认知车载网的频谱感知性能分析

认知车载网中不同的衰落传播信道会影响频谱感知的性能.为了描述不同信道下的频谱感知性能,分析了加性高斯白噪声信道、瑞利衰落信道和Nakagami-m衰落信道条件下的频谱感知单用户能量检测概率和协作能量检测概率,重点是Nakagami-m衰落信道、检测衰落因子、次用户的数量和信噪比这几个参数对协作频谱感知性能的影响.仿真结果表明,通过对不同信道特性的准确了解能够帮助车辆在不同衰落信道环境下提高频谱的检测概率.     

Location based spectrum sensing performance analysis over fading channels in cognitive radio networks

This paper analyzes the spectrum sensing performance over fading channel,in which a licensee and multiple unlicensed users coexist and operate in the licensed channel in a local area. The overall average probabilities of detection and false alarm by jointly taking the fading and the locations of all secondary users into account are derived,and a statistical model of cumulate interference is constructed. Based on the cumulate interference,a closed-form expression of outage probability at the primary user's receiver according to a specific distribution of the fading is obtained. Finally,the sensing parameters so as to minimize the total spectrum sensing error and maximize the average opportunistic throughput are obtained. It is noted that the overall average performance analysis and results here enable to benchmark the design of specific spectrum sensing algorithms.     

Adaptive Threshold Based Energy Detection over Rayleigh Fading Channel

Spectrum sensing is one of the most important affair in the implementation of cognitive radio networks. Energy detection is the widely used spectrum sensing algorithm due to its ease of implementation and non-requirement of any prior information about primary users. However, performance of conventional energy detection scheme deteriorates in the fading environment. Performance of the detector also declines because of the inappropriate setting of decision threshold. In this context, here an adaptive threshold based energy detection scheme is proposed to find the optimal value of threshold for energy detection method over Rayleigh fading channel. A closed-form expression for average probability of detection over Rayleigh channel is derived and thereafter optimal value of threshold is found by Golden section search algorithm. Results demonstrates that proposed scheme performs better than conventional fixed threshold energy detection schemes. For example, our proposal yields a 34% decline in the probability of error at ??25 dB SNR in Rayleigh fading environment.

     

Detection performance of cooperative spectrum sensing with hard decision fusion in fading channels

In this paper, we investigate the detection performance of cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) using energy detector in several fading scenarios. The fading environments comprise relatively less-studied Hoyt and Weibull channels in addition to the conventional Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami-m and log-normal shadowing channels. We have presented an analytical framework for evaluating different probabilities related to spectrum sensing, i.e. missed detection, false alarm and total error due to both of them, for all the fading/shadowing models mentioned. The major theoretical contribution is, however, the derivation of closed-form expressions for probability of detection. Based on our developed framework, we present performance results of CSS under various hard decision fusion strategies such as OR rule, AND rule and Majority rule. Effects of sensing channel signal-to-noise ratio, detection threshold, fusion rules, number of cooperating cognitive radios (CRs) and fading/shadowing parameters on the sensing performance have been illustrated. The performance improvement achieved with CSS over a single CR-based sensing is depicted in terms of total error probability. Further, an optimal threshold that minimises total error probability has been indicated for all the fading/shadowing channels.     

衰落信道下的协作频谱检测及其性能分析

在低信噪比和复杂性环境下,协作频谱检测是准确实现频谱感知的有效手段。文中分析了基于能量检测的单用户频谱检测算法以及基于硬判决和等权重的多用户协作频谱检测技术,导出了在高斯信道、Rayleigh衰落信道和Nakagami-m衰落信道情况下协作频谱检测虚警概率和漏检概率的闭合解析式,并对此进行了仿真验证和比较。结果表明,等权重协作频谱检测算法能够有效克服衰落信道对频谱检测的影响。     

Performance analysis of shadowed-Rice fading channel with cooperative spectrum sensing

