光伏发电系统中逆变器的研究与应用

光伏并网发电系统由太阳电池组件、并网逆变器、计量装置及配电系统组成,太阳能能量通过光伏阵列产生的是直流电能,需要通过逆变器把直流电转换成与电网同频率、同相位的交流电才能并到电网。并网逆变器作为光伏阵列与电网的接口装置,起着关键的作用。随着光伏发电系统的发展,并网发电系统中使用的逆变器得到了越来越多的关注。本文从阐述并网...     

两级式光伏并网发电控制系统仿真分析

阐述了两级式光伏并网发电控制系统的结构及其控制过程,建立了光伏阵列模型和光伏并网发电系统模型,利用光伏阵列模型模拟了光照条件变化时光伏并网系统的输出情况进行仿真分析。实验表明,此两级式光伏并网发电系统能迅速有效地跟踪到光伏阵列的最大功率点,而且能够控制并网电流的波形,使逆变器的输出电流与电网电压同频同相,保证电流输出波形为正弦波。     

光伏阵列三相并网仿真模型

根据光伏太阳池板的内部结构和输出伏安特性建立光伏阵列的Matlab仿真模型,采用增量电导法跟踪光伏阵列的最大功率,利用三相电压型PWM整流器结构并网逆变器,对直流侧电压和交流侧电流实行双闭环控制,该模型可用于先伏发电系统的动态仿真研究.仿真实验证明直流侧的输出电压在给定值600 V附近波动,而交流侧的电流成正弦且谐波小.在此控制策略下光伏阵列的功率稳定,能够很好的跟随太阳辐射强度和环境温度的变化.     

浅谈大型并网光伏电站系统设计

大型并网光伏电站中太阳电池组件数量庞大,系统接线复杂,发电系统的设备配置、系统接线、安装布置设计等因素对整个发电系统的发电效率和工程投资都有很大影响。本文通过对太阳电池组件选择、光伏阵列的运行方式设计、光伏阵列的最佳倾角计算、逆变器选型、光伏阵列设计及布置方案等光伏发电系统构成方面进行了研究分析,并以工程实例进行了发电量计算及电价测算。     

5kW光伏并网发电系统及其仿真研究

随着新能源发电的迅速发展,越来越多的可再生能源被转化为电能并通过并网逆变器输送到电网。利用MATLAB仿真工具箱建立了由光伏阵列输出、Boost升压电路、逆变器、控制器、电网等组成的5 kW光伏并网发电系统的仿真模型,研究了光伏并网系统的特性。采用变结构模糊PID控制器实现5 kW光伏发电系统的MPPT;采样电网电压作为逆变器电流的参考信号,利用滞环比较法控制逆变器,实现系统输出电流与电网电压同频同相,功率因素近似为1。仿真结果表明,系统较好地实现了光伏发电系统的MPPT及安全并网,对实际光伏并网系统的设计有参考意义。     

光伏发电系统逆变器的设计

本文根据光伏电池阵列和逆变电路的特点,研究比较了常见的光伏逆变器拓扑结构,本文针对光伏发电系统,设计了一种并网逆变器。选择由前级DC-DC电路和后级DC-AC电路组成的双极式系统;比较分析了各种DC-DC电路最终选择了Boost电路作为升压电路,后级的DC-AC电路采用了基本全桥逆变器。在设计光伏并网逆变器的基础上,利用Matlab对系统的各个控制环节以及主电路进行了仿真,最终验证了控制的正确定性。     

分布式供电网络中新型光伏并网逆变器研究

并网逆变器在以光伏发电为电力来源的分布式供电系统中起到关键的连接作用,其可将光伏阵列所发电能逆变为与电力网络电压频率相同、相位一致的电压与电流保证光伏发电系统和电力网络正常运行。但传统并网逆变器存在共模漏电流严重,中点电位二次脉动以及转换电压二次谐波含量较多的问题。为改善并网逆变器的逆变性能,设计一种新型无隔离变压器结构的单相逆变器。分析新型并网逆变器直流变换电路模块和直流交流变换电路模块的工作机理,并将其与传统并网逆变器对光伏阵列所产生的电平处理效果进行仿真比较,结果表明,新型逆变器输出逆变电压二次谐波含量较传统逆变器降低54.87%,具有较好的逆变功能。     

基于模块化多电平光伏并网动态建模与仿真研究

鉴于传统三电平逆变电路存在谐波含量高的缺点,在分析模块化多电平换流器(MMC)工作原理的基础上,提出使用模块化多电平电路实现光伏并网逆变功能,采用微分-跟踪器法实现光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)及逆变器PQ解耦控制,实现了光伏系统以单位功率因数并网.在PSCAD中建立光伏并网系统动态仿真模型,仿真结果表明,所建模型具有开关损耗低、谐波量小的优点,验证了所提方法的正确性和可行性.     

