Universal fiber-optic point sensor system for quasi-static absolutemeasurements of multiparameters exploiting low coherence interrogation

A universal fiber-optic high-resolution point sensor system, based upon signal recovery by dual-wavelength low coherence interferometry, has been developed and demonstrated for quasistatic absolute measurements of multiparameters. This system is capable of multiplexing up to 32 fiber-optic point sensors which can be fiber optic interferometers or fiber Bragg gratings or any combination of the two. The topology of this system is based on a spatially multiplexed scheme with low coherence signal recovery that we have reported previously. A range of multiparameter point sensors, including a medium pressure sensor, a high pressure sensor, a miniature temperature sensor, a displacement sensor, and a fiber Bragg grating strain sensor with drift-compensation, have been developed and incorporated into this network and demonstrated A range to resolution of better than 10⁴ :1 and 2×10³:1 has been achieved for the interferometric sensors and the Bragg grating strain sensor, respectively. The interchangeability of the sensors has also been demonstrated, allowing the sensors to be replaced in the event of damage. Due to the universality of the signal interrogation, the instrument can be compatible with any interferometric point sensor which has a similar optical path difference with the transmitting interferometer or any fiber grating sensor whose normal wavelength is within the spectral range of the light source. In addition, as the total sensor number which can be multiplexed is quite large, the average cost for each sensor is reduced considerably. Therefore, this system allows optical fiber sensors to compete with conventional sensors with the additional benefits of fiber-optic sensors     

Spatially-multiplexed fibre-optic Bragg grating strain andtemperature sensor system based on interferometric wavelength-shiftdetection

A prototype fibre-optic system using interferometric wavelength-shift detection, capable of multiplexing up to 32 fibre-optic Bragg grating strain and temperature sensors with identical characteristics, has been demonstrated. This system is based on a spatially multiplexed scheme for use with fibre-based low-coherence interferometric sensors, reported previously. Four fibre-optic Bragg grating channels using the same fibre grating have been demonstrated for measuring quasi-static strain and temperature     

Applications of active arrayed-waveguide gratings in dynamic WDMnetworking and routing

We describe how active arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWGs) may find a diverse range of applications in future dynamic wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networking and routing. Our initial simulations indicate that these applications include dynamic signal power and erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain equalization with a dynamic range of 12 dB, and interchannel amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) suppression by more than 20 dB; optical add/drop multiplexing with passband-flattened channels and suppressions of 15 dB; and dynamic dispersion compensation of up to ±300 ps/nm     

Time-domain addressing of remote fiber-optic interferometric sensor arrays

This paper describes and analyzes a particular application of high duty-cycle time-division multiplexing to the separation and identification of signals from an interferometric sensor array. Using the method discussed here, the coherence length of the laser is no longer a severe design constraint. Also, the source phase-induced intensity noise which limits some other multiplexing methods may be overcome, leading to a higher sensitivity. The arrays of all-passive remote sensors exhibit minimal crosstalk between sensors, and have downlead insensitivity. A synthetic heterodyne demodulation technique prevents environmentally induced signal fading. Analysis includes coupling ratios for all directional couplers in the system, signal and noise spectra, minimum detectable phase shift, and the effect of ac coupling on noise and crosstalk. An experimental all-fiber implementation of a two sensor array has yielded a measured sensitivity of approximately 10 μrad/sqrt{Hz}over a range of signal frequencies, and a crosstalk level of better than 55 dB.     

干涉技术在光纤传感器设计中的应用

介绍了干涉型光纤传感器的基本原理，结合实例阐述了各种干涉型光纤传感器的设计方法与实现技术，讨论了光纤传感器所用光源的选择，举例说明了干涉仪在大规模、长距离传感系统中的应用方法，并展望了这类光纤传感器的发展前景。     

啁啾光纤光栅法布里-珀罗传感器波分频分复用

实现了一种具有大容量复用潜力的啁啾光纤光栅(CFBG)法布里-珀罗(F-P)传感器复用系统。该传感器复用系统的建立基于波分频分复用方法,即中心波长相同的传感器利用腔长不同空间频率不同来实现空间频分的复用,采用不同中心波长的传感器阵列与频分复用方法相结合就可实现波分频分复用。描述了该光纤光栅法布里-珀罗传感器复用系统的结构、原理及应变实验结果。实验结果表明,该方法可以大大地提高光纤光栅法布里-珀罗应变传感器的复用能力,理论上可复用数百个光纤光栅法布里-珀罗应变传感器;实验中应变测量精度好于±10με,可满足大部分实际应用的要求。     

Bragg grating-based laser sensors systems with interferometricinterrogation and wavelength division multiplexing