In this paper, the performance analysis of wireless communication system over shadowed-Rice (SR) composite fading channel has been investigated and analysed. The unified analytical expressions of the average symbol error probability (ASEP) for several coherent and non-coherent modulation schemes separately with different constellation sizes are derived for composite fading channel under two different fade mitigation methods, with maximal ratio combining (MRC) microdiversity (Method 1) and MRC applied over the composite fading channel (Method 2). Furthermore, an asymptotic analysis is carried out and a closed-form expression of the ASEP with Method 2 is presented. Analytical expressions of the corresponding average probability of energy detection (PD) are formulated for both the methods. Finally, the derived PD expression is utilised to analyse the performance of cooperative system assuming erroneous feedback channel. Analysis of optimisation of detection threshold as well as number of cognitive users to minimise the total error rate is also carried out. The closed-form expressions are validated by comparing them with exact numerical results and Monte Carlo simulation.     

Performance Evaluation of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme with Censoring of Cognitive Radios in Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) with censoring of cognitive radio (CR) users in Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. More precisely, CR users which employ energy detectors are censored depending on the quality of radio channels between them and a fusion center (FC). Each CR makes a hard decision about primary user (PU) using energy detection and transmits the information to FC using BPSK signaling if that CR user is selected to transmit. A training based channel estimator is used at the FC to estimate the complex Gaussian fading coefficients characterizing the channels between the CR users and the FC. This channel state information on fading coefficients is used for censoring the CR users. Two fusion rules such as majority logic fusion and maximal ratio combining (MRC) fusion rules are applied at the FC for estimating the performance in terms of probability of missed detection (P_m). We develop a simulation test bed for evaluating the performance of CSS scheme. Probability of missed detection has been evaluated for both perfect and imperfect channel estimation for various probabilities of false alarm (P_f), reporting and sensing channel SNR values.     

Performance evolution of ED-based spectrum sensing in CR over Nakagami-m/shadowed fading channel with MRC reception

Internet of things contains the hefty number of devices with diverse types of communication interfaces. Therefore, these devices act as a source of interference to the primary users in the absence of appropriate collision detection technique. Spectrum sensing is the important function of cognitive radio and energy detector is the most popular technique used for spectrum sensing. Detection of the availability of unused spectrum for the secondary user becomes difficult when the channel is affected by composite multipath/shadowed fading. In this paper, analytical expressions of average probability of detection and average area under the receiver operating characteristic over Nakagami-m/log-normal with maximum ratio combining diversity are derived using Gaussian-Hermite integration approximation. In addition, an optimized threshold has been incorporated to overcome the problem of spectrum sensing even at low signal-to-noise ratio. To verify the correctness of exact results and derived analytical expressions, Monte Carlo simulations are incorporated.     

认知无线电网络中基于最大似然准则的协同频谱检测算法研究

提出一种集中式频谱协同检测算法。各认知节点采用能量检测算法,然后使用最大似然准则进行本地判决,且把似然比作为本地判决可靠性的度量;中心节点基于可信度对接收到的认知节点本地检测数据进行数据融合。仿真结果显示,文中提出的认知节点协同频谱检测方案能够减少误检概率。特别是当信道处于深衰落时,少量节点参与协同就能获得较好的检测性能。     

利用功率谱最大最小值的频谱感知算法

为了提高频谱感知性能,首先利用功率谱函数特性和瑞利熵概念,从理论上分析了基于功率谱的频谱感知算法原理,提出一种以功率谱的最大最小值之差作为检测统计量的频谱感知新算法;然后推导给出了检测门限和检测概率表达式;最后给出了仿真结果。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在AWGN信道和Rayleigh衰落信道中本文算法都具有良好的检测性能,性能优于已有的利用功率谱的频谱感知算法,该算法不需要主用户信息,不用进行复杂的特征值分解,当虚警概率确定时,检测门限能准确给出。      

分集技术下频谱感知的性能分析

研究了在普适的相关非同分布Nakagami-m衰落模型情况下,次用户采用能量检测和等增益合并技术进行频谱感知的性能.给出了检测概率的闭式表达式,并通过分析漏检概率的渐进曲线斜率说明分集技术对频谱感知性能带来了提升.利用数值结果和Monte-Carlo仿真验证了理论推导的准确性.最后通过Monte-Carlo仿真观察了等增益合并分集技术下信道相关性对检测概率的影响.     

