Performance of a modified feedback loop adaptive array with TVROsatellite signals

Performance of an experimental adaptive antenna array system is evaluated using television receive-only (TVRO) satellite signals. The experimental system is a sidelobe canceller with two auxiliary channels. Modified feedback loops are used to enhance the suppression of weak interfering signals. The modified feedback loops used two spatially separated antennas, each with an individual amplifier for each auxiliary channel. Thus, the experimental system uses five antenna elements. Instead of using five separate antennas, a reflector antenna with multiple feeds is used to receive signals from various TVRO satellites. The details of the earth station are given. It is shown that the experimental system can null up to two signals originating from interfering TVRO satellites while receiving the signals from a desired TVRO satellite     

利用极化滤波消除旁瓣对消器中目标效应

为了消除旁瓣对消器中目标效应的影响,文中提出了辅助天线自适应极化滤波抑制目标信号的方法。辅助天线采用正交双极化通道接收,调整接收天线极化矢量与目标信号极化矢量正交,在极化域滤除进入辅助天线的目标信号,以提高辅助天线的干信比,从而提高旁瓣对消器的对消性能。仿真实验结果验证该方法的有效性。     

Finite data performance analysis of a sidelobe canceller

The performance of the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) is affected by the desired signal (DS) even if all signals are uncorrelated with each other when the DS exists in the received array data with finite snapshot number. Under the condition that the DS is blocked totally in the auxiliary array, a novel expression of the weight vector of the GSC, where the auxiliary array is separated from the main array, is derived for the finite data. Based on the new weight vector, the corresponding expressions of the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) can be developed for the case that all signals, including the DS and interference signals, are independent with each other. Then, effects on the SINR for some parameters, including the signal-to-noise ratio, the array antenna number, the direction-of-arrival of the interference signal and the interference-to-noise ratio, are studied, respectively. Some guidelines can thus be obtained for the practical application.

     

Antenna spacing considerations in an interference canceller

It is possible to remove an interfering signal from a receiver by injecting a sample of the interference in equal amplitude but opposite phase into the receive line. In the case of a remotely located source of interference, an auxiliary antenna is used to obtain the interfering-signal sample. When the angle of arrival of an interfering signal relative to the desired signal is small, or when other system requirements dictate omnidirectional antennas, the desired signal can either be enhanced or reduced in amplitude depending upon the spacing between the auxiliary and receive antennas. The author discusses the effect of antenna spacing on the desired signal and provides quantitative guidelines for such spacing. Placement of antennas relative to the direction of the signal sources is also considered. Experimental data are presented to verify the calculated results     

An experimental adaptive array to suppress weak interfering signals

An experimental adaptive antenna system to suppress weak interfering signals is described. It is a sidelobe canceller with two auxiliary elements. Modified feedback loops are used to control the array weights. The received signals are simulated in hardware for parameter control. Digital processing is used for algorithm implementation and performance evaluation. The experimental results are presented. They show that interfering signals as much as 10 dB below the thermal noise level in the main channel are suppressed by 20-30 dB. Such a system has potential application in suppressing the interference encountered in direct broadcast satