Adventitious sounds identification and extraction using temporal-spectral dominance-based features

Respiratory sound (RS) signals carry significant information about the underlying functioning of the pulmonary system by the presence of adventitious sounds (ASs). Although many studies have addressed the problem of pathological RS classification, only a limited number of scientific works have focused on the analysis of the evolution of symptom-related signal components in joint time-frequency (TF) plane. This paper proposes a new signal identification and extraction method for various ASs based on instantaneous frequency (IF) analysis. The presented TF decomposition method produces a noise-resistant high definition TF representation of RS signals as compared to the conventional linear TF analysis methods, yet preserving the low computational complexity as compared to those quadratic TF analysis methods. The discarded phase information in conventional spectrogram has been adopted for the estimation of IF and group delay, and a temporal-spectral dominance spectrogram has subsequently been constructed by investigating the TF spreads of the computed time-corrected IF components. The proposed dominance measure enables the extraction of signal components correspond to ASs from noisy RS signal at high noise level. A new set of TF features has also been proposed to quantify the shapes of the obtained TF contours, and therefore strongly, enhances the identification of multicomponents signals such as polyphonic wheezes. An overall accuracy of 92.4±2.9% for the classification of real RS recordings shows the promising performance of the presented method.     

低信噪比下对称三角线性调频信号参数估计

低截获概率雷达的广泛应用导致电子侦察系统截获到的雷达信号大多处于低信噪比环境中。针对目前雷达信号参数估计算法在此环境中性能急剧下降,甚至失效的问题,提出一种基于多相滤波器组和高阶累积量联合处理的对称三角线性调频连续波信号参数估计算法。该算法利用多相滤波器组实现信号在频域上的快速均匀划分,对输出的每个子带信号进行三阶累积量对角切片的短时估计,有效抑制了高斯噪声的干扰,并经过包络检波后得到信号完整的时频矩阵,通过对时频图像进行Radon变换得到信号带宽、周期以及调频斜率的估计,频率曲线的提取得到信号起止频率的估计。仿真结果表明:方法在信噪比大于-12dB时的估计正确率较高。     

多径传播条件下宽带线性调频信号波达方向估计方法

针对信号出现多径传播情况时现有宽带信号波达方向（direction of arrival, DOA）估计方法性能下降的问题,提出了一种多径传播条件下宽带线性调频（chirp）信号波达方向估计方法,该方法将导向有效投影（steered effective projection, STEP）技术与宽带线性调频信号的时频特性相结合,对具有不同时频特性的信号分量进行分离,逐个处理,并以时频分布矩阵代替传统的协方差矩阵,从而构造有效噪声子空间,实现时域角度估计。本方法无需进行信号聚焦操作,因此理论上不受聚焦误差的影响。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。      

面向一体化应用的电磁信号智能检测方法研究

针对复杂电磁环境中信号检测受限于低信噪比的问题,基于信号与噪声一体化的思路,提出了一种以电磁空间的所有电磁辐射信号为背景,并结合深度学习算法的电磁信号检测方法。首先建立动态场景的电磁环境模型,包括了通信基站信号、雷达信号、干扰信号等,其次使用加高斯窗傅里叶变换提取电磁信号时频域的能量分布特征,最后采用卷积神经网络进行特征选择分类,实现信号检测。仿真结果表明,该方法在一定程度上减轻了信号检测受限于信噪比的问题,克服了传统能量检测方法和基于SVM检测方法的缺陷,提高了低信噪比下电磁信号的检测性能。      

Tracking of unknown nonstationary chirp signals using unsupervisedclustering in the Wigner distribution space

This paper is concerned with the problems of (1) detecting the presence of one or more FM chirp signals embedded in noise, and (2) tracking or estimating the unknown, time-varying instantaneous frequency of each chirp component. No prior knowledge is assumed about the number of chirp signals present, the parameters of each chirp, or how the parameters change with time. A detection/estimation algorithm is proposed that uses the Wigner distribution transform to find the best piecewise cubic approximation to each chirp's phase function. The first step of the WD based algorithm consists of properly thresholding the WD of the received signal to produce contours in the time-frequency plane that approximate the instantaneous frequency of each chirp component. These contours can then be approximated as generalized lines in the (ω, t, t²) space. The number of chirp signals (or equivalently, generalized lines) present is determined using maximum likelihood segmentation. Minimum mean square estimation techniques are used to estimate the unknown phase parameters of each chirp component. The authors demonstrate that for the cases of (i) nonoverlapping linear or nonlinear FM chirp signals embedded in noise or (ii) overlapping linear FM chirp signals embedded in noise, the approach is very robust, highly reliable, and can operate efficiently in low signal-to-noise environments where it is hard for even trained operators to detect the presence of chirps while looking at the WD plots of the overall signal. For multicomponent signals, the proposed technique is able to suppress noise as well as the troublesome cross WD components that arise due to the bilinear nature of the WD     