利用功率谱极值和几何平均的频谱感知算法

为了提高基于功率谱的频谱感知算法抗噪声不确定性、抗频偏及低信噪比下检测性能,本文利用功率谱的部分样本平均估计最大值,以降低信号频偏对频谱感知性能影响;利用功率谱的最大值与最小值之差与功率谱几何平均之比作为判决统计量,以尽可能消除噪声影响及保留主用户信号;推导得到了检测门限表达式,表明该算法对噪声不确定性不敏感。加性高斯白噪声信道和瑞利衰落信道下的仿真结果表明:该算法频谱感知性能优于已有的基于功率谱的频谱感知算法,降低了未知载波频偏和噪声不确定性对频谱感知算法性能的影响,该算法能够有效检测实际信号。      

基于D-S证据理论的协作频谱感知算法

在无线传播过程中,主用户信号经常会受到路径损耗、阴影衰落等影响,导致无线通信环境中单个认知用户对主用户的感知结果存在不确定性。因此,结合D-S证据理论方法,提出了一种新的协作频谱感知算法。以能量检测作为基础,将证据间冲突变化程度平均性的概念结合其中,根据这一方式设计了一种新的证据理论合成法则,将多个D-S融合结果送到融合中心进行数据融合,得出最终判决。仿真实验结果表明,该算法能够很好地解决证据间的高度冲突并较为合理地减轻不确定性因素的影响,在信噪比比较低的情况下,获得较好的检测性能。     

Modelling and Performance Analysis of Energy Detector Over Weibull–Shadowed Fading Channel with Application to Cooperative Sensing

In this work, we investigate and analyse the performance of the energy detector over Weibull–Shadowed composite fading channel. To this end, we have derived the novel expressions for the probability of detection (PD) and the average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Furthermore, the asymptotic analysis of such performance metrics has been carried out and the simpler and closed-form expressions of the PD and the average AUC have been proposed with maximal ratio combining, equal gain combining, and selection combining diversity schemes. Finally, the derived results have been applied to cooperative system considering erroneous channel between secondary users and a fusion center. The derived expressions are valid for both integer and non-integer values of the multipath and shadowing parameters. The derived analytical results are corroborated by both exact numerical results and Monte-Carlo simulations, and it is shown that the performance of cooperative system not only depends on the parameters of composite fading distribution but also on the erroneous feed-back channel.     

Performance of MRC receiver over Hoyt/lognormal composite fading channel

In this article, mixture gamma (MG) distribution is used for analysing the performance of L-Hoyt/lognormal composite fading channel. To overcome small-scale fading effect, micro-diversity using maximum ratio combining (MRC) is used at the receiver. Due to mathematical complexity, performance analysis of composite (L-Hoyt/lognormal) fading models is not present in closed form. The analytical expressions for the performance measure are derived in the form of received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The impact of system parameters on the energy detector (ED) performance is studied in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Further, the detection threshold parameter is optimised by minimising the total probability of error for L-Hoyt/lognormal channel. The accuracy of the proposed closed-form expressions is validated by comparing all the results with the Monte-Carlo/exact simulations.     

利用秩和检验的多天线协作频谱感知

高效稳定的频谱感知是认知无线电系统的关键环节.传统的能量检测算法受噪声不确定性影响,而协方差矩阵类算法在天线相关性低时性能较差.针对上述缺陷,利用秩来衡量由信道衰落导致的同一感知时刻不同天线上的信号功率差异,提出通过构建秩和统计量来实现频谱感知的算法.另外,推导了所提算法判决门限的理论表达式,结果显示其不受采样点数影响,因此当采样点数变化时无需重新设置门限.理论分析和仿真表明所提算法不受噪声不确定度的影响,并且在低天线相关性时可以保持良好的性能.     

