A PCB-compatible 3-dB coupler using microstrip-to-CPW via-hole transitions

A 3-dB coupler by implementing microstrip-to-coplanar waveguide (CPW) via-hole transitions is proposed. The proposed coupler, with the advantages of wider coupled line widths and spacing without using any bonding wires, can eliminate the uncertain factors of conventional Lange couplers caused by the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing processes. The proposed coupler can be easily fabricated on a single-layer PCB substrate instead of using multilayer substrates. Good agreements between the simulation and the measurement in the frequency range from 0.45 to 5 GHz can be achieved. The measured results at the center frequency of 2.4 GHz have the return loss better than -15dB; the insertion loss of coupled and direct ports is about 3/spl plusmn/ 0.2dB and the relative phase difference of 89/spl plusmn/0.3/spl deg/. The dimension of the coupler is 3.1cm /spl times/ 1.8cm.     

A 3-dB Quadrature Coupler Using Broadside-Coupled Coplanar Waveguides

A 3-dB quadrature coupler which combines the advantages of broadside-coupling and coplanar waveguide structure suitable for a single-layer printed circuit board (PCB) circuit design is proposed. Compared to the recently published broadside-coupled structures, the proposed coupler can easily be realized in a single-layer substrate by using PCB manufacturing processes to eliminate the effects of uncertain factors from a multi-layer substrate. With the operation bandwidth ranging from 2.1 to 2.7 GHz, the measured return loss and isolation are all better than 19dB, and the insertion losses and relative phase difference between the direct and coupled ports are at 3.2 plusmn 0.1 dB and 90 plusmn 0.6deg, respectively. The dimension of the coupler is 2.1 cm times 1.9 cm.     

A 3-dB Quadrature Coupler Suitable for PCB Circuit Design

A quadrature 3-dB coupler, which combines the advantages of a coplanar waveguide and microstrip line structure suitable for single-layer substrate printed circuit board (PCB) circuit design is proposed. As compared to the conventional Lange coupler, the proposed coupler with the advantages of increasing the coupled linewidths and coupling spacing without using extra bonding wires can solve the drawbacks of Lange coupler. In addition, the proposed structure can easily be realized in a single-layer substrate by PCB manufacturing processes to eliminate the effects and uncertain factors from a multilayer substrate. Good agreements between the simulation and measurement in the frequency range from 0.45 to 5 GHz can be seen. With the operation bandwidth ranging from 1.8 to 2.8 GHz, the measured results of the return loss are better than 18.2 dB and insertion losses of coupled and direct ports are approximately$hbox 3 pm hbox 0.1~hbox dB$; the relative phase difference is approximately 89.8$^circ$. The dimension of the circuit is 2.7 cm$times,$1.6 cm$times,$0.08 cm.     

Super-Compact Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cruciform Directional Coupler

A super-compact substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) directional coupler is proposed and demonstrated. This coupler consists of a simple cross-over of two SIW sections with two inductive metallic posts in a square junction, showing a cruciform. Attractive features including compact size and planar form make this coupler structure easily integrable in microwave and millimeter-wave planar circuits, especially in beam-forming networks. A 3-dB coupler operating at 24GHz is designed using HFSS, fabricated and measured. Characteristics of 15dB isolation and 90deg phase shift between the output and coupled ports are achieved over 18% bandwidth. Design considerations and simulated as well as measured results are presented and discussed.     

