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1.
Discussion-based exercises are a prevalent form of training in emergency management, aimed at improving coordinative decision
making between the various agencies involved in disaster response. In each exercise, small multi-agency groups of decision
makers discuss potential courses of action within a fictitious disaster scenario presented as a textual narrative supported
by visual materials. We present a cognitive engineering analysis of the problem of designing disaster scenarios for effective
discussion-based exercises. The analysis was carried out through the development of a pilot authoring environment to establish
and address the requirements of a training organisation in the UK. The pilot authoring environment embodies a simple theoretical
model of the exercise process in which facts of a disaster scenario afford discussion of pertinent issues which are elicited by considerations fed to trainees. This representational scheme allows the authoring environment to complement and extend authors’ mental models
of exercises, and thereby enhance five aspects of authoring: rationalisation; continuity of rationale; evolution; adaptability;
and the integration of evaluation feedback. 相似文献
2.
Linguistic Problems with Requirements and Knowledge Elicitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David C. Sutton 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):114-124
Human and conversational aspects of requirements and knowledge identification are employed to show that requirements ‘engineering’
is not the same as civil engineering or scientific problem solving. Not only can requirements not be made fully explicit at
the start of a project, they cannot be made fully explicit at all. A need is identified to enhance computer-based information
systems (CBIS) development methods to accommodate: plurality of incommensurable perspectives, languages and agendas; dynamic
representations of system features that can be experienced rather than abstracted and forced into an abstract paper-based
representation; recognition that CBIS development is in general a continuous process where users changing their minds is a
natural and necessary indication or organisational vitality.
It is suggested that prototyping and rapid application development go some way to addressing these requirements but that
they require further development in the light of the theoretical light thrown on the nature of the problem. 相似文献
3.
The elicitation or communication of user requirements comprises an early and critical but highly error-prone stage in system
development. Socially oriented methodologies provide more support for user involvement in design than the rigidity of more
traditional methods, facilitating the degree of user–designer communication and the ‘capture’ of requirements. A more emergent
and collaborative view of requirements elicitation and communication is required to encompass the user, contextual and organisational
factors. From this accompanying literature in communication issues in requirements elicitation, a four-dimensional framework
is outlined and used to appraise comparatively four different methodologies seeking to promote a closer working relationship
between users and designers. The facilitation of communication between users and designers is subject to discussion of the
ways in which communicative activities can be ‘optimised’ for successful requirements gathering, by making recommendations
based on the four dimensions to provide fruitful considerations for system designers. 相似文献
4.
This paper looks from an ethnographic viewpoint at the case of two information systems in a multinational engineering consultancy.
It proposes using the rich findings from ethnographic analysis during requirements discovery. The paper shows how context
– organisational and social – can be taken into account during an information system development process. Socio-technical
approaches are holistic in nature and provide opportunities to produce information systems utilising social science insights,
computer science technical competence and psychological approaches. These approaches provide fact-finding methods that are
appropriate to system participants’ and organisational stakeholders’ needs.
The paper recommends a method of modelling that results in a computerised information system data model that reflects the
conflicting and competing data and multiple perspectives of participants and stakeholders, and that improves interactivity
and conflict management. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents an automated tool for scenario-driven requirements engineering where scenario analysis plays the central
role. It is shown that a scenario can be described by three views of data flow, entity relationship and state transition models
by slight extensions of classic data flow, entity relationship and state transition diagrams. The notions of consistency and
completeness of a set of scenarios are formally defined in graph theory terminology and automatically checked by the tool.
The tool supports automatic validation of requirements definitions by analysing the consistency between a set of scenarios
and requirements models. It also supports automatic synthesis of requirements models from a set of scenarios. Its utility
and usefulness are demonstrated by a non-trivial example in the paper. Case studies of the tools are also presented. 相似文献
6.
Christopher J. Atkinson 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):67-73
The contributors to this special issue focus on socio-technical and soft approaches to information requirements elicitation
and systems development. They represent a growing body of research and practice in this field. This review presents an overview
and analysis of the salient themes within the papers encompassing their common underlying framework, the methodologies and
tools and techniques presented, the organisational situations in which they are deployed and the issues they seek to address.