We describe the use of fiber Bragg grating based lasers as sensors. An interferometric detection technique is presented for interrogating laser wavelength shifts due to measurand induced laser cavity strain with high resolution from both single-mode and multimode lasers. The principle of integrating multiple sensors to form an array is demonstrated using a wavelength division multiplexing approach     

高稳定大量程复合光纤干涉位移测量系统研究

为了使位移测量系统达到大量程、高分辨率,采用复合光纤干涉的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证。利用光纤光栅作为反射镜,构成两个干涉光路几乎共路的光纤迈克尔逊干涉仪。其中一个光纤迈克尔逊干涉仪通过反馈控制补偿环境干扰对测量系统的影响,使测量系统适合在线测量;另一个干涉仪用于完成测量工作。两个不同波长的光同时作用于完成测量的干涉仪中,测量量程由两个波长的合成波干涉信号确定,使测量量程大于1mm;测量分辨率由其中一个单波长干涉信号确定,测量分辨率小于1nm。结果表明,这种基于复合光纤干涉仪的位移测量系统可以实现大量程、高稳定的位移在线测量。     

Simultaneous interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors using anacoustooptic tunable filter

We describe a novel technique to provide demultiplexing of fiber Bragg grating sensors, interrogated using interferometric wavelength shift detection. Amplitude modulation of multiple radio frequency driving signals allows an acoustooptic tunable filter to provide wavelength demultiplexing. We demonstrated a noise limited strain resolution of 150 nanostrain/√(Hz) and a crosstalk better than -50 dB     

Frequency-modulated multimode laser diode for fiber Bragg gratingsensors

A demodulation scheme for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is presented. It is based on the generation of an electrical carrier by using a modulated multimode laser diode to illuminate the fiber grating. The change in Bragg wavelength is measured by tracking the phase of the carrier at the detector output in either an open- or a closed-loop scheme. A theoretical analysis of the interrogation technique in terms of linearity and dynamic range is presented. Experimental data were obtained for both strain and temperature measurements. Sensitivities of 0.7 μϵ/√Hz and 0.05°C/√Hz were obtained over a dynamic range of ≈60 dB. The application of this demodulation scheme to a multiplexed sensing system is also demonstrated     

Application of Wavelet Transform in Dual-differential Optical Fiber F-P Interferometric Micro-displacement Measurement System

Based on dual-differential comparing principle, an experimental system of optical fiber F-P interferometric micro-displacement measurement is introduced. It is capable of achieving the absolute displacement measurement, and wavelet transforms is adopted as theory fundament to extract the optical F-P interferometric characteristic signal and remove the noise, so its resolution can reach 0. 01 μm in the dynamic range of 0- 1 mm.     

Single-crystal sapphire fiber-based strain sensor for high-temperature applications

Single-crystal sapphire fibers have a very high melting point (up to 2050/spl deg/C), which renders them a very good candidate for sensing applications at a very high temperature. We present in this paper the recent work of developing single-crystal sapphire fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric strain sensors based on the white-light interferometric spectrum demodulation technique. Prototype sapphire strain sensors were fabricated and tested at high temperatures up to 1004/spl deg/C. The preliminary experimental results indicate that the sensors are promising to be used under high-temperature environments for making strain measurements with strain measurement resolution of 0.2-/spl mu/ strain.     

基于LFM-OTDR的超长跨距光纤电力通信链路监测

为了降低电力通信系统中白噪声和随机多径噪声,提出了2种基于线性调频-光时域反射仪(LFM-OTDR)技术的监测方案,即单频LFM-OTDR方案和频分复用LFM-OTDR(FDM-LFM-OTDR)方案。该监测方案采用LFM光脉冲信号作为探测信号,利用分数阶傅里叶变换将后向散射回来的探测信号变换到分数阶傅里叶域进行信号处理和散射光功率计算,从而能更加有效地分离探测信号和后向噪声。实验结果表明:与单脉冲OTDR方案相比,采用单频LFM-OTDR方案、FDM-LFM-OTDR方案使OTDR的动态范围分别提升了约8.3 dB、11 dB。     

A network for large numbers of interferometric sensors and fiberBragg gratings with high resolution and extended range

We describe an active form of a frequency division matrix array network developed to support both interferometric sensors and fiber Bragg gratings to demodulate both quasistatic and periodic measurands. Novel telemetry allows an improved measurement range using a single source and uses a fundamental interferometric principle for self-calibration. High resolution is achieved through active but remote demodulation of passive sensors. A resolution of 0.019 nm with a measurement range of 62.8 μm for an interferometric sensor and a strain resolution of 0.19 με with a measurement range of 6.28 mε was obtained for fiber Bragg grating sensors     