宽频太赫兹非对称主副波导定向耦合器设计

基于微型无人机雷达、精确制导武器雷达及无线通信终端设备的应用前景,设计了一种非对称主副波导定向耦合器。该耦合器采用主副波导为不同形状的等间距多孔耦合结构,将主矩形波导TE10模的信号耦合到副圆形波导TE11模中,利用相位叠加原理使得隔离端口相位达到反向相消的效果,能够得到良好的耦合度和隔离度。该耦合器中心频率为400 GHz,相对带宽为40 GHz,结果表明,定向耦合器耦合度达到－13.8~－12.8 dB,实现了弱耦合效果且耦合度稳定性较好,隔离度优于－24.5 dB,直通插入损耗为－3~－2.5 dB,性能良好。     

小孔耦合型双通道太赫兹波导定向耦合器设计

提出了一种小孔耦合型双通道太赫兹波导定向耦合器,采用新颖的阶梯结构,将两个单通道耦合器结合,可在双通道内实现相同的耦合输出。研究结果表明,在180~260 GHz的频率范围内,该耦合器的耦合度为10 dB,输出最大误差小于1.6 dB,回波损耗大于25 dB,隔离度大于35 dB,相对带宽达到36%。与传统的太赫兹波导定向耦合器相比,该耦合器能够实现双通道的耦合输出,在太赫兹系统中可用于双通道的功率检测、功率合成与分配。     

Mesh waveguide optical star coupler

A new multimode optical star coupler with a mesh waveguide configuration is proposed to reduce the device length by stimulating light mixing in a short waveguide. A 4×4 optical star coupler has been fabricated and its branching variation of 2.8 dB is realised with the device length as short as 14.5 mm.     

Rigorous Analysis of Wide-Band Directional Coupler Using Π-Shape Dielectric Waveguide

Wide-band directional couplers using П-Shape dielectric waveguide in the parallel coupling region are investigated in detail by a rigorous mode matching method, both the eigenvalue problem of the coupled П-guide and the coupling characteristics of curved transition structure are solved accurately. Particular attention is directed toward the effects of transition waveguides on the scattering and coupling performance of the coupler to give useful guidelines for the design and optimization consideration. Finally, a 3-dB directional coupler is proposed with quite constant coupling factor (within ±0.5dB) throughout a wide frequency band from 34 GHz to 40 GHz.     

Folded Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide 3 dB Coupler

In this letter, novel compact 3 dB double-slot and single-slot couplers are proposed and implemented based on folded half mode substrate integrated waveguide (FHMSIW). The size of the FHMSIW coupler is reduced by nearly 50% and 75% compared with half-mode substrate integrated waveguide coupler and substrate integrated waveguide coupler, respectively. Prototype couplers at X-band are fabricated and measured and good performance in bandwidth, insertion loss, and balance are achieved.      

Ka波段三路波导功分器/合路器

文章设计了一种可以使用在固态合成发射机上的三路等分功率波导功分器/合路器。在波导分支定向耦合器的基础上,增加一路副线波导,构成了一个一路输入、一路直通、两路耦合、两路隔离的六端口网络;采用增加波导长度的方式解决了实际应用中的相位补偿问题。另外在功分器的三路输出端增加了微带部分以提高功分器的可调试性。实际测量数据基本符合仿真结果:在1GHz带宽内,功分器的一路插损小于6dB,输入驻波小于1.6;合路器的一路插损小于4.9dB,输出驻波小于1.3。其性能满足使用要求。文章最后对该类型的波导功分器/合路器的设计提出若干改进方案。     

High performance dual directional couplers for near-mm wavelengths

A low loss, high directivity dual directional coupler has been developed suitable for fabrication in waveguide bands up to WR3 (220-325 GHz). The design uses waveguide split on the E plane centerline with three waveguides running side by side and coupling holes made by drilling through all three guides. Construction is relatively simple and the resulting structure is very robust mechanically. Typical coupling is 15 dB, directivity is 25-30 dB, and the insertion loss of the WR3 coupler is 0.5 dB     

Performance of field-induced directional coupler switches

Switching in a GaAs field-induced, three-waveguide straight directional coupler is studied theoretically. This device can be tuned externally by changing the voltage across the waveguides. Because of this tunability, the device has some very attractive features as a switching element. The performance change due to variations in the device parameters such as length, waveguide separation, waveguide width, and wavelength of operation is numerically computed. The effect of material absorption, input and output coupling, and asymmetric excitation are included in the performance evaluation. For a device length of 1400 μm, a crosstalk of -34 dB and a power transfer efficiency of -2 dB is predicted, while for the same device size a two-guide directional coupler is predicted a crosstalk of -13.4 dB. The device has a 400 nm voltage tunable bandwidth with a maximum crosstalk penalty of 3 dB     