混合噪声下基于Viterbi同步压缩S变换的FM信号分析

该文针对同步压缩S变换(SSST)在混合噪声下的失真问题,提出一种新型稳健性广义同步压缩S变换(GSST)。该方法首先改进Viterbi算法以提高S变换在混合噪声下的时频分析性能,在获取调频(FM)信号的相位轨迹信息后,利用同步压缩技术提高时频聚集性。仿真实验表明,在α-高斯混合噪声环境下,该方法能够在低信噪比下精确获取FM信号的时频信息,有效改善了传统同步压缩算法的稳健性和适用性。     

基于核协同表示与鉴别投影的辐射源调制识别

针对辐射源识别中的特征稳定性不高和低信噪比环境适应性不足等问题,提出了一种基于二次时频分布、核协同表示与鉴别投影的识别方法.首先,通过时频变换、稀疏域降噪和二次特征提取的预处理算法降低噪声干扰和特征冗余,以获取高稳定性的二次时频分布特征;然后,采用核协同表示和鉴别投影思想进行降维学习和字典学习,以提升数据低维表征和类间鉴别能力;最后,通过离线训练完成系统优化并用于分类验证.仿真结果表明,二次时频分布特征具备较高稳定性,识别方法具备较强鲁棒性、时效性和适应性;当信噪比为-10dB时,该方法对8类辐射源信号的整体平均识别率达到96.88%.     

基于栈式稀疏降噪自编码网络的辐射源调制识别

针对辐射源识别中噪声敏感和识别能力不足等问题,提出了一种基于核空间时频特征与栈式稀疏降噪自编码网络的识别系统.通过时频变换、稀疏域降噪和核空间降维投影降低噪声干扰和特征冗余,基于降噪自编码与稀疏自编码思想构建栈式稀疏降噪自编码识别网络.实验结果表明系统在识别率和时效性上综合性能最优,能够显著降低噪声敏感性,低信噪比环境下适应性较强.当信噪比为-12dB时,系统对8类辐射源信号的整体平均识别率达到96.75%.     

Classification of nonstationary narrowband signals using segmented chirp features and hidden Gauss-Markov models

A method is provided for classifying finite-duration signals with narrow instantaneous bandwidth and dynamic instantaneous frequency (IF). In this method, events are partitioned into nonoverlapping segments, and each segment is modeled as a linear chirp, forming a piecewise-linear IF model. The start frequency, chirp rate, signal energy, and noise energy are estimated in each segment. The resulting sequences of frequency and rate features for each event are classified by evaluating their likelihood under the probability density function (PDF) corresponding to each narrowband class hypothesis. The class-conditional PDFs are approximated using continuous-state hidden Gauss-Markov models (HGMMs), whose parameters are estimated from labeled training data. Previous HGMM algorithms are extended by dynamically weighting the output covariance matrix by the ratio of the estimated signal and noise energies from each segment. This covariance weighting discounts spurious features from segments with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), making the algorithm more robust in the presence of dynamic noise levels and fading signals. The classification algorithm is applied in a simulated three-class cross-validation experiment, for which the algorithm exhibits percent correct classification greater than 97% as low as -7 dB SNR.     

基于时频分析的多跳频信号盲检测

为了减小低信噪比下干扰和噪声对跳频信号检测的影响,提出一种基于时频分析的多跳频信号盲检测算法。针对跳频信号、定频信号、高斯白噪声具有的不同时频分布特点,该算法利用短时傅里叶变换得到的时频图构造时频对消比;理论分析得到各信号的时频对消比是不同的,因此将其作为检测统计量,实现高斯白噪声背景下跳频、定频信号的盲检测。仿真结果表明,本文算法具有抗噪声功率不确定性能;与改进型功率谱对消法相比,本文算法在低信噪比环境下,具有更高的跳频信号和定频信号检测概率。此方法也能实现存在定频信号、扫频信号和突发信号干扰的复杂电磁环境中跳频信号盲检测,当信干比为5 dB且跳频信号的检测概率达到100%时,本文算法比改进型功率谱对消法改善信噪比10 dB;在干噪比为0.05 dB时的虚警概率几乎为0。      

