The nature of active sites in the isomerization of 1-hexene on cracking catalysts

The molar ratio of cis/trans 2-hexene isomers formed from 1-hexene on NaY zeolites exchanged to various levels with protons or lanthanum ions can be explained by assuming that two types of sites are active for the 1–2 isomerization reaction. The first gives both isomers, while the second gives only the cis isomer. In HY zeolite, active sites for the isomerization reaction can be produced by substitution of the most easily replaced sodium ions, either by simple washing with water, or by calcination of a partially exchanged ammonium form. The catalyst activity and the observed ratio of cis/trans isomers formed on a partially exchanged LaY zeolite, has been found to depend on the degree of hydration of the catalyst. Ratios of cis/trans 2-hexene are closer to their equilibrium value when the reaction is carried out on ZSM-5, mordenite and amorphous silica-aluminas rather than on Y zeolite. This is explained in terms of the proportion of each type of site present, although diffusional limitations within the narrower pore structures of ZSM-5 and mordenite may also play a role.     

不同结构分子筛的甲醇制丙烯催化性能

在常压、空速为1.5 h^-1、反应温度为450℃条件下,考察了4种具有不同拓扑结构的分子筛(SAPO-34、ZSM-48、ZSM-5和beta)在甲醇转化制丙烯(MTP)反应中的催化性能,并对催化剂的积炭失活行为进行了研究。结果表明,从8元环到12元环,分子筛孔口尺寸越小,低碳烯烃(乙烯+丙烯)选择性越高,积炭失活速率也越快。孔道尺寸越大,丙烯/乙烯(P/E)比越高,但产物分布向C₄以上组分偏移,丙烯选择性降低。10元环分子筛具有较高的丙烯选择性,但催化剂的积炭失活速率随孔道体系的不同有很大差异。一维直通孔道的ZSM-48容易积炭失活,而具有三维交叉孔结构的ZSM-5表现出了优异的抗积炭失活性能。不同结构分子筛在MTP反应中催化性能的差异主要归因于分子筛的过渡态择形和产物择形作用的不同。     

甲苯甲醇烷基化合成对二甲苯催化剂研究进展

甲苯甲醇烷基化是新型高选择性合成对二甲苯的方法,可以解决石化行业甲苯和甲醇过剩问题,具有较高的工业开发价值。在具有B酸中心及特殊孔结构的分子筛催化下,甲苯甲醇发生苯环上亲电取代反应得到对二甲苯。甲苯甲醇烷基化催化剂主要有Y沸石催化剂、SAPO及MCM-22和ZSM-5分子筛催化剂等,研究较多的是ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。通过对ZSM-5分子筛进行金属、非金属或复合改性后,可以显著提高烷基化反应转化率和选择性。未来研究的主要目标是获得选择性高且稳定性好的催化剂。     

多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其催化应用

多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛具有微孔沸石分子筛良好的择形催化性能和介孔材料优异的传质扩散性能,在催化领域显示出良好的应用前景。本文综述了近年来多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的研究进展,重点介绍了多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的不同合成方法,包括后处理法、硬模板法和软模板法等,同时介绍了不同方法得到的多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛在催化反应中的应用,分析表明多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛以其良好的扩散性能和适宜的酸性提高了反应转化率和目标产物选择性。最后对多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的发展方向进行了展望,指出研发简单、经济和环保的新合成路线是多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛发展中的重大挑战,深入研究多级孔道分子筛中介孔的形成机理和开发具有多级孔道整体式催化剂以及负载型多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛是今后的研究重点。     

Co-Pb-ZSM-5分子筛的表征及其催化醛氨缩合反应活性的研究

改性ZSM-5分子筛是一种具有较强催化活性的醛氨缩合催化剂,具有反应条件温和、择形选择性高、副产物较少等优点。醛氨缩合反应是制备烷基吡啶最具代表性的反应路线之一,用BET、SEM、XRD和IR等技术考察了Co-Pb-ZSM-5分子筛的物理化学特性,并将其用于醛氨缩合反应。结果表明,通过浸渍法使Co2+、Pb2+进入了ZSM-5分子筛骨架中,对醛氨缩合反应有较高的催化活性。采用Co-Pb-ZSM-5分子筛,烷基吡啶的产率可达75%以上。     

