不同失稳判据下边坡稳定性的规律性

以塑性区贯通、位移增量突变、计算不收敛3种边坡失稳判据为依据,采用强度折减有限元法和重度增加有限元法对简单边坡进行了分析。结果表明：以边坡潜在滑动面上某点位移增量突变作为边坡失稳判据是准确的;对于不同土体强度参数下,以位移增量关系曲线突变为判据得到的边坡的安全系数较另外两种方法稳定;对应于塑性区贯通、位移增量曲线突变和计算不收敛的3种判据,边坡潜在滑动面依次向深层发展,边坡的安全系数依次增加。     

基于有限元修正节理岩质边坡稳定性计算的解析解

采用有限元方法探讨在人工开挖或自然侵蚀环境下,岩质边坡体内应力场的变化及节理发育形成机理,并采用有限元强度折减法对后缘具有张节理边坡的稳定性影响因素进行敏感性对比分析,进而得出具有非贯通节理边坡稳定性计算的修正解析解。结果表明:卸荷及风化作用导致边坡体由表及里出现应力重分布及应力集中的现象,使边坡后缘由顶部向下发育一簇竖直向下或略向临空面倾斜的张节理,当张节理与下部的缓倾剪节理贯通时,边坡发生破坏;边坡稳定性最敏感的影响因素为受剪节理的倾角及贯通度,其次是节理的强度参数;可将工程中较难调查的节理贯通度转化为节理的强度参数来等效表达,并根据Mohr-Coulomb强度准则推导得到适用于具有非贯通节理的岩质边坡稳定性的修正解析解。     

不同随机场模拟对斜坡失稳风险评估结果的影响

使用不确定性分析方法定量评估斜坡失稳风险结果受到学者们的日益重视。针对现有斜坡失稳风险评估中仅采用平稳随机场模拟土体抗剪强度参数分布特征的问题,以一不排水饱和粘土斜坡为例,结合有限元极限分析、强度折减法和蒙特卡洛模拟,讨论了使用非平稳随机场模型和平稳随机场模型模拟土体抗剪强度参数对计算斜坡失稳风险评估结果的影响。结果表明：使用传统的平稳随机场计算斜坡失稳风险的方法会高估斜坡失稳风险,使工程造价增加;安全系数高的斜坡滑面不一定是浅层滑面;斜坡竖直相关距离对采用非平稳随机场计算其失稳风险结果影响较小,而斜坡竖直相关距离对采用平稳随机场计算其失稳风险结果影响显著;斜坡竖直相关距离对滑动面位置和形状的影响较弱。     

强度折减应用于隧道群整体稳定性分析的判据比较

为了讨论隧道群稳定性问题中判据的适用性,针对采用强度折减理论中塑性区贯通、特征点位移突变与基于力和位移准则判断计算是否收敛3种较为广泛使用的判据加以比较。通过比较表明,计算收敛判据明显偏大,其他两种判据结果较接近。单独使用任何一种判据分析隧道群的稳定性均不合理,也不能较真实地确定安全系数。用基于力和位移准则判断计算是否收敛作为判据不适合隧道群的稳定性分析,而塑性区贯通与特征点突变两判据相结合作为综合判据可以较好地得到隧道群的安全系数。     

边坡稳定数值计算中失稳判据和岩土强度屈服准则

通过理论分析和典型算例计算,对边坡稳定数值计算中边坡的失稳判据和失稳模式进行了深入的讨论,旨在使数值计算方法更好地服务于工程实际。边坡失稳破坏的力学分析表明,排除人为主观因素的影响,在严格收敛标准下数值计算不收敛、边坡塑性区贯通和特定监测点位移突变这三类常用判据内在的力学表现是一致的,算例1的分析结果进一步证实了该观点。边坡的失稳模式与岩土体的屈服准则密切相关,为使理论计算符合工程实践,应根据岩土体实际抗拉能力对以M-C为典型代表的基于剪切破坏的强度准则进行抗拉修正。以抗拉修正后的M-C强度准则为基础,进一步提出了拉剪复合破坏的强度折减计算流程,算例2的计算结果表明该计算流程是合理的且计算结果的精度要高于现行的计算方法。     

容重增加法在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

通过逐步增加容重的方法使边坡达到极限平衡状态,基于D-P准则,采用关联流动法则,用非线性有限元法进行数值模拟.将坡顶水平位移随容重增加系数的变化关系曲线上位移陡然增大作为边破的破坏标准,用一个区间描述边坡稳定安全系数.该法无须事先对滑动面的位置和形状作出任何假定,能够考虑土体的材料非线性和几何非线性,有助于了解边坡的破坏机理.同时由于用一个区间描述边坡稳定安全系数,避免了数值计算中真实安全系数的丢失.算例分析表明,用容重增加法得到的安全系数与传统方法相近,并建议安全系数区间的长度取为0.03.     

