

立式全自动压滤机的技术发展及市场前景

介绍了立式全自动压滤机在国际和国内的发展和现状,阐述了立式全自动过滤机的基本原理、结构特点、技术特点以及对立式全自动压滤机技术的改进,分析了立式全自动压滤机的发展前景。     

卧螺离心机在氨碱厂盐泥压滤中的应用

通过技术改造、流程再造等方式,通过引进大处理量的卧螺离心机,取代板框压滤机,处理盐水精制岗位送来的盐泥;把滤液全部回收利用,盐泥通过调浆装置调成浓度合格的浆液送往热电车间脱硫塔,实现湿法脱硫,完全满足使用要求,但通过对离心机的使用,发现其不足,希望能够进一步改进,完全满足企业需要。     

某选矿厂立式压滤机进料系统改造

传统立式压滤机进料系统的给料方式为1台给料泵对应1台压滤机,存在布置复杂、管路较多的缺点,本设计对该进料系统进行了改造,改造后的定量给料系统可为多台立式压滤机给料,并可与压滤机实现联锁控制。     

KM500/2000快速隔膜压滤机在张集选煤一厂的应用

张集选煤一厂采用KM 500/2000快速隔膜压滤机替换原煤泥处理系统的板框压滤机;对影响压滤工艺的煤泥水浓度、粒度组成、加药情况、压榨时间等因素进行了优化改进,使快速隔膜式压滤机的处理能力得到大幅提高,不仅缓解了煤泥水系统压力,而且获得了较好的经济效益。     

LAROX压滤机的运行及改进

介绍了LAROX压滤机的结构和主要工艺参数。LAROX压滤机已在大冶有色金属股份有限公司冶炼厂投运6年多时间,针对生产中出现的滤布跑偏及长度误报警、滤布和刮刀磨损、滤布冲洗效果差、压滤机高温报警或跳车等故障,采取了相应的改进措施。目前2台压滤机运转良好,满足了硫酸生产的要求。     

淮北矿业浮选精煤压滤脱水工艺的改进

介绍了降低炼焦精煤水分的重要性,分析了淮北矿业集团公司炼焦精煤水分偏高的原因,论述了4种浮选精煤压滤机工艺改进的特点及脱水效果;工艺改进后,压滤精煤水分明显下降,取得了较好效果;对新型压滤机的应用提出了几点建议。     

AFIS1500板框压滤机液压控制安全装置的改进

本文对ＦＩＳ１５００板框压滤机液压控制安全装置的密封结构进行了改进，避免了因密封结构设计不合理导致泄压而影响压滤机的正常工作，使用效果良好。     

活性陶瓷滤料过滤器在高浊度含油水处理中的应用

针对高浊度含微量油原水,采用活性陶瓷滤料过滤器替代传统的多介质过滤器和活性炭过滤器作为化水制水预处理工艺。对活性陶瓷滤料的特性和过滤原理、活性陶瓷滤料过滤器系统组成进行了介绍,结合某钢厂化水站采用中水作为水源水制备锅炉补充水的工程实例,对活性陶瓷滤料过滤器的运行效果进行了分析。     

A laboratory study of the press effect in adsorptive bleaching

The so-called press effect is widely credited with enhancing the overall efficiency of bleaching clays in commercial operations. Laboratory bleaches are generally done with one use of bleaching clay, while plant operations often include a process in which spent clay in a filter press acts as a fixed bed to remove additional impurities from slurry-treated oil. In this study, the press effect is simulated in the laboratory by measuring the influence of a progres-sively-built filter cake on concentrations of carotenes and chlorophyll in successive batches of slurry-contacted oils. The oil used was canola; the clay tested was a commercially available acid-activated clay classified to two different average particle sizes. Conditions were chosen to simulate those used in commercial operations. Better total bleaching was seen from the first batch to the last as filter cake was built up. In addition, a significant particle size effect was seen. Presented at the 83rd AOCS Annual Meeting and Exposition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 10–14, 1992.     

Statistical design of experiments of acid activation of smectite clay from Serbia and its bleaching capacity

BACKGROUND: Serbian smectite clay has been activated using a response surface method with central composite design. Because, among the criteria of an edible oil, colour is the most important factor in the commercial value of the oil, and since the colour is due to the presence of pigments such as β‐carotene in the crude oil, acid‐activated clay was used for decolourisation of soybean oil. RESULTS: The effects of five parameters, namely, temperature, time, acid strength, solid/liquid ratio and stirring speed, on the process of acid activation of the clay and its bleaching capacity were determined using a statistical model. The results indicated that all parameters were significant factors in the bleaching capacity of acid‐activated clay, and a quadratic polynomial equation for bleaching capacity was obtained by multiple regression analysis. The optimal bleaching capacity was estimated to be 96.61% for an experimental run under the following conditions: activation temperature 80 °C, HCl concentration 4.78 mol L^?1, stirring speed 450 rpm, solid/liquid ratio 1:4.5 and activation time 2.81 h. CONCLUSIONS: The central composite design, regression analysis and response surface method were effective in identifying the optimal conditions for bleaching capacity of acid‐activated smectite. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mechanism of palm oil bleaching by montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations

The mechanism of bleaching by a nonswelling montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations was studied in the bleaching of palm oil. Montmorillonite clay was activated by 2 parts of H₂SO₄ at concentrations of 10-40%. Chemical composition, bleaching ability, specific surface area and phosphorus content were studied. The study showed that an initial increase in bleaching ability by clay activated by an increasing addition of H₂SO₄ was due to acid leaching of organic matter and impurities in the clay. The consequence of acid leaching in this case tends to expose active sites for adsorption. Acid leaching also removed Al³⁺, causing charge deficiency in the clay lattice and, hence, promoting the adsorption properties of the clay. A drop in bleaching efficiency at higher additions of H₂SO₄ was observed. This was due to exces-sive acid leaching of Al³⁺, causing collapse of the clay lattice struc-ture.     