二甲苯异构化催化剂的研究进展

介绍了EUO、SM-3和／MgAPSO-31等分子筛应用于二甲苯异构化催化剂的研究成果;总结和讨论了改性丝光沸石和ZSM-5分子筛对二甲苯异构化催化剂反应性能的影响;并对二甲苯异构化催化剂的发展前景进行了展望,提出了二甲苯异构化催化剂的研究方向应集中在保证催化剂活性和稳定性的同时改善选择性。     

ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛的可控合成及催化裂解性能

采用双模板剂两步晶化法设计合成了ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛,通过调整预晶化过程,实现了两种分子筛的共生和晶相比例的可控调变。研究两段凝胶组成的影响发现,第一段凝胶组成,尤其是模板剂浓度对所得共生样品晶相比例具有较大影响。与机械混合和纯相样品相比,ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛表现出最大的BET表面积和孔体积尤其是外表面积和介孔体积。而且EU-1相含量为39%的ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛在正己烷催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应中表现出比机械混合样品和ZSM-5分子筛更高的反应活性稳定性和低碳烯烃选择性,尤其是丙烯选择性。在反应120 min时,该共生分子筛上低碳烯烃选择性比相同EU-1相含量机械混合样品和ZSM-5分子筛均高出约10.7个百分点,丙烯选择性分别高出8.5和9.1个百分点,P/E比分别高出0.42和0.46。     

Effect of zeolite pore geometry on isomerization of n-butane

A comparative study of isomerization of n-butane over bifunctional catalysts based on zeolites with different pore geometry (ZSM-5 and mordenite) and with metal particles located inside and/or outside the zeolite main channel system has been carried out. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane was used in order to obtain catalysts with external Brönsted acid sites poisoned. TPDA, FTIR, TPR and TEM techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. ZSM-5 catalysts were quite resistant to poisoning, mainly when metal sites were located inside the pore system. However, isomerization activity was virtually suppressed for the poisoned mordenite catalysts. It is proposed that the isomerization via C₈ formation cannot take place inside the one-dimensional pore system of mesopore-free mordenite catalysts, but this is not the case for isomerization on ZSM-5.     

Differences between ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolite catalysts in 1-hexene aromatization and isomerization

ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites with high crystallinity are synthesized and tested in the aromatization and isomerization reactions of 1-hexene at 370 °C in a continuous flow fixed bed. The results indicate that ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites possess similar acid site amount and strength, and most of the acid sites belong to Brønsted acid. When the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites were used as catalysts, the aromatics selectivity over ZSM-11 catalyst was higher than that over ZSM-5 catalyst in contrast to i-paraffins selectivity, maybe attributed to that the C₇ and C₈ aromatics have an easier exit from the ZSM-11 zeolite. Moreover, the decrease of particle size can present superior aromatics selectivity and less i-paraffins selectivity in the aromatization and isomerization of 1-hexene over the ZSM-11 catalyst.     

Skeletal isomerization of 1-butene over ferrierite and ZSM-5 zeolites: influence of zeolite acidity

Three ferrierite (FER) and five ZSM-5 (MFI) zeolites with SiO₂Al₂O₃ ratio ranging from 27 to 2000 are tested as catalysts for the skeletal isomerization of 1-butene at 350–450°C and atmospheric total pressure in order to study the influence of acidity and pore structure of zeolite on conversion and selectivity. The catalytic and NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption results from FER and MFI catalysts with the same SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio reveal that the pore structure of FER zeolite rather than its acidity may play an important role in achieving high selectivity for the skeletal isomerization of 1-butene to isobutene.     