坡顶局部荷载下边坡的二维和三维稳定分析(Ⅰ)——强度折减的有限元法

各种在π平面上等效面积的Drucker-Prager屈服准则如DP4、DP5和DP6等模型,都不同程度地模拟了平面应变条件下土体的破坏强度,这就是为什么等效面积的DP屈服准则在二维土坡稳定分析中被推广应用的原因.结合砂土的真三轴强度破坏实验结果,从量化角度论证了DP4模型求出的土坡安全系数会保守一些,而DP5模型求出的土坡安全系数更真实一些,更好地发挥材料的承载潜力,是评价二维与三维边坡稳定较理想的弹塑性模型.结合DP5模型,探讨了矩形均布荷载不同的长宽比值对边坡二维与三维稳定的影响,指出荷载长宽比值小于4对边坡的安全系数有较显著的提升,并进一步指出剪胀角对长宽比小于2的边坡稳定也有较显著的影响.     

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.     

Effects of nonlinear strength parameters on stability of 3D soil slopes

Actual slope stability problems have three-dimensional(3D) characteristics and the soils of slopes have curved failure envelopes. This incorporates a power-law nonlinear failure criterion into the kinematic approach of limit analysis to conduct the evaluation of the stability of 3D slopes. A tangential technique is adopted to simplify the nonlinear failure criterion in the form of equivalent Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters. A class of 3D admissible rotational failure mechanisms is selected for soil slopes including three types of failure mechanisms: face failure, base failure, and toe failure. The upper-bound solutions and corresponding critical slip surfaces can be obtained by an efficient optimization method. The results indicate that the nonlinear parameters have significant influences on the assessment of slope stability, especially on the type of failure mechanism. The effects of nonlinear parameters appear to be pronounced for gentle slopes constrained to a narrow width. Compared with the solutions derived from plane-strain analysis, the 3D solutions are more sensitive to the values of nonlinear parameters.     

渗流-应力耦合效应对非饱和土边坡稳定性影响分析

基于VG模型得到土-水特征曲线与渗透系数函数曲线,通过建立有限元数值分析模型,采用有限元软件SIGAM/W与SEEP/W分别进行渗流-应力耦合分析与只考虑渗流的非耦合分析,将得到的渗流场与应力场导入SLOPE/W计算安全系数并对土坡内应力应变进行分析,研究耦合效应对边坡稳定性影响的相关规律。结果表明,渗流-应力耦合效应使得土体中雨水下渗速度更快,土中基质吸力消散更快;降雨对土坡稳定有不利影响,耦合分析土坡安全系数比非耦合分析小,耦合效应对非饱和土边坡稳定性影响不可忽略;降雨入渗条件下,土坡浅层出现应力集中现象,湿润锋深度处出现应力集中带,土坡易发生浅层破坏;坡脚水平位移比坡顶大,土坡失稳多从坡脚开始。     

非线性破坏准则的竖直边坡稳定性分析

采用极限分析方法进行边坡稳定性分析通常采用线性MohrColumn破坏准则。但大量实验证明,岩土体的破坏包络线是非线性曲线。基于切线法和积分的思想,推导了基于非线性破坏准则的极限分析上限法求解竖直边坡稳定性和临界高度的计算公式。应用该方法计算了竖直边坡的稳定系数,并与文献中的计算结果进行了比较,结果相差很小。另外,对非线性破坏准则强度参数对竖直开挖边坡稳定性的影响分析结果表明,这些参数对边坡的稳定性分析结果起关键作用。     

应用强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定的适应性

为深入研究土体采用的本构模型以及安全系数的控制标准．讨论了土体采用邓肯E—B模型和理想弹塑性的广义米塞斯模型时,强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定的适应性．发现邓肯E—B模型的适应性较差,土坡内应变发展不均匀,不能形成明显的剪切带．而弹塑性的广义米塞斯模型则形成剪切带,剪切带两侧土体具有明显的相对滑移趋势．因此,弹塑性模型更适合干强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定性．     

渗流对土质边坡稳定性影响分析

根据强度折减有限元法,采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则及关联流动法则,以收敛性准则结合特征点位移突变准则作为边坡失稳判据,研究了无渗流、渗流应力耦合及非耦合情况的土质边坡的稳定性.研究表明:1)渗流对边坡稳定性的影响十分明显,无渗流及渗流应力耦合两种情况的均质边坡的最小安全系数分别为1.84、1.115;2)渗流应力耦合效应对边坡稳定的影响极其不利,应该采用耦合方法评价边坡的稳定性,耦合、非耦合情况的最小安全系数分别为1.115、1.28.     

基于ABAQUS的边坡失稳综合判据法

在分析有限元计算不收敛、坡体位移突变和潜在滑移面塑性区贯通这3种边坡失稳判据优缺点的基础上,提出边坡失稳的综合判据法,即先进行小变形有限元计算,以计算不收敛为边坡失稳判据,后进行大变形有限元计算,以位移突变为判据。采用综合判据法、运用ABAQUS有限元软件对一个标准算例和一个工程实例进行边坡稳定性分析,并与常用的简化Bishop法进行比较,二者所得安全系数接近,证明了边坡失稳综合判据法的合理可行。     

Analysis of progressive failure of pillar and instability criterion based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A mechanical model for strain softening pillar is proposed considering the characteristics of progressive shear failure and strain localization. The pillar undergoes elastic, strain softening and slabbing stages. In the elastic stage, vertical compressive stress and deformation at upper end of pillar are uniform, while in the strain softening stage there appears nonuniform due to occurrence of shear bands, leading to the decrease of load-carrying capacity.In addition, the size of failure zone increases in the strain softening stage and reaches its maximum value when slabbing begins. In the latter two stages, the size of elastic core always decreases. In the slabbing stage, the size of failure zone remains a constant and the pillar becomes thinner. Total deformation of the pillar is derived by linearly elastic Hooke‘s law and gradient-dependent plasticity where thickness of localization band is determined according to the characteristic length. Post-peak stiffness is proposed according to analytical solution of averaged compressive stressaverage deformation curve. Instability criterion of the pillar and roof strata system is proposed analytically using instability condition given by Salamon. It is found that the constitutive parameters of material of pillar, the geometrical size of pillar and the number of shear bands influence the stability of the system; stress gradient controls the starting time of slabbing, however it has no influence on the post-peak stiffness of the pillar.     

Rapid and robust slope failure appraisal using aerial photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models

Slope failures are an inevitable aspect of economic pit slope designs in the mining industry. Large open pit guidelines and industry standards accept up to 30% of benches in open pits to collapse provided that they are controlled and that no personnel are at risk. Rigorous ground control measures including real time monitoring systems at TARP(trigger-action-response-plan) protocols are widely utilized to prevent personnel from being exposed to slope failure risks. Technology and computing capability are rapidly evolving. Aerial photogrammetry techniques using UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) enable geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists to work faster and more safely by removing themselves from potential line-of-fire near unstable slopes. Slope stability modelling software using limit equilibrium(LE) and finite element(FE) methods in three dimensions(3D) is also becoming more accessible, user-friendly and faster to operate. These key components enable geotechnical engineers to undertake site investigations,develop geotechnical models and assess slope stability faster and in more detail with less exposure to fall of ground hazards in the field. This paper describes the rapid and robust process utilized at BHP Limited for appraising a slope failure at an iron ore mine site in the Pilbara region of Western Australia using a combination of UAV photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models in less than a shift(i.e. less than 12 h).     

Safe retaining pressures for pressurized tunnel face using nonlinear failure criterion and reliability theory

Based on the active failure mechanism and passive failure mechanism for a pressurized tunnel face, the analytical solutions of the minimum collapse pressure and maximum blowout pressure that could maintain the stability of pressurized tunnel faces were deduced using limit analysis in conjunction with nonlinear failure criterion under the condition of pore water pressure. Due to the objective existence of the parameter randomness of soil, the statistical properties of random variables were determined by the maximum entropy principle, and the Monte Carlo method was employed to calculate the failure probability of a pressurized tunnel. The results show that the randomness of soil parameters exerts great influence on the stability of a pressurized tunnel, which indicates that the research should be done on the topic of determination of statistical distribution for geotechnical parameters and the level of variability. For the failure probability of a pressurized tunnel under multiple failure modes, the corresponding safe retaining pressures and optimal range of safe retaining pressures are calculated by introducing allowable failure probability and minimum allowable failure probability. The results can provide practical use in the pressurized tunnel engineering.     

Comprehensive analysis of slope stability and determination of stable slopes in the Chador-Malu iron ore mine using numerical and limit equilibrium methods

One of the critical aspects in mine design is slope stability analysis and the determination of stable slopes. In the Chador Malu iron ore mine, one of the most important iron ore mines in central Iran, it was considered vital to perform a comprehensive slope stability analysis. At first, we divided the existing rock hosting pit into six zones and a geotechnical map was prepared. Then,the value of MRMR (Mining Rock Mass Rating) was determined for each zone. Owing to the fact that the Chador-Malu iron ore mine is located in a highly tectonic area and the rock mass completely crushed, the Hock-Brown failure criterion was found suitable to estimate geo-mechanical parameters. After that, the value of cohesion (c) and friction angle (e) were calculated for different geotechnical zones and relative graphs and equations were derived as a function of slope height. The stability analyses using numerical and limit equilibrium methods showed that some instability problems might occur by increasing the slope height.Therefore, stable slopes for each geotechnical zone and prepared sections were calculated and presented as a function of slope height.     

基于DEM-CFD耦合方法的煤系土边坡失稳机理宏细观分析

边坡的宏观力学特性是由组成土体颗粒的细观参数及其运动决定的,基于连续介质模型的有限元方法虽然能够在宏观层面上基本等效地得到边坡土体的应力变形特性,但难以反映边坡体在微细观尺度上的变形失稳机理,存在明显的局限性。采用将离散元方法（DEM）与计算流体动力学方法（CFD）进行耦合,建立了煤系土边坡三维DEM-CFD流固耦合细观作用计算模型,对降雨作用下煤系土边坡失稳破坏的细观机理进行了分析。结果表明,采用DEM-CFD流固耦合方法模拟的煤系土边坡破坏形式主要是雨水冲刷,边坡滑动面预测为近似的直线段,这与室外模型试验边坡雨水冲刷的范围非常接近,验证了该数值方法的适应性。边坡土体颗粒的力链、配位数以及孔隙率等细观参数,在降雨过程中都会随之发生变化,如坡顶颗粒的孔隙率由初始状态的0.35变化至失稳状态的0.8,这些细观参数的变化与边坡土体的宏观力学表现直接关联,文中通过对颗粒细观参数变化分析,从细观角度深刻解释了雨水作用下煤系土边坡的破坏演变规律。论文研究成果不仅可为该区域煤系土边坡的防护设计与施工提供理论依据,而且为从微细观角度更好地分析离散介质岩土工程的宏观力学规律提供了一种新思路。     

Stability and reinforcement analysis of rock slope based on elasto-plastic finite element method

The rigid body limit equilibrium method(RBLEM) and finite element method(FEM) are two widely used approaches for rock slope's stability analysis currently. RBLEM introduced plethoric assumptions; while traditional FEM relied on artificial factors when determining factor of safety(FOS) and sliding surfaces. Based on the definition of structure instability that an elasto-plastic structure is not stable if it is unable to satisfy simultaneously equilibrium condition, kinematical admissibility and constitutive equations under given external loads, deformation reinforcement theory(DRT) is developed. With this theory, plastic complementary energy(PCE) can be used to evaluate the overall stability of rock slope, and the unbalanced force beyond the yield surface could be the identification of local failure. Compared with traditional slope stability analysis approaches, the PCE norm curve to strength reduced factor is introduced and the unbalanced force is applied to the determination of key sliding surfaces and required reinforcement. Typical and important issues in rock slope stability are tested in TFINE(a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element program), which is further applied to several representatives of high rock slope's stability evaluation and reinforcement engineering practice in southwest of China.