A Novel 94-GHz MHMET-Based Diode Mixer Using a 3–dB Tandem Coupler

We report a high-performance 94-GHz monolithic millimeter-wave integrated-circuit diode mixer using metamorphic high-electron mobility transistor (MHEMT) diodes and a coplanar waveguide tandem coupler. A novel single-balanced structure of diode mixer is proposed in this paper, where a 3-dB tandem coupler with two sections of parallel-coupled line and air-bridge crossover structures are used for wide frequency operation. The fabricated mixer exhibits excellent local oscillator–radio-frequency (LO–RF) isolation, greater than 30 dB, in the 5-GHz bandwidth of 91–96 GHz. A good conversion loss of 7.4 dB is measured at 94 GHz. The proposed MHEMT-based diode mixer shows superior LO–RF isolation and conversion loss to those of the W-band mixers reported to date.      

A Novel 3-dB Directional Coupler With Broad Bandwidth and Compact Size Using Composite Right/Left-Handed Coplanar Waveguides

A wideband composite right/left-handed (CRLH) coplanar waveguide (CPW) coupler with 3-dB coupling value and quadrature phase difference is presented. Compared with the conventional edge-coupled CPW coupler, this symmetrical structure, consisting of a gap capacitor, a broadside-coupled capacitor, and a meandering short-circuited stub inductor, achieves wider operating bandwidth and larger coupling level. The 3-dB CRLH CPW coupler with 0.7mm spacing between coupled lines exhibits an amplitude balance of 2dB and a phase balance of 90⁰ plusmn 5⁰ from 3.2 to 7.6GHz. The coupled-line length and the port impedance of the proposed structure are approximately lambda/4 and 50Omega, respectively, which makes it more compact than the cascaded CRLH microstrip coupled-line coupler. To characterize this structure, the equivalent circuit model including the unique coupling mechanism within CRLH CPWs is established and verified by measurement. The signal with less dispersion on output ports is demonstrated based on the standard deviation of group delay time     

多孔耦合型太赫兹波导定向耦合器的设计

设计了一种结构紧凑、工作频带较宽、耦合平稳、高方向性的十字形多孔耦合的太赫兹波导定向耦合器。基于多孔耦合原理,利用HFSS软件对太赫兹波导定向耦合器进行了模型仿真和结构优化。仿真结果表明:在325~475 GHz带宽范围内,该多孔耦合太赫兹波导定向耦合器耦合度达到7.50.8 dB,隔离度达到30 dB,即方向性优于20 dB,各端口回波损耗小于-20 dB。通过对该波导定向耦合器进行高温高压模拟仿真,确定了使用负性光刻胶SU-8作为结构材料的可行性,提出应用MEMS工艺在硅衬底上进行加工,将牺牲层工艺应用到波导腔结构的制作中。利用光刻在直通波导和耦合波导公共宽壁上形成的十字形等间距排列耦合孔结构,可以实现较宽的带宽和良好的耦合平坦度。该方法提高了耦合孔尺寸和位置的精度,减小了反射损耗,为太赫兹波导结构的加工提供了新思路。     

多功能2×2 GaAs/GaAlAs多模干涉型光开关分析

提出了一种基于深刻蚀脊形光波导带模斑转换器的多功能2×2 GaAs/GaAlAs多模干涉型光开关,并用变量变换级数展开法及三维有限差分束传播法对其进行了模拟分析与优化设计.结果表明,通过控制多模波导中央的两段Schottky电极,器件可实现交叉态、直通态及3dB耦合器功能,并有较大的制作容差、较宽的工作带宽,只须一个多模波导,器件结构紧凑.采用深刻蚀脊形光波导能够满足多模干涉型器件的精确自镜像要求,并使输入/输出光波导在单模工作下有较大的横截面,较低的弯曲损耗及较小的耦合串扰.通道末端引入的模斑转换器可方便地与单模光纤连接耦合.     