It will be argued in the review that the contributions to this special edition exemplify the ‘post-methodological era’ and
the ‘contingency approaches’ from which it is formed. 相似文献
7.
H. Courteney 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2000,2(3):142-153
Cognitive engineering has developed enormously over the last fifteen years. Yet, despite many excellent research projects
and publications, its full potential has not been embraced into mainstream system design. This paper will examine the reasons
for this failure and argue that the problem is not simply inertia or lack of education. There are strong organisational influences
that cause resistance to this particular approach. The discipline itself has characteristics that make it fragile in the modern
corporate structure. In addition, the cognitive engineers themselves are not blameless in the equation. They appear to have
done exactly what they criticise the engineering community for doing: they have packaged their product in a manner that is
not ‘user friendly’ to its target population, not structured to suit its application, and not output in the format required.
Suggestions will be made to rectify the situation: a list of actions is proposed for practising cognitive engineers to make
their product more likely to enjoy widespread uptake. 相似文献
8.
Deriving Goals from a Use-Case Based Requirements Specification 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Annie I. Antón Ryan A. Carter Aldo Dagnino John H. Dempster Devon F. Siege 《Requirements Engineering》2001,6(1):63-73
Use cases and scenarios have emerged as prominent analysis tools during requirements engineering activities due to both their
richness and informality. In some instances, for example when a project’s budget or schedule time is reduced at short notice,
practitioners have been known to adopt a collection of use cases as a suitable substitute for a requirements specification.
Given the challenges inherent in managing large collections of scenarios, this shortcut is cause for concern and deserves
focused attention. We describe our experiences during a goal-driven requirements analysis effort for an electronic commerce
application. In particular, we identify the specific risks incurred, focusing more on the challenges imposed due to traceability,
inconsistent use of terminology, incompleteness and consistency, rather than on traditional software project management risks.
We conclude by discussing the impact of the lessons learned for requirements engineering in the context of building quality
systems during goal and scenario analysis. 相似文献
9.
Evangelia Kavakli 《Requirements Engineering》2002,6(4):237-251
The study of contemporary requirements engineering (RE) methodologies indicates that modelling of organisational goals constitutes
a central activity of the RE process. In particular, goals provide the rationale and drive the elaboration of the requirements
that operationalise them. They also provide the criteria against which the completeness and correctness of the requirements
specification is validated. In other words, requirements implement goals in the same way that programs implement design specifications.
Despite the significance of goals in RE, research in the field is fragmented. No research has so far taken place in order
to define the overall role that goals play in RE. This paper puts forward a unifying view of goal analysis in the context
of RE. This allows the identification of similarities and differences between the different conceptions of goal used by different
approaches and promotes the understanding of the overall role of goal analysis in RE. Based on this understanding the various
approaches can be put together, thus leading to a stronger goal-driven RE framework that takes advantage of the contributions
from the many streams of goal-oriented research. 相似文献
10.
Paola Carrara Daniela Fogli Giuseppe Fresta Piero Mussio 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2002,1(4):288-304
This paper proposes a new effective strategy for designing and implementing interactive systems overcoming culture, skill
and situation hurdles in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). The strategy to identify and reduce these hurdles is developed
in the framework of a methodology based on a recently introduced model of HCI, and exploits the technological innovations
of XML (Extensible Markup Language). HCI is modelled as a cyclic process in which the user and the interactive system communicate
by materializing and interpreting a sequence of messages. The interaction process is formalized by specifying both the physical
message appearance and the computational aspect of the interaction. This formalization allows the adoption of notation traditionally
adopted by users in their workplaces as the starting point of the interactive system design. In this way, the human–system
interaction language takes into account the users’ culture. Moreover, the methodology permits user representatives to build
a hierarchy of systems progressively adapted to users’ situations, skills and habits, according to the work organization in
the domain considered. The strategy is proved to be effective by describing how to implement it using BANCO (Browsing Adaptive
Network for Changing user Operativity), a feasibility prototype based on XML, which allows the hierarchy implementation and
system adaptations. Several examples from an environmental case under study are used throughout the paper to illustrate the
methodology and the effectiveness of the technology adopted.