Multiplexing of interferometric sensors using phase carrier techniques

This paper demonstrates the multiplexing of fiber-optic interferometric sensors using a CW phase generated carrier technique. The technique employs modulated diode laser sources at different carrier frequencies, nearly balanced interferometers (∼4-cm path difference), and phase generated carrier demultiplexing demodulation. This approach leads to a simple all-passive sensor array which has intrinsically low crosstalk. The system is analyzed in terms of shot noise performance and crosstalk. An experimental all optical implementation of a four sensor array was demonstrated; both the single sensor and multisensor arrays were limited by the laser phase noise to a sensitivity ofsim 18 murad/sqrt{Hz}. Crosstalk between individual channels was better than -60 dB and crosstalk between three sensors and the test sensor was better than -55 dB. In the absence of laser phase noise the demodulator/demultiplexer demonstratedsim 2-murad performance with both single sensor and four element array operation.     

Enhancement of multiplexing capability of low-coherence interferometric fiber sensor array by use of a loop topology

A novel technique for enhancing the multiplexing capability of low-coherence interferometric sensor array is proposed. The technique uses a fiber loop topology and allows for twice as many sensors as the conventional low-coherence reflectometry system to be multiplexed. Power budget and signal analyses for different sizes of sensor array are performed. A ten-sensor system was experimentally demonstrated and applied for quasi-distributed temperature measurement. An additional advantage of the technique is that it provides an extra degree of redundancy through the bidirectional interrogation of the sensor array and thus improves the system reliability.     

Multiplexed optical fiber sensors using a single Fabry-Perotresonator for phase modulation

This paper describes the use of different optical return paths in a single Fabry-Perot phase modulator to perform coherence division multiplexing, and a combination of coherence and frequency division multiplexing of Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors. A path-matched differential interferometry (PMDI) using low finesse Fabry-Perot sensors, one moderate finesse Fabry-Perot read-out resonator, and a broadband light source consisting of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is used to illustrate the idea. The first, second and third order of multiple paths in a single Fabry-Perot read-out resonator are used to path-match three Fabry-Perot sensors. These three orders of path-matches provide a single, double and triple depth of modulation (phase-change) when the read-out is used as an optical phase modulator, and therefore provide a single, double and triple carrier frequency when serrodyne demodulation is used. The use of a single moderate finesse read-out Fabry-Perot resonator to simultaneously path-match coherence multiplexed sensors reduces the complexity of the optical system. Experiments and modeling are used to show the existence of the first, second, and third order of interference path-match conditions, and to determine the read-out configuration that enhances the visibility of the higher order path-match conditions. Using the multiple return paths in a single PZT-based Fabry-Perot read-out interferometer and serrodyne demodulation, several multiplexing schemes are investigated, and their relative merits discussed     

Crosstalk Analysis of a Fiber Laser Sensor Array System Based on Digital Phase-Generated Carrier Scheme

A detailed study on analyzing the crosstalk in a wavelength division multiplexed fiber laser sensor array system based on a digital phase generated carrier interferometric interrogation scheme is reported. The crosstalk effects induced by the limited optical channel isolation of a dense wavelength division demultiplexer (DWDM) are presented, and the necessary channel isolation to keep the crosstalk negligible to the output signal was calculated via Bessel function expansion and demonstrated by a two serial fiber laser sensors system. Finally, a three-element fiber laser sensor array system with a 50-dB channel-isolation DWDM was built up. Experimental results demonstrated that there was no measurable crosstalk between the output channels.     

双频干涉型光纤激光加速度传感器的指向性特性

矢量传感器可以共点、同步测量振速、加速度等矢量信息,且具有一定的噪声抑制能力,具有重要的应用价值。铒镱共掺双偏振光纤激光器已被证明可用于实现易解调、结构小巧、易于复用、高灵敏度的光纤传感器。针对此类传感器,本文提出一种加速度传感器结构,通过限制质量块的横向位移,实现了一种双频干涉型光纤激光加速度矢量传感器。除了具有双偏振光纤激光器的一系列优点外,该传感器还具有良好的“8”字形指向性,并在1 kHz以下具有平坦的频率响应特性,对于后续双频干涉型光纤矢量传感器的实现具有重要的指导意义。     

DFB FL Sensor Cross-Coupling Reduction

The effect of weak external reflections on distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser (FL) sensor frequency noise has been studied. For multiplexed DFB FL arrays, it was demonstrated that out-of-band reflections from DFB FL raise the noise level of adjacent lasers by up to 50 dB. It was further demonstrated that by incorporating a complex phase- and amplitude-apodized FL grating design with high sidelobe suppression, cross coupling due to out-of-band reflections can be reduced to negligible levels, and Rayleigh backscatter limited noise performance can be achieved. Practical limitations to acoustic sensitivity of DFB FL sensors due to increased laser frequency noise are discussed, and ways to reduce DFB FL sensitivity to external reflections are proposed