发动机冷却水三维流动数值模拟基础研究

本文在作者已完成的不可压缩流体三维流动数值模拟研究的基础上，对发动机冷却水三维流动的数值模拟方法进行了基础性研究。文章对具有发动机冷却水腹复杂形状的箱体内的水进行了三维流动模拟计算，介绍了数值模拟的基本方法，并对计算结果进行了分析，说明了该方法的有效性。该文介绍的内容是深入研究实际发动机冷却水三维流动数值模拟的基础。     

二冲程汽油机气体流动及扫气品质的数值计算

利用非稳定流动的理论,建立了曲轴箱边界、气口边界等模型,建成了适用于曲轴箱扫气式二冲程汽油机性能预测和进、排气系统分析的模型,并针对ＡＸ１００型摩托车二冲程汽油机进行了计算和分析。由于该有较好地分析二冲程发动机进排气系统中的压力波动,并考虑了扫气口回流中新鲜充量和复合扫气模型,计算得到的二冲程发动机的扫气品质与试验数据比较是吻合的。通过研究加深了对二冲程汽油机进、排气系统流动规律及其对发对机性能     

FAI缸内直喷二冲程摩托车发动机的研究

本文介绍了将FAI喷射技术应用到缸内直喷二冲程发动机上以改善二冲程摩托车发动机的排放和油耗的有关问题，并进行了初步的试验研究。结果表明，在二冲程发动机缸内直喷系统中，喷油量和喷油提前角是非常敏感的控制参数，点火相位也对发动机性能有影响，在这些参数控制合适时，该发动机的油耗和排放可接近于四冲程摩托车发动机。     

带有喷雾的多维非定常化学反应流的大型微机化程序：EngineCFD

本通过建立内燃机缸内流体流动，喷雾，组分运输，混合，化学反应以及热损失的数值模拟和求解方法，提出了可用于求解２维或３维的带有喷雾的非定常化学反应流问题的大型微机化程序－ＥｎｇｉｎｅＣＦＤ，最后在计算示例中介绍了该程序的计算情况。     

排气动力增压的波动过程

利用排气动力现象可以大幅度的提高无增压装置的二冲程发动机功率。实验表明,如果设计一种合适的排气系就可以提高功率15～25%以上。因此,为了很好地利用这一现象,分析研究这一气体动力过程是十分必要的。本文利用特征线法解一元不稳定流动的方法,对这种动力现象进行了研究,绘制成排气动力增压波动过程图形,从而可以较深入的分析排气动力增压提高二冲程发动机功率的原因。最后,通过计算图形和实验曲线,对排气动力增压的排气系各部分的作用作了分析,提出了它们的合理数值。     

CFD方法与间接蒸发冷却换热器的三维数值模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)和数值传热学方法,对间接蒸发冷却器内流体流动与热质交换过程进行简化和假设,建立了换热器内三维层流流动与传热的数学物理模型。采用交错网格离散化非线性控制方程组,编制了三维simple算法程序。对间接蒸发冷却器内的流场、温度场及浓度场进行数值模拟研究,得到换热器内的流体流动状态和热流分布,并分析了通道宽度变化对换热器内流体流动与换热的影响。     

二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟及扫气系统优化设计

本文采用多维数值模拟方法对二冲程发动机的扫气过程进行优化。对原型机(小型HS-510航空发动机)的扫气过程数值模拟发现：在缸内存在环流和涡流。环流在贴近气缸附近较强，可以将废气排出气缸；而在气缸中部较弱，难以将废气彻底排出。涡流的存在则降低了发动机的扫气效率。原型机的扫气过程同理想的扫气过程相比有相当大的差距。在原型机扫气过程数值模拟的基础上，改进扫气系统设计，将扫气口由原来的两个增加到五个。对改型机数值模拟发现缸内没有形成涡流。计算和试验结果表明发动机的扫气效率得到了提高，且发动机的功率提高11％。     

二冲程发动机的扫气流动和效率的关系

1.前言很久以来,就对二冲程发动机的扫气进行了研究,但是只根据扫气流还不能测定出当时的扫气效率,所以,对扫气的流动和效率的关系还不清楚。在本实验中,用水和有色食盐水作为工作流体,对扫气流进行了摄影,根据比重的变化测定了效率。其结果,了解到一些在实际发动机上和空气模型中以前不曾知道的扫气性质。     

重载低压缩比发动机二冲程制动性能模拟研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同制动模式、压缩比、海拔高度等对制动性能的影响。结果表明：压缩比的降低和海拔高度的增加均导致发动机制动功率大幅度降低。提高压缩比和采用二冲程制动模式是提高低压缩比发动机制动功率的有效措施。压缩比为11.6时，与四冲程制动模式相比，二冲程制动模式产生的制动功率可提升69.6%～80.5%，最大缸压低于6.0 MPa的限值，并且其可运行转速范围不受涡轮增压器危险区的限制。当前应用领域中，高压缩比（17.0）发动机上采用四冲程制动模式获得的制动功率最高。由于短期内难以提高低压缩比发动机的压缩比，仅通过在低压缩比（11.6）发动机上采用二冲程制动模式仍可将制动功率提高17.5%～30.4%，最大缸压降低25.2%～29.3%。故在应用天然气机等低压缩比发动机的中重型载货汽车上推荐采用二冲程制动模式，这将大幅度提高车辆制动安全性。     

FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究

基于AX～100二冲程化油器式发动机进行了FAI(Free Armature Injection自由电枢喷射)缸内直喷二冲程发动机的台架试验研究，在原机的基础上设计改造了一个适合缸内直喷的燃烧室结构，获得了大量的缸内直喷的试验数据和电控参数的MAP图，并做了该直喷发动机和原化油器发动机的性能、燃油消耗和HC排放的比较。结果表明，FAI直喷技术能够成功地应用于二冲程发动机缸内直喷系统，极大改善了燃油短路的现象和扫气效率，在整个运行范围内燃油消耗大大降低，HC排放改善很多。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。