Published online: 4 June 2002 相似文献
11.
Jean-Charles Pomerol 《Requirements Engineering》1998,3(3-4):174-181
In this paper, we address the question of how flesh and blood decision makers manage the combinatorial explosion in scenario
development for decision making under uncertainty. The first assumption is that the decision makers try to undertake ‘robust’
actions. For the decision maker a robust action is an action that has sufficiently good results whatever the events are. We
examine the psychological as well as the theoretical problems raised by the notion of robustness. Finally, we address the
false feeling of decision makers who talk of ‘risk control’. We argue that ‘risk control’ results from the thinking that one
can postpone action after nature moves. This ‘action postponement’ amounts to changing look-ahead reasoning into diagnosis.
We illustrate these ideas in the framework of software development and examine some possible implications for requirements
analysis. 相似文献
12.
Scenarios in HCI are widely used and discussed as written or visual narratives. In this paper, we discuss fruitful conditions
for the creation and performance of scenarios particularly for the concept design of mixed realities or wireless devices.
Designers are attempting new ways of engaging people in design and experiencing ideas in early design phases. Examples range
from exploring scenarios using mock-ups or Wizard-of-Oz techniques, to testing scenarios with prototypes. In our design projects,
scenarios were created and performed with participants following them in their daily activities. Discussing these sessions,
which we called SPES (Situated and Participative Enactment of Scenarios), we highlight as promising conditions to create scenarios:
the everyday life as a stage and the opportunity for participants to exercise reflection-in-action. 相似文献
13.
Exploring Context-aware Information Push 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Despite much interest over recent years in the area of context-aware computing, there are still a number of significant gaps
in our understanding of the HCI issues associated with such systems. One particular issue that remains relatively unexplored
is how to design around the apparently conflicting goals of adapting to changes in context while at the same time adhering
to the principle of predictability. In this paper, we describe our exploration into this issue through two alternative designs
of an interactive context-aware tourist guide. One original design was based around information pull, i.e. the emphasis is
on the user to decide when context-aware information is presented. Our second design incorporates the notion of information
push whereby the actual presentation of context-aware information is triggered by contextual events, e.g. changes in the user’s
location or changes to the opening times of attractions. Through the evaluation of these alternative designs we hope to gain
a better understanding of the usability implications relating to push vs. pull in both this specific domain and in interactive
context-aware systems in general. 相似文献
14.
This paper proposes a method for analysing what are called organisational accidents. The first step of the method involves
using Reason’s model of organisational failures. This provides heuristic guidance in identifying both the active and latent
conditions that lead to major failures. The second step involves applying formal methods to support a detailed analysis of
each latent and active condition. The method is demonstrated on a case study: the railway accident at Watford Junction in
the United Kingdom. Analysis of the formal model helps to identify organisational factors that might have prevented the accident.
It also helps to identify weaknesses in the report itself. In particular we argue that a signalling standard was misunderstood,
the consequences of which could lead to another serious accident. 相似文献
15.
As part of a programme to investigate the requirements for computer-based detection aids in the NHS breast screening programme,
we have been studying how the work of mammogram reading is done within different screening centres. Our findings show how
various interactional practices have been evolved in order to help maintain readers’ performance within acceptable levels.
In this paper, we investigate one of these in detail, the use of annotations on screening reporting forms, and we consider
their role in managing readers’ performance. Finally, we consider the implications of such practices for the design of computer-based
systems and tools for breast screening. 相似文献
16.
This paper presents an ethnographically informed investigation into the use of an organisational memory, focusing in particular
on how information was used in the performance of work. We argue that understanding how people make use of distributed knowledge
is crucial to the design of an organisational memory. However, we take the perspective that an ‘organisational memory’ is
not technology dependent, but is an emergent property of group interaction. In this sense, the technology does not form the
organisational memory, but provides a novel means of augmenting the co-ordination of collaborative action. The study examines
the generation, development and maintenance of knowledge repositories and archives. The knowledge and information captured
in the organisational memory enabled the team members to establish a common understanding of the design and to gain an appreciation
of the issues and concerns of the other disciplines. The study demonstrates why technology should not be thought of in isolation
from its contexts of use, but also how designers can make use of the creative flexibility that people employ in their everyday
activities. The findings of the study are therefore of direct relevance to both the design of knowledge archives and to the
management of this information within organisations. 相似文献
17.