Effects of minor compounds on hydrogenation rate of soybean oil

The poisoning effects of minor compounds in soybean oil on the activity of nickel-based catalysts during hydrogenation was investigated. Several soybean oils prepared by different processes were used as the starting oils for hydrogenation. Soybean oil prepared by combining neutralization with degumming and then followed by bleaching leads to a slower hydrogenation rate than an oil prepared by sequential degumming, neutralization and bleaching with activated clay. The selection of bleaching earth used in the bleaching process affected the hydrogenation rate. Soybean oil bleached with neutral clay showed a slower hydrogenation rate. Higher amounts of phosphorus compounds, oxidation products, β-carotene and iron in these oils accounted for the slower hydrogenation rate. Storage of refined and bleached soybean oil greatly affected the hydrogenation rate. An increase in the oxidation products of RB soybean oil during storage was the major reason for the decrease in the hydrogenation rate.     

Regeneration and Reutilization of Oil-Laden Spent Bleaching Clay via in Situ Transesterification and Calcination

Landfill bound waste from the oil palm industry, spent bleaching clay (SBC) containing significant amounts of adsorbed crude palm oil (CPO) has the potential to be used for biodiesel production. In this study, SBC was subjected to ultrasound-aided in situ transesterification with a co-solvent to convert the oil into methyl esters (biodiesel). Optimized reaction conditions used were 5.4 wt% KOH, methanol to oil mass ratio of 5.9:1 and 1:1 mass ratio of co-solvent (petroleum ether or ethyl methyl ketone) to SBC. The remaining bleaching clay was calcined at 500 °C for 30 min and reutilized for bleaching. Absence of –CH absorption peaks in the FTIR and TGA-FTIR analysis of regenerated clays shows the regeneration efficiency of the method. In situ transesterification and heat regeneration helped to restore pores without adversely affecting the clay structure. The use of ethyl methyl ketone (EMK) as the co-solvent in the in situ transesterification process produced clay with better bleaching qualities.     

Factors affecting the pyrophorisity of spent bleaching clay

Artificial cakes of bleaching clay/vegetable oil have been studied for their pyrophoric character using both Differential Scanning Calorimetry and a constant-temperature, fixed-interval, spontaneous heating (CaTFISH) test developed in this laboratory. It was determined that this is a two-step process involving a first-stage low-temperature spontaneous heating reaaction followed by a second-stage high-temperature spontaneous heating reaction. The latter is characterized by charring and, in some cases, flaming combustion. A study of relevant variables has established that clay type, filter cake age, oil retention, moisture, and the presence of antioxidant significantly affect the spontaneous heating characteristics of clay/oil masses. Oil type was not found to be a significant variable in these studies.     

Acid-activation assisted by microwave of a Brazilian bentonite and its activity in the bleaching of soybean oil

In this work, a bentonite clay from Brazil was activated with H₂SO₄ (6 N) by microwave operating at different powers for 15 min. Physical and structural changes on the clay were observed after the microwave treatment. These changes were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area (SSA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The bleaching capacity of each sample for the alkali-refined soybean oil was determined. It was observed that the average pore size of clay particles showed some contribution on the oil bleaching capacity, and that is not associated with maximum SSA. A mechanism of soybean oil bleaching by β-carotene molecule adsorption into particle pore of bentonite was proposed.     

沙菜卡拉胶漂白工艺研究

我国有着丰富的沙菜（Hypena）资源,它是生产卡拉胶（Carageena）的主要原料之一。文章在沙菜酸化、漂白的工艺环节中增加了H2C2O4再次酸化、增自的步骤,得出了合理的沙菜卡拉胶漂白工艺,所产沙菜卡拉胶外观白色、得胶率和凝胶强度高。     

The effect of bleaching and physical refining on color and minor components of palm oil

An industrially degummed Indonesian palm oil was bleached and steam refined in a pilot plant to study the effect of processing on oil color and on the levels of carotenoids and tocopherols. Five concentrations of one natural and two activated clays mixed with a fixed amount of synthetic silica were used for bleaching. For color measurement, the Lovibond method was compared to the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) L^*,a^*,b^* method. The results showed that the L^*,a^*,b^* method is repeatable and that the values found are highly correlated with the carotenoid content of bleached oil samples. The various clays and synthetic silica mixes removed 20–50% of the carotenoids in the degummed oil, depending on clay concentration and activity. For the two activated clays, pigment adsorption increased with clay amount. Steam refining totally destroyed carotenoids in the claytreated oils by heat bleaching. Total tocopherols in the crude oil amounted to 1000 mg/kg, with γ-tocotrienol as the main tocopherolic component followed by α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, and δ-tocotrienol. Tocopherol concentrations increased after the bleaching treatment with the most acid clay, and the increase was proportional to the amount of clay used. Both bleaching and steam refining changed the ratios between the various to copherolic components, especially increasing the relative concentration of α-tocotrienol in the refined oil. An average 80% tocopherol retention was obtained after the treatment with acid clay + synthetic silica and steam refining of palm oil.