MCM-22/REHY催化剂上的FCC汽油改质

采用USY、REY和REHY分子筛为催化剂，在固定流化床上进行了催化裂化(FCC)汽油改性试验。结果表明，REHY催化剂表现出较好的芳构化和异构化性能。在反应温度400 ℃、液态汽油空速2 h^－1和反应时间15 min条件下，质量分数为5%的MCM-22对REHY催化剂起到很好的助催作用，液体收率达94.4%，而添加相同量的ZSM-5时，液体收率仅为90.46%；两者的异构化产物选择性和芳烃收率差别不大。考察了反应条件对5%MCM-22/REHY上反应的影响。     

甲苯在硅沉积结合水热改性ZSM-5分子筛上的选择性歧化

采用液相沉积法研究了硅改性剂结合水热改性对择形分子筛的表面酸性和孔结构参数的影响。以甲苯的歧化反应为探针，考察了改性剂的种类和改性次数等因素对催化剂选择性和活性的影响。结果表明，硅改性剂能显著改变分子筛的强酸性，可以对择形分子筛的孔结构进行精细调节。分子筛改性后甲苯的转化率有所降低，但对二甲苯的选择性明显提高。     

用于高选择性芳烃脱烷基的催化剂及反应工艺的研究

针对目前乙苯脱烷基反应工艺选择性低的缺点,研究了碳八芳烃中乙苯脱烷基反应的机理,制备了高选择性的新型芳烃脱烷基择形催化剂,并考察优化了相应的反应工艺与条件参数.首先通过不同酸性、结构的分子筛MOR、USY、Beta、SAPO11、ZSM-5等用于乙苯脱烷基催化反应性能的比较.选择了硅铝比25～50的十元环孔道ZSM-5分子筛作为催化材料;通过采用表面硅沉积修饰的方法对ZSM-5分子筛进行了改性,有效调节了分子筛孔口的尺寸及分子筛的表面酸性,提高了分子筛的择形催化效率,改性后仅允许乙苯进入ZSM-5孔中进行脱烷基反应,抑制了乙苯烷基转移、二甲苯歧化等副反应发生,从而减少了C8芳烃的损失.并通过对不同程度表面硅改件的ZSM-5催化剂反应性能进行比较,研究了表面改性修饰与择形效率的关系,进一步研究了不同种类金属助催化剂的引入对反应活性与选择性的影响.0.10%～0.20%质量分数Pd或Pt助催化剂可以使得脱烷基反应的产物乙烯能迅速转化为乙烷,有效地防止了催化剂在反应中的结焦,提高了催化剂的稳定性,并促进了乙苯的脱烷基反应转化.催化剂在氢气压力为1.5～2.0 MPa,反应温度420℃,空速为6～12 h-1较优反应条件下,乙苯转化率在90%以上,反应选择性达到95%.     

无黏结剂ZSM-35沸石的制备与催化反应性能

考察了不同硅铝比无黏结剂ZSM-35沸石分子筛的合成条件及催化反应性能。以多种有机胺（乙二胺、环己胺、正丁胺）为模板剂，在SiO₂/Al₂O₃为30～40的情况下均可以水热合成无黏结剂ZSM-35沸石。在乙二胺模板剂体系中，ZSM-35合适的晶化温度为130～160℃。提高SiO₂/Al₂O₃至58时，在乙二胺和正丁胺模板剂体系下，合成产物易出现ZSM-5和石英相，而环己胺作为模板剂可以成功制备纯相的无黏结剂ZSM-35沸石。在SiO₂/Al₂O₃为72时，以乙二胺、环己胺、正丁胺为模板剂均难合成纯相ZSM-35沸石，易产生杂晶。在二甲苯异构化反应中，制备的ZSM-35沸石表现出比ZSM-5沸石更好的对二甲苯选择性和更低的二甲苯损失。     

C4裂解制丙烯ZSM-5分子筛改性技术研究进展

综述了国内、外对ZSM-5分子筛改性的主要方法。指出ZSM-5分子筛由于其特殊的三维孔道结构和孔径尺寸、稳定的骨架结构和大范围可调的硅铝比,具有优异的催化性能,可满足多种反应过程。镧改性可使反应体系以生成丙烯的反应为主,显著提高丙烯收率。磷改性ZSM-5能改善催化裂化催化剂的水热稳定性和活性。SiO₂的修饰抑制了氢转移反应及液体产物中芳烃的生成。氟硅酸铵改性是一种疏通 HZSM-5催化剂孔道和调节其酸性的有效方法。     