J. Rogalski 《Cognition, Technology & Work》1999,1(4):247-256
Managing dynamic environments often requires decision making under uncertainty and risk. Two types of uncertainty are involved:
uncertainty about the state and the evolution of the situation, and ‘openness’ of the possible actions to face possible consequences.
In an experimental study on risk management in dynamic situations, two contrasted ‘ecological’ scenarios – transposed from
effective situations of emergency management – were compared in order to identify the impact of their ‘openness’ in the subjects’
strategies for decision making. The ‘Lost Child’ scenario presented qualitative and irreversible consequences (child’s death)
and high uncertainty; it exerted high demands both in risk assessment (risk representation) and action elaboration and choice.
A less open situation (‘Hydrocarbon Fire’) required a main choice between two contrasted actions, with quantitative computable
consequences. The strategies of ‘experimental subjects’ (university students) and ‘operative subjects’ (professional fire-fighter
officers) were compared in order to evaluate the ecological validity of experimental research in this field, from the point
of view of the subjects themselves. The two scenarios appeared to be independent, so that quite different models of decision
making have to be hypothesised, differing by the importance of assessing risk and defining possible actions on the one hand,
and by the process of choice on the other. ‘Experimental’ subjects dramatically differed from ‘operative’ subjects when confronted
with the same scenario, particularly for the less technical but more demanding scenario. It is hypothesised that three components
might account for the effect of the situations and for the differences between and within groups of subjects: importance of
situation assessment, spatial abilities, and global orientation of activity in managing dynamic risk. 相似文献
18.
A major contributor to the failure of information technology-based systems is the problem of understanding user or customer
requirements in the initial analysis and requirements identification stage of development. This paper identifies and describes
an approach to help overcome some of these problems, particularly the mismatch or understanding gap between the customer and
the developer. The approach is intended to be used at the early stages of requirement determination and introduces techniques
from operational research into the process. In particular set theory and Venn diagrams are used as a way of graphically representing
the relationships and gaps in understanding that may exist. The benefit obtained from the use of the technique is partly in
the graphical representations themselves but mainly in the dialogue and negotiation that result from the construction of the
diagrams. The technique has been developed in a research study of retail organisations’ use of information technology in the
UK and an example case study from the sector is used to illustrate and discuss the technique. 相似文献
19.
Intelligent vehicle systems have introduced the need for designers to consider user preferences so as to make several kinds
of driving features as driver friendly as possible. This requirement raises the problem of how to suitably analyse human performance
so they can be implemented in automatic driving tasks. The framework of the present work is an adaptive cruise control with
stop and go features for use in an urban setting. In such a context, one of the main requirements is to be able to tune the
control strategy to the driver’s style. In order to do this, a number of different drivers were studied through the statistical
analysis of their behaviour while driving. The aim of this analysis is to decide whether it is possible to determine a driver’s
behaviour, what signals are suitable for this task and which parameters can be used to describe a driver’s style. An assignment
procedure is then introduced in order to classify a driver’s behaviour within the stop and go task being considered. Finally,
the findings were analysed subjectively and compared with a statistically objective one. 相似文献
20.
Luiz Marcio Cysneiros Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite Jaime de Melo Sabat Neto 《Requirements Engineering》2001,6(2):97-115
The development of complex information systems calls for conceptual models that describe aspects beyond entities and activities.
In particular, recent research has pointed out that conceptual models need to model goals, in order to capture the intentions
which underlie complex situations within an organisational context. This paper focuses on one class of goals, namely non-functional
requirements (NFR), which need to be captured and analysed from the very early phases of the software development process.
The paper presents a framework for integrating NFRs into the ER and OO models. This framework has been validated by two case
studies, one of which is very large. The results of the case studies suggest that goal modelling during early phases can lead
to a more productive and complete modelling activity. 相似文献