采用图像处理的跳频信号参数盲估计

针对短波复杂信道环境下的跳频信号参数估计问题,提出了一种基于图像处理的跳频信号参数盲估计算法。该算法在时频分析的基础上采用灰度共生矩阵提取信号的纹理特征,通过对纹理特征量的分割实现信号与背景噪声的分割,并运用形态学滤波去除二值化后产生的椒盐噪声;然后根据连通区域标记得到的各个信号在时频图中的位置信息来聚类,从而去除定频、突发等干扰信号,分选出跳频信号;最后根据分选出的跳频信号提取其跳频频线并进行修正,估计出跳频信号的跳周期、跳变时刻和跳频频率。仿真实验表明,该算法切实有效,能够在较低的信噪比条件下精确地估计出跳频信号的参数。     

跳频信号时-频域分析与参数盲估计方法

本文提出一种基于SPW时频分析来估计未知跳频信号参数的方法。该方法能够有效描绘跳频图案,具有分辨率高、运算量小、抗噪声能力强等优点。文中详细讨论了SPW时频分析方法,给出了参数盲估计算法的具体步骤及在低信噪比下的算法完善,并进行了仿真试验和性能分析。     

Instantaneous Frequency Estimation of Nonlinear Frequency-Modulated Signals Under Strong Noise Environment

Instantaneous frequency (IF) is the most important parameter of a signal, which is an important representation of non-stationary signals, such as frequency-modulated signals. Usually, signals are received with noises. Under noise environment, the conventional IF estimation methods for nonlinear frequency-modulated (NLFM) signal cannot work. In this paper, we focus on how to extract IF of NLFM signal under strong noise environment. First, a modified S-method (SM) is proposed to represent the time–frequency (TF) characteristic. The modified SM uses an adaptive smooth window. The symmetric window is used for multi-component signals and asymmetric window for mono-component signals. The modified SM enhances the TF energy concentration and suppresses the cross-terms effectively. Then, the Viterbi algorithm is used to extract the IF from the TF plane. Viterbi algorithm is a hidden Markov chain approach, which is proposed here as the IF estimator. The proposed method is utilized for various types of NLFM signals. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed method under strong noise environment.     

Frequency hopping modulation recognition based on time-frequency energy spectrum texture feature

For frequency hopping modulation identification,a novel method based on time-frequency energy spectrum texture feature was proposed.Firstly,the time-frequency diagram of the frequency hopping signal was obtained by smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution,and the background noise of the time-frequency diagram was removed by two-dimensional Wiener filtering to improve the resolution of the time-frequency diagram under low SNR conditions.Then,the connected-domain detection algorithm was used to extract the time-frequency energy spectrum of each hop signal and convert it into a time-frequency gray-scale image.The histogram statistical features and the gray-scale co-occurrence matrix feature were combined to form a 22-dimensional eigenvector.Finally,the feature set was trained,classified and identified by optimized support vector machine classifier.Simulation experiments show that the multi-dimensional feature vector extracted by the algorithm has strong representation ability and avoids the misjudgment caused by the similarity of single features.The average recognition accuracy of the six modulation methods of frequency hopping signals BPSK,QPSK,SDPSK,QASK,64QAM and GMSK is 91.4% under the condition of -4 dB SNR.     

基于时频子空间分解的宽带线性调频信号DOA估计

针对具有时变方向向量的宽带线性调频信号,该文建立了基于短时Wigner-Ville分布(WVD)的空间时频分布矩阵,通过对各个空间时频矩阵的特征分解获得对应的信号子空间和噪声子空间,给出了基于时频子空间投影实现多个时频点综合估计信号DOA的算法。利用空间时频分布的前后向平滑解决了具有相同时频特性信号的均匀线阵DOA估计问题。算法不需要聚汇和插值等复杂的矩阵变换,精度较高,计算简便.仿真实验显示该算法性能显著优越于基于矩阵插值的宽带调频信号DOA估计算法.     