三相光伏并网发电系统主电路设计

对比分析单级型和多级型光伏并网逆变系统的优缺点,以及光伏阵列可扩展性,确定了双级型并网逆变器拓扑结构,电压源电流控制方式,带工频变压器隔离的拓扑方式,对BOOST电路、逆变器、LCL滤波器等主要元件进行设计,为主电路设计提供了理论依据。仿真验证了LCL滤波器设计的合理性。     

基于DSP的光伏并网逆变器的设计

光伏并网发电系统是光伏系统发展的趋势,文章根据光伏并网发电系统的特点,设计了一套基于数字信号处理器TNS320F2407控制的单相光伏并网逆变器。分析了系统的结构和控制原理,设计了最大功率点跟踪算法和锁相环的软件设计流程图。实验结果表明并网电流波形良好,逆变器输出的电流基本与电网电压同频同相,并网的功率因数近似为1。     

Disconnection detection using earth capacitance measurement in photovoltaic module string

A disconnection detection method using an earth capacitance measurement in photovoltaic (PV) module string was experimentally studied. In the experiments with disconnections between PV modules in the string, the earth capacitance of the string was increased in proportion to the module number, and this feature resulted in that the disconnection position between the modules could be estimated by comparing the earth capacitance value of the failed string with that of the good string. Since the earth capacitance was not affected by the irradiance change, the detection method could be applied anytime to locate the disconnection position in the string without the effect of the irradiance change. Moreover, this method could be applied not only to the string consisting of the crystalline Si modules but also to the string consisting of the amorphous Si modules. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control of a Single-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

This paper presents a single-phase cascaded H-bridge converter for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) application. The multilevel topology consists of several H-bridge cells connected in series, each one connected to a string of PV modules. The adopted control scheme permits the independent control of each dc-link voltage, enabling, in this way, the tracking of the maximum power point for each string of PV panels. Additionally, low-ripple sinusoidal-current waveforms are generated with almost unity power factor. The topology offers other advantages such as the operation at lower switching frequency or lower current ripple compared to standard two-level topologies. Simulation and experimental results are presented for different operating conditions.     

A novel analytical model for determining the maximum power point of thin film photovoltaic module

Achieving the maximum power output from photovoltaic (PV) modules is indispensable for the operation of grid‐connected PV power systems under varied atmospheric conditions. In recent years, the study of PV energy for different applications has attracted more and more attention because solar energy is clean and renewable. We propose an efficient direct‐prediction method to enhance the utilization efficiency of thin film PV modules by tackling the problem of tracking time and overcoming the difficulty of calculation. The proposed method is based on the p–n junction recombination mechanism and can be applied to all kinds of PV modules. Its performance is not influenced by weather conditions such as illumination or temperature. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides high‐accuracy estimation of the maximum power point (MPP) for thin film PV modules with an average error of 1.68% and 1.65% under various irradiation intensities and temperatures, respectively. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method can simply and accurately estimate the MPP for thin film PV modules under various irradiation intensities and temperatures. In future, the proposed method will be used to shed light on the optimization of the MPP tracking control model in PV systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intelligent PV Module for Grid-Connected PV Systems

Most issues carried out about building integrated photovoltaic (PV) system performance show average losses of about 20%–25% in electricity production. The causes are varied, e.g., mismatching losses, partial shadows, variations in current–voltage$(I$–$V)$characteristics of PV modules due to manufacturing processes, differences in the orientations and inclinations of solar surfaces, and temperature effects. These losses can be decreased by means of suitable electronics. This paper presents the intelligent PV module concept, a low-cost high-efficiency dc–dc converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functions, control, and power line communications (PLC). In addition, this paper analyses the alternatives for the architecture of grid-connected PV systems: centralized, string, and modular topologies. The proposed system, i.e., the intelligent PV module, fits within this last group. Its principles of operation, as well as the topology of boost dc–dc converter, are analyzed. Besides, a comparison of MPPT methods is performed, which shows the best results for the incremental conductance method. Regarding communications, PLC in every PV module and its feasibility for grid-connected PV plants are considered and analyzed in this paper. After developing an intelligent PV module (with dc–dc converter) prototype, its optimal performance has been experimentally confirmed by means of the PV system test platform. This paper describes this powerful tool especially designed to evaluate all kinds of PV systems.     

An efficient GWO MPPT for a PV system using impedance information acceleration

This paper presents a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method based on the grey wolf optimisation (GWO) technique for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed method utilises previous working duty cycles and their corresponding voltage and current data to compute the instantaneous DC impedance of a PV string. To determine the peak power characteristics of any PV string, the impedance variation of that PV string is used as an efficient shading factor. This shading factor simplifies the calculation of the GWO-MPPT algorithm to obtain multiple peak targets under partial shading conditions. Thus, the efficiency of the proposed power tracking technique can be improved considerably. The effectiveness of this method was validated through both simulation and hardware implementations. Results revealed that the search performance of five iterations of the proposed method was similar to that of ten iterations of a traditional GWO-MPPT method under normal conditions without shading. These results confirm the practicability of the proposed method in various applications.     