Hexane Isomerization over Hierarchical Pt/MFI Zeolite

The contribution focuses on the pore structure of mesoporous MFI and its catalytic properties in hexane isomerization. Base post treatment creates defected pore channels in MFI structure, thus enhances catalytic activity and unprecedentedly high dimethylbutane (DMB) yield far beyond shape selectivity restrictions. On the other hand, re-crystallization post synthesis method forms a MFI/MCM-41 composite with MFI zeolite aggregates homogeneously supported inside MCM-41 channel and has the same global activity as MFI zeolite but having higher 23DMB product selectivity. The pore structures of both post treated MFI zeolite are elucidated from the changes in the product selectivity and sorption measurements.     

Zeolite HNU-87: synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties in the shape-selective conversion of methylnaphthalenes

The synthesis of the high-silica zeolite NU-87 and its physicochemical characterization are reported. The catalytic properties of zeolite HNU-87 were investigated in the conversion of 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene. Both isomerization to the corresponding methylnaphthalene and transalkylation to naphthalene and dimethylnaphthalenes are observed. The influence of reaction temperature and the modified residence time on the product distributions is reported and discussed in terms of shape selectivity effects in the peculiar pore system of NU-87. For comparison, typical results obained with zeolite HMCM-22, which possesses a similar pore architecture, are also included. The results of methylnaphthalene conversion over HNU-87 are compared to those obtained in the alkylation of naphthalene with methanol on the same zeolite catalyst. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite from expanded perlite/kaolin and its catalytic performance for FCC naphtha aromatization

A hydrothermal synthesis method for ZSM-5 preparation was investigated by using expanded perlite (or kaolin) as the only alumina source. The ZSM-5 zeolites from the expanded perlite (or kaolin) have a distinctive pore systems which were a combination of a medium pore ZSM-5 zeolite and a large pore matrix perlite (or kaolin). The ZSM-5 zeolites from the expanded perlite (or kaolin) showed a better catalytic activity in the FCC naphtha aromatization reaction compared with ZSM-5 obtained by a ordinary method.     

The skeletal isomerization of C4-C7 1-olefins over ferrierite and ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

The skeletal isomerization of C₄-C₇ 1-olefins was studied on ferrierite (FER) and ZSM-5 (MFI) zeolites to elucidate the effect of the molecular distribution in zeolite pores on the selectivity foriso-olefin formation. Regardless of the difference in molecular length of 1-olefins, the FER zeolite showed high selectivity foriso-olefins, while the selectivity became slightly low at the skeletal isomerization of long olefin molecules. The drastic decrease in the selectivity of MFI zeolites by increasing the conversion is concurrently observed in the skeletal isomerization of C₄-C₇ 1-olefins. The high selectivity of FER zeolites is explained by their sparse distributions of olefin molecules in pores, which induces a high preference for monomolecular skeletal isomerization.     

Disproportionation and Methylation of Toluene with Methanol Over Zeolite Catalysts

Zeolites TNU-9, SSZ-33, mordenite (MOR) and ZSM-5 were evaluated for their activities in toluene disproportionation and methylation reaction of toluene with methanol. The medium-pore zeolite TNU-9 was found to possess the highest conversion in toluene disproportionation as compared with SSZ-33, mordenite and ZSM-5 based catalyst. Zeolite mordenite with the highest Si/Al ratio of 135.9 (the lowest concentration of active sites) exhibited the highest toluene conversion and maximum xylene yield in toluene methylation. On mordenite, the presence of channel intersections allows more reaction space for the formation of bulky intermediates and/or products and the 12-ring channels on the other hand, allow diffusion without trapping, since the channel diameter is large enough. In toluene methylation, xylene selectivity at the same conversion level follows the order: ZSM-5 > TNU-9 > MOR > SSZ-33, which implies that xylene selectivity is directly related to the size of channels from medium to large pore zeolites. The medium-pore zeolite ZSM-5, with 10-ring channels, shows the lowest reactivity for further alkylation of xylene, while mordenite with 12-ring channel shows the highest reactivity for further alkylation of xylene.