认知无线电中双阶段频谱检测算法研究

在认知无线电网络中,为了实现更精确的检测,并避免对授权用户的干扰,一种双阶段频谱检测算法被提出.该算法由粗检测和细检测两种方式组成.粗检测阶段采用应用广泛的能量检测技术.由于能量检测技术的性能在衰落环境中容易受到影响,当粗检测阶段时感知结果判定为信道空闲,在细检测阶段将采用基于一阶周期平稳特征检测算法.对于这种双阶段频谱检测算法,推导分析了错误检测概率和吞吐量的性能指标.仿真结果表明,频谱检测性能显著优于常规的一阶段频谱检测算法.     

Adaptive Decode-and-Forward Protocol Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio with Interference at the Secondary Users

In this paper a novel multiple-user cooperative spectrum sensing scheme (MCSS) based on hybrid relay is proposed to achieve the spatial diversity gain in detection of the primary user (PU) in a cognitive radio (CR) network. A practically important case where co-channel interference signals are present at the network is considered for the analysis. Closed-form expressions of detection probability \((\hbox {P}_{\mathrm{d}})\) and false alarm probability \((\alpha )\) for the proposed adaptive decode-and-forward based multiple-user cooperative spectrum sensing scheme (ADF-MCSS) using energy detector over Rayleigh fading sensing channels is derived in presence of co-channel interference at the secondary user which is far away from the PU. Further we extend the concept of two user amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative spectrum sensing schemes in multiple-user scenario (i.e. AF-MCSS and DF-MCSS) over Rayleigh fading channels when the secondary user (which is far away from PU) is affected by interference. Closed-form expressions of AF-MCSS and DF-MCSS schemes over a Rayleigh fading channels are also evaluated and compared with that of proposed ADF-MCSS in presence of interference signals at the secondary user. Further the performance analysis of AF-MCSS, DF-MCSS and ADF-MCSS schemes are compared with the existing non-cooperative spectrum sensing schemes in presence of interference at the secondary user. Our analysis is validated by numerical and simulation results for multiple-user CR network. The impact of number of cooperative relays, SNR in sensing channel, energy of interference signal, false alarm on detection probability in proposed ADF, AF and DF schemes is shown.     

Sensing throughput trade‐off for an energy efficient cognitive radio network under faded sensing and reporting channel

The trade‐off between sensing time and throughput is investigated in the context of an energy‐efficient cognitive radio network considering both the sensing and reporting channels are Rayleigh faded, while the existing literature considered the fading in sensing channel only. In this paper, such a trade‐off is re‐examined under Rayleigh faded sensing as well as reporting channel. Novel analytical expressions for overall detection probability and false alarm probability are developed under such scenario. The performance is investigated in terms of detection probability, false alarm probability, throughput and energy efficiency of the network for different sensing parameters such as sensing time, number of samples, sensing channel signal‐to‐noise ratio and reporting channel signal‐to‐noise ratio. Our analysis shows that the quality of the reporting channel significantly affects the trade‐off performance of the network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of Weibull fading channel on cooperative spectrum sensing network using an improved energy detector

This paper analyses the performance of proposed cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) network in Weibull fading environment. First, we have derived the novel analytic expressions for probabilities of missed detection and false alarm in Weibull fading channel, assuming an improved energy detector (IED), selection combining diversity scheme and multiple antennas at each cognitive radio (CRs). Next, performance is analyzed using complementary receiver operating characteristics curves, total error rate, average channel throughput, and network utility function curves for the proposed CSS network. The optimal performance of CSS network is achieved by optimizing the CSS network parameters. The closed form of expressions for the optimum value of number of CRs, arbitrary power of received signal, and detection threshold at each CR are derived using OR-Rule and AND-Rule at fusion center (FC). The average channel throughput and network utility function analysis are evaluated using \(k=1+n\) and \(k=N-n\) fusion rules at FC. Finally, the impact of several network parameters such as, multiple antennas at each CR (M), number of CRs (N) in CSS network, Weibull fading parameter (V), arbitrary power of received signal (p), and sensing channel SNR (\({\bar{\gamma }})\) on the performance of proposed CSS network are investigated using the simulation results. The performance comparison between conventional energy detector and an IED has been highlighted with the simulations.