改革开放中的肯尼亚电信市场

从20世纪90年代末，肯尼亚政府意识到电信对整个国家经济发展的促进作用，开始采取了一系列措施来刺激电信发展。1998年政府颁布新《肯尼亚通信法》实现政企分开、邮电分营、并成立了通信委员会（CCK）。2001年修订《国家通信政策》，将一些先进的管制理念，如普遍服务、互联互通管制、资费管制等输入到政府的管制政策中，并决定对肯尼亚电信公司实行私有化。2003年开始，政府准备在固定和移动领域引入新的竞争者，进一步开放电信市场。     

电信资费的管制及变革

电信资费一直是社会各界普遍关注的热点问题之一,消费者、企业、专家和政府在这一问题上争论很多,意见差距很大.本文对我国电信资费管制的历史进行了分析,借鉴国外的电信资费管制经验,提出应该从整个电信市场发展和市场结构出发来研究电信资费政策,进而提出未来电信资费管制的具体建议.     

电信套餐资费策略演进分析

资费作为业务的重要组成部分,其策略制定与电信企业的总体业务发展战略密切相关,也深受政府电信资费政策改革的影响。本文首先从全球电信资费的改革历程入手,详细解读了我国电信管制政策及电信资费发展趋势。其次,选取了北京联通及各运营商有代表性的3类产品资费策略进行详细分析,对运营商之间的资费策略进行了比较,深刻揭示了电信运营商的资费策略演进路线,在全业务竞争时代,运营商的资费策略已经由单纯降价逐渐演变为全业务深度渗透捆绑,同时指出了针对不同微分市场开展全业务资费策略设计的关键所在。     

移动电话资费管制的研究

伴随着中国电信行业,特别是移动电话用户数量的高速发展和有效市场竞争格局的初步建立,移动电话资费的调整、改革与管制等问题成为近几年社会各界关注的焦点.本文从电信管制理论出发,分析和介绍了电信资费管制理论的演进过程,进而对中国电信市场特别是移动电话资费的管制实践进行了系统研究,深入地分析了中国建立的新的移动电话资费管制体系,并对未来移动电话资费管制的发展趋势作了展望.     

互联互通管制的发展趋势

纵观全球，目前互联互通的管制有三点发展趋势：采用基于前瞻性成本的接入定价法，公开互联互通协议以及实行非对称管制，前瞻性长期增量成本（LRIC）是当前管制改革中一个占主导地位的模式，它消除了基于成本的追溯式接入定价中“成本相加”的特性，具体包括自上而下和自下而上两种模式，为保障互联互通的透明性，一种普遍的做法就是要求公开互联互通协议或者主导运营商互联互通协议邀约文件，在移动通信领域的互联互通中，一些发达国家如英国都引入了非对称管制制度。     

Telecommunication tariffs in central Europe

Higher telephone penetration and the availability of other telecommunication services are prerequisites for the overall development of economics in central Europe. Therefore, many of the countries in that region have commenced ambitious programs for the modernization and expansion of their telecommunication networks. The outdated tariff structures, inherited from periods of massive excess demand, could jeopardize these programs. The existing tariffs are briefly analyzed and a set of principles, based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) experiences, which might govern tariff policies in central Europe in the future is presented     

The Effect of Rate-of-Return Regulation on Public Utility Pricing

In Korea, the price schedule for local telephone combines two-part tariffs and peak-load pricing subject to rate-of-return (RoR) regulation. Although the effect of RoR regulation on two-part tariffs or peak-load pricing has been separately analyzed by many authors in some detail, the behaviour of regulated firm under combined two-part and peak-load pricing has not been studied until now. This paper examines the effect of regulation on the rate structure and welfare under combined two-part and peak-load pricing.     

Impact of electricity tariffs on optimal orientation of photovoltaic modules

Maximum revenue (or cost saving) from non‐tracking photovoltaic (PV) modules used for distributed generation can be achieved by a module orientation that depends on how the electricity tariff varies with time of day and time of year. Many jurisdictions have real‐time market prices of electricity for large customers, time‐dependent tariffs or tariffs that depend on peak demand. This paper quantifies the impact of such tariffs on the optimal orientation of non‐tracking PV modules using example tariffs from California, Nevada and Ontario, and concludes that modules should be oriented to the west of south by 28°, 46° and 54° respectively. In order to focus on the impact of tariff, the results are based on simulations of a constant‐efficiency PV system operating under year‐round clear‐sky conditions. A generalized relationship between optimal azimuth and the on‐ to off‐peak ratio of time‐dependent tariffs is also presented. The paper quantifies the sensitivity of the dollar value of the power generated to non‐optimal orientation of the modules. Compared to conventional south facing modules tilted at an angle just under the latitude, the paper demonstrates that optimal orientation adds 4–19% to the revenue/cost savings, potentially affecting the economic viability of a PV installation. The peak demand components of the Ontario tariff have a much more substantial effect on the optimization and resultant revenues (cost savings) than variations in the real‐time market price of electricity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于NTT计算机互联网(OCN)业务的介绍