Narrow-bandwidth optical waveguide transmission filters

A general method for fabricating narrowband transmission filters at optical frequencies is proposed. For fibre- or integrated-optic applications the method consists of forming a waveguide loop by connecting the output ports of a 3dB coupler to each other. A Bragg reflection grating in the loop determines the filters frequency response.     

Tunable characteristics of ferrite composite right/left handed coplanar waveguide coupled line coupler – Measurement and experimental verification

This paper presents the experimental verification of the tunable characteristics of a ferrite composite right/left handed coupled line coupler. The coupler is designed using two coupled CRLH-CRLH transmission lines. The coupler is designed to demonstrate equal through and backward coupling. The novel coupler has been designed and realized in coplanar waveguide configuration on a ferrite substrate. The tunable characteristics are achieved by changing the applied DC magnetic bias to the ferrite substrate. The measurement results reveal that the coupler’s fractional bandwidth can be tuned from 29% to 69% by varying the applied DC magnetic bias from 1000 Oe to 1750 Oe. Within the tunable bandwidth, the maximum backward coupling is −5 dB. The coupler has high forward coupling isolation, close to −30 dB at its centre operating frequency. In addition to its tuning capability, the coupler has the advantages of its compact size; it has the length of 11.5 mm and not-so-tight line separations of 2.5 mm. Furthermore the coupler only requires low DC magnetic bias.     

Design of Multilayered K-Band and Ka-Band Slot-Coupled Microstrip 90° Hybrid Couplers Employing Circular Ring Patch Shapes

Numerical analysis and design of millimeter-wave (mmWave) slot-coupled microstrip 90° hybrid couplers employing circular ring patches, which is operating between 18 and 40 GHz frequency range for K-Band and Ka-Band radar applications, is presented in this paper. The proposed design uses multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) technology that allows having a compact and broad bandwidth coupler. The proposed couplers use broadside coupling between microstrip patches at the top and the bottom layers via an elliptical-shaped slot in the common ground plane (mid-layer). The design uses circular ring shaped broadside coupled patches and an elliptical-shaped slot created in a common ground plane between two identical dielectric substrates. The 3 dB coupler prototype has been fabricated on two 0.127 mm thick Rogers Duroid RT5880 substrates. The circuit occupies the dimensions of less than 5 mm × 5 mm without the extension that is required to insert the connectors. Extensive parametric studies are performed to address the effect of varying the coupler parameters on the coupling values, return losses, isolations, transmission magnitudes and phases through the operational frequency bandwidth. A 3 dB/90° hybrid coupler prototype is fabricated and then tested experimentally using Agilent E8364B PNA Network Analyzer. The simulation and experimental results show a good performance in terms of bandwidth, which covers the entire desired frequency range. In addition, detailed design for different coupling values of the proposed coupler is presented in this paper. The proposed coupler can achieve different coupling values range from 3 up to 9 dB that can be used for switched beam antenna array systems.     

基于小孔耦合的毫米波宽带定向耦合器研究

基于小孔耦合理论和电磁场全波分析法,根据正向叠加和反向抵消原则,确定耦合孔半径、间距和数量,并通过HFSS 软件进行仿真设计,实现了毫米波段定向耦合器的工作频段展宽;提出了一种新颖的波导腔体三层结构设计方案,解决了波导接触面缝隙切割电流引起的毫米波辐射问题,实现了波导无辐射装配,提高了器件的稳定性和可靠性。成功研制的毫米波W 波段宽带、高耦合度定向耦合器在88 ~102 GHz 频段传输损耗0.6 dB,两路输出幅度误差优于±0.3 dB,隔离度大于18 dB。