A study on the mismatch effect due to the use of different photovoltaic modules classes in large‐scale solar parks

In this paper, a study on the mismatch effect due to the use of different photovoltaic (PV) modules classes in large‐scale solar parks is presented. For this purpose, a new model for simulating current–voltage and power–voltage characteristics is introduced. The model is then applied for calculating mismatch losses in a number of case studies for a PV plant built in Bari, southern Italy. First, in order to test the effectiveness of the model, this is applied to homogeneous strings and field showing that the mismatch losses are zero. Subsequently, the use of inhomogeneous strings (i.e. made of modules belonging to different power classes) is investigated. Finally, the behaviour of 1 MW_p homogeneous and inhomogeneous PV fields is investigated, again with a focus on the mismatch effect. The operational conditions have been introduced starting from the definition of European efficiency. The use of standard test conditions can in fact lead to gross approximations because mismatch losses depend, as well as, on PV module characteristics, electrical connections and electrical architecture, also on the location of the PV system. The results presented in this work can be used both by PV system designers for carrying out yield calculations, and by operation and maintenance personnel for substituting modules during operation without compromising the productivity of the plant. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the necessity of joint adoption of both Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking and Central Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV systems

In this paper, the main causes that are able to limit the efficiency of Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) are analyzed in detail. It will be shown that, to get full profit from DMPPT, it is necessary that the bulk inverter voltage belongs to an optimal range whose position and amplitude are functions of the following factors: the number of PV modules and dedicated DC/DC converters in a string, the atmospheric operating conditions characterizing each PV module (irradiance and temperature values), the voltage and current ratings of the physical devices the DC/DC converters are made of, and the adopted DC/DC converter topology. Moreover, it will be given proof of the necessity to couple the DMPPT function with a suitable centralized MPPT function carried out by the inverter through the proper control of its own DC input voltage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and design of phase‐interleaving series‐connected module‐integrated converter for DC‐link ripple reduction of multi‐stage photovoltaic power systems

Recently, installation of photovoltaic power systems such as building‐integrated photovoltaic in urban area has been spotlighted in renewable energy engineering field, even at the expense of the performance degradation from partial shading. The efficiency degradation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance can be compensated by a kind of power‐conditioning system architecture such as module‐integrated converters (MIC), which can handle the optimal‐operation tracking for its own photovoltaic (PV) module. In case of a MIC with series‐connected outputs, it is easy to obtain a high DC‐link voltage for multiple stage PV power conditioning applications. However, switching ripple of the DC‐link voltage also increases as number of the modules increases. In this paper, as a solution for the ripple reduction, interleaved pulse width modulation‐phase synchronizing method is applied to the PV MIC modules. The switching‐ripple analysis of the MPPT power modules were performed and compared between the cases such as phase control or not. For the implementation of the phase control among the modules, Zigbee (XBee Pro, Digi International, Minnetonka, MN, USA) wireless communications transceiver and DSP (TMS320F28335, Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA) series communications interface are utilized. Hardware prototype of the double‐module boost‐type 80‐W MICs has been built to validate the DC‐link voltage ripple reduction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel power benefit prediction approach for two‐axis sun‐tracking type photovoltaic systems based on semiconductor theory

Photovoltaic (PV) systems incorporated with sun‐tracking technology have been proposed and verified to effectively increase the power harvest. However, the actual power generated from a PV module has not been investigated and compared with that analyzed from theoretical models of the PV material. This study proposes a novel method for estimating the power benefit harvested by a two‐axis sun‐tracking type (STT) PV system. The method is based on semiconductor theory and the dynamic characteristics, including maximum power point tracking of PV modules that can be integrated with the database of annual solar incidences to predict the power harvested by any STT PV system. The increment of annual energy provided by an STT PV system installed at any arbitrary latitude, compared with that by a fixed‐type system, can be accurately estimated using the proposed method. To verify the feasibility and precision performance of this method, a fixed‐type and a two‐axis STT PV system were installed at 24.92° north latitude in northern Taiwan and tested through long‐term experiments. The experimental results show that the energy increments estimated by the theoretical model and actual measurement are 19.39% and 16.74%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of predicting the power benefit harvested by an STT PV system with high accuracy. Using our method, a PV system installer can evaluate beforehand the economic benefits of different types of PV systems while taking different construction locations into consideration, thereby obtaining a better installation strategy for PV systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new method for the spectral characterisation of PV modules

This paper presents a new characterisation method for the spectral influence of solar irradiation on photovoltaic (PV) modules, based on a proposed analytical model for the effective responsivity of PV modules. This mathematical tool needs only easily measurable atmospheric parameters and is applicable to different technologies. It allows the calculation of the spectral influence on PV modules under field conditions. It has been observed that this influence depends strongly on sky conditions and also on the PV module tilt angle, its technology, and the time of the year. Opposite effects are observed between cloudy and clear sky conditions, concluding that the former especially favours PV conversion in amorphous silicon modules. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.