一起弱馈系统中的跨线复杂故障分析

介绍了一起220 kV同杆并架双回线发生的跨线接地故障及保护装置动作情况,并详细分析了保护稳态分区选相原理及双回线线路保护动作行为.通过故障时分相电流差动保护与纵联距离保护动作行为的对比,得出前者在原理上更具优越性的结论,并给出了今后线路保护配置的合理建议.     

双回线路跨线故障及保护动作行为分析

以山西220 kV系统某线路的一次实际跨线故障录波数据为基础，分析了同杆双回线路保护安装处的电流电压特征，研究了该线路上4套不同厂家、不同型号常规微机型线路保护的动作行为，提出了同杆并架双回线保护选型应注意的问题。结果表明，异名相跨线故障期间，各端保护可以检测到零序电流，但无零序电压;变化量方向元件可以正确判断方向;采用零序电流 I · 0 和负序电流 I · 2A 构成的稳态量选相元件能正确选相;零序方向元件的动作行为不确定;相间测量阻抗增大、接地测量阻抗减小均不能正确反映故障位置。     

一种新的双回线单端相继速动保护的实现

分析了现有双回线单端保护的优缺点以及两回线间零序互感对接地距离继电器的影响，在现有双回线微机保护装置的硬件平台上实现了由几个改进元件共同组合构成的新的双回线单端相继速动保护判据，并经动模试验验证了该保护在区外故障时可靠不动作，区内除了母线出口处发生同名跨线故障时远故障端保护要以距离Ⅱ段延时动作外，其他跨线故障以及全线范围的单回线故障均能正确地快速动作。     

同杆并架输电线路跨线故障识别元件

通过对线路发生单纯性故障与跨线故障情况下的正、负序故障分量阻抗关系和正、负序故障分量电流幅值关系的分析，提出了一种判别电力系统发生跨线故障的判别元件。单纯性故障时，正负序阻抗角相等、正负序阻抗幅值相等、正序故障分量电流幅值不小于负序电流幅值;而当发生跨线故障时，以上关系不再成立，由此便可以得到系统发生跨线故障的判据。该判别元件原理简单，动作灵敏度高， EMTP仿真和现场录波数据验证了该判别原理的准确性。     

某国外水电站变压器瓦斯保护动作分析和处理

变压器和线路的电流保护与瓦斯保护对变压器和线路的安全运行起着关键作用。在发生短路故障时,电流保护的正确动作能将故障快速切除,避免故障持续和扩大进而损坏设备。瓦斯保护在变压器内部发生严重故障时动作,能避免变压器故障进一步扩大。本文详细分析了一起变压器瓦斯保护动作事故,找到了瓦斯保护动作的原因,并给出了合理的解决方案。事故分析和解决方案可供类似项目的变压器、线路设计和运维人员参考与借鉴。     

基于同杆双回线跨线故障识别的选相方案

从同杆并架双回线跨线故障的特征出发，分析了现有主要选相元件在同杆并架线路发生跨线故障时存在的问题，提出了基于跨线故障识别的同杆双回线故障选相的新方案。系统发生故障后，选相元件首先根据故障后的零序电流、零序电压、正负序电流之间的关系等特征识别故障性质，针对双回线的跨线故障采用特殊的选相方案。可以有效地解决发生跨线故障时突变量选相元件和稳态选相元件存在的误动或者拒动的问题，提高了电力系统安全稳定运行和输电可靠性。     

一起特殊故障引起母差保护动作的分析

220 kV李山变电站为气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备（GIS），该站220 kV母线故障比较罕见，造成母线保护连续动作2次。文中提出了事故分析的方法，通过对故障后装置的录波数据和报告进行分析，将故障数据与理论计算数据进行比较，并根据母差保护的动作行为正确判断出故障点的位置，确保迅速恢复对非故障母线和线路的供电。     

一种考虑不同期合闸的行波合闸保护新方法

当线路末端故障时，行波在线路末端的反射情况比较复杂，反向电流行波的极性有可能与正向电流行波的极性相反，而此时测距结果又与线路无故障时相同。因此，会造成行波测距式与行波极性比较式合闸保护的不正确动作。根据行波的折、反射理论，分析出当线路无故障时正向电流行波仅在线路末端发生反射，且电流行波的反射系数为-1，而当线路存在故障时，正向电流行波将在故障点发生反射，无论故障是否在线路末端，电流行波的反射系数都不会是-1。根据这一特征，提出了一种新的行波合闸保护方法。从原理上保证了在各种情况下保护都可以正确动作，大量的电磁暂态仿真结果也证明了这一点。     

同杆并架双回线路行波差动保护

同杆并架双回线两回路间存在耦合，基于解耦变换，推导了行波差动保护应用于同杆双回线的差流表达式，详细分析了区内简单故障与跨线故障时两回路的各相差流特征，研究表明，同杆双回线中区内金属性故障时，由于波速不一致，在健全相引起的不平衡差流较相同长度的单回线更严重，为此提出了相应的措施，给出了行波差动保护在同杆双回线路中的实用方案。EMTP仿真验证表明，该方案灵敏度高，动作速度快，能在现有光纤通道基础上实现，具有较高的实用价值。     

自适应速断保护的动作性能分析

对自适应电流速断保护和自适应电压速断保护在单端电源条件下发生正、反方向各种类型短路故障时的保护动作性能进行了分析,同时也对它们在两端电源条件下发生故障和系统振荡时的动作行为进行了分析,在此基础上提出了进一步实现自适应电流、电压综合速断保护的设想,并指出了适用条件和为保证保护正确动作应采取的有效措施。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.