基于频率模型和时频分析的正弦信号频率高精度估计算法

利用时频分析方法估计信号瞬时频率,在低信噪比条件下估计性能较差,但在时频图中,信号频率的变化趋势具有一定的规律,基本上都是围绕着信号的真实频率。基于此,给出了一种结合时频分析和信号频率模型相结合的方法,以实现信号瞬时频率的高精度估计。利用时频分析具有的良好时频分布的特点,采用最大能量方法（ME）预先估计得到信号的预估计瞬时频率（EIF）;再利用瞬时频率连续性、平滑性的先验信息,建立了信号瞬时频率估计模型,并采用概率最大原理(MP)估计瞬时频率概率最大的统计变化,估计得到预估计瞬时频率的滤波起始点;最后利用卡尔曼滤波和平滑算法对预估计瞬时频率进行滤波和平滑,从而得到信号频率的精确估计。      

基于扩张残差网络的雷达辐射源信号识别

针对低信噪比条件下,复杂多类雷达辐射源信号识别存在特征提取困难,识别正确率低的问题,本文提出了一种基于时频分析和扩张残差网络的辐射源信号自动识别方法.首先通过时频分析将信号时域波形转换成二维时频图像以反映信号本质特征;然后进行时频图像预处理以保留时频图像完备信息,适应深度学习模型输入;最后构建扩张残差网络以自动提取信号时频图像特征,实现雷达辐射源信号分类识别.实验结果表明,信噪比为-6dB时,该方法对16类雷达辐射源信号的整体识别正确率能够达到98.2%,对时频图像特征相似的类LFM（Linear Frequency Modulation）信号的整体识别正确率超过95%.本文提供了一种新的雷达辐射源信号智能识别方法,具有较好的工程应用前景.     

Diversity and channel estimation using time-varying signals and time-frequency techniques

We propose the use of time-varying (TV) signaling in modulation schemes to provide multiuser detection and multipath diversity in TV wireless channels. Specifically, we design an orthogonal linear chirp modulation scheme that is based on assigning different users with optimally designed parameters in order to reduce multiple-access interference. We also derive conditions on the parameters of the modulation signals to achieve multipath diversity. Furthermore, we propose the use of TV pilot signals with nonlinear instantaneous frequency and matched time-frequency (TF) techniques to estimate fast-fading channels with unknown state information. The proposed algorithm simplifies to the estimation of the parameters of multiple linear chirps, which we perform using the modified matching pursuit decomposition. We compare our estimation method with the use of pilot signals with linear instantaneous frequency, which we implement using the reassigned spectrogram. The proposed modulation scheme is applied to a frequency-hopped code-division multiple-access system for which we demonstrate improved performance when compared with frequency-shift-keying (FSK) modulation due to the designed multipath diversity and low multiple-access interference. Our simulations also demonstrate the increased estimation performance when pilot signals with nonlinear structures are used instead of linear structured ones to estimate TV channel parameters.     

Robust speech features based on wavelet transform with application to speaker identification

An effective and robust speech feature extraction method is presented. Based on the time-frequency multiresolution property of the wavelet transform, the input speech signal is decomposed into various frequency channels. For capturing the characteristics of an individual speaker, the linear predictive cepstral coefficients of the approximation channel and entropy value of the detail channel for each decomposition process are calculated. In addition, an adaptive thresholding technique for each lower resolution is also applied to remove the influence of noise interference. Experimental results show that using this mechanism not only effectively reduces the influence of noise interference but also improves the recognition performance. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated on the MAT telephone speech database for text-independent speaker identification using the group vector quantisation identifier. Some popular existing methods are also evaluated for comparison, and the results show that the proposed feature extraction algorithm is more effective and robust than the other existing methods. In addition, the performance of the proposed method is very satisfactory even in a low SNR environment corrupted by Gaussian white noise.     

基于改进时频分析方法的雷达信号瞬时频率估计

瞬时频率估计(Instantaneous Frequency, IF)在雷达信号处理中有着重要的研究意义,时频分布峰值检测是IF估计研究和应用中较为普遍和有效的方法,但由于噪声的影响,时频分布峰值往往偏离真实的IF曲线。针对低信噪比下的IF估计,文中首先对WVD及CWD的时频分布矩阵作Hadamard积,得到一种混合的时频分析方法,而后采用多样本信号时频能量累乘的方法,进一步抑制噪声在时频面上的分布;然后以时频分布峰值在信号自项时频聚集区域的分布概率为准则,计算出时频分布的数据窗长,并根据该窗长得到IF的初始估计;最后依据初始IF,采用交叉置信区间算法对时频分布峰值进行检测,得到信号的瞬时频率估计值。文中对NLFM、LFM和FSK信号的IF估计进行了研究,并与WVD峰值检测法和时频分布一阶矩法进行了比较,仿真结果表明了本文方法的有效性。