随着计算机互联网的迅速发展，其用户数与承载的业务种类愈来愈多，它对电信的影响及冲击愈来愈大。因此世界各大通信公司都在积极参与计算机互联网的建设，表现最为突出的是日本 ＮＴＴ公司和美国ＡＴ＆Ｔ公司。本文对日本ＮＴＴ公司的计算机互联网（ＯＣＮ）的发展策略、网络结构、提供业务种类及收费标准进行介绍。     

Principles of modern electricity pricing

This paper presents a framework for electric power pricing, reviews the basic theory of marginal cost pricing applicable to the power sector, and summarizes recent developments. The adaptation of the theory for practical application in relation to the objectives of power pricing policy results in a two stage procedure for tariff setting. First, the detailed structure of the strict long-run marginal costs (LRMC) of supply which meet the economic efficiency criterion are computed. Second, the strict LRMC is adjusted to arrive at an appropriate realistic tariff schedule which satisfies other constraints, including economic second best and social lifeline rate considerations, financial needs, simplicity of metering and billing, etc. The results obtained through past applications of modern pricing structures internationally are reviewed, and the U.S. situation is discussed with respect to the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978.     

竞争中的电信资费策略——选择资费

本文介绍了选择资费的概念，理论基础，产生背景及其特点，认为选择资费是竞争环境下较为有利的一种电信资费方式。文章还通过对国外实际资费方案的分析，对我国现有资费管理体制提出了相关建议。     

国外电信资费管制政策的演进与发展

介绍了国外不同阶段采用的费赞模式以及目前各国不同业务通常实行的资费政策和计费方法，并揭示了国外资费政策的变化趋势；认为我国应引入激励性的资费政策。减少政府对资费的监管范围，政府和监管机构还应掌握更多的相关信息，对资费实行有效的监管。     

A Study of Methods of Telecommunication Tariff Decision

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欧洲（EU）电信自由化和民营化的动向

欧盟的电信市场自１９９８年１月１日起完全放开，新制定的法律和内部竞争原则均是为了保证和推动电信自由化进程，其中，网间互联政策（包括互联规定、互联资费，管制原则以及号码携带问题）又是欧盟电信政策的核心。本文还介绍了欧洲各国电信民营化情况。     

对电信资费上下限区间规制的探讨

在对电信资费上限和下限管制的研究基础上,提出了电信资费上下限区间的概念和规制方法,以此达到变单一的价格竞争模式为多元的竞争模式,变信息不完全的博弈为信息完全博弈的目的,希望通过这些方法能够对未来更加有效的电信竞争规制有所帮助.     

VoIP基础电信服务的运营环境探讨

从普遍服务、互联互通、用户名/编号、执法监听、紧急呼叫与基于位置的监管等六方面介绍了政府管制的内容,并分析了其对VoIP运营环境的影响.阐明了VoIP运营环境中可能的资费组成具有的特征：VoIP业务使用与承载网络资源使用分别计费;同一运营商内部实行低廉的VoIP基础资费;不同运营商之间的业务互通支付单独费用;服务质量和安全保障将成为附加的VoIP服务.     

电信运营业客户价值研究的紧迫性及方向探讨

价格竞争是目前我国电信运营商客户资源竞争的主要手段，由此所导致的增量不增收是困扰我国电信运营业健康发展的难题，并成为新竞争环境下电信运营业客户管理工作必须尽快解决的问题。客户价值(Customer Value)研究是解决这一问题的营销理论基础。本详细阐述了客户价值研究对于电信运营业客户管理的紧迫性，并探索了国内研究的具体方向。     

Engineering—Economic analysis of electric power systems

This state-of-the art paper sets out recent developments in the engineering-economic analysis of electric power systems, especially the formulation of optimal investment and pricing policies. The basic economic principle is that electricity services should be provided in a manner which maximizes the net benefits of consumption of society as a whole. In investment policy, this principle may often be reduced to the simpler rule of minimizing total costs subject to specific constraints. In pricing policy, rates should reflect the marginal costs of supply, thus ensuring that economic efficiency criteria are satisfied. However, these marginal costs must be systematically adjusted to yield a practical tariff structure that meets other policy objectives. Several case studies are provided which illustrate the practical application of the methodology to optimize investment planning and reliability, system losses, and tariffs.     

Netzanbindung von großen Windparks — technische und wirtschaftliche Herausforderung

Because of the new Austrian electricity deregulation, the installation of wind energy generation will rapidly increase. The planned wind converters will reach up to 400 MW in some networks. The interconnection of these wind farms necessitates a reinforcement of the existing networks necessary and an interconnection to 110 kV and 380 kV grids. Wind energy shows a smaller time of use — only 1500 to 2200 hours per year —, whereas in the public distribution 5000 to 7000 hours are usual. This results in higher specific network tariffs for wind energy. At the moment the costs for the network are paid by the consumers of the network and are thus socialized. In future it will be necessary to consider the usage of networks in evaluating the tariff for wind energy and split it up among the network owners.     

Network Design Using SMDS and Leased Lines

In this paper we consider designing a high-speed virtual private network using a combination of heterogeneous telecommunication services. In particular, we consider mixing SMDS access lines and point-to-point digital leased lines to construct a virtual private network at minimum cost. We develop a nonlinear combinatorial optimization model and a simulated annealing algorithm to find a high-performance, low-cost network design. We compute lower bounds on cost savings from using mixed services as opposed to pure SMDS based on actual tariffs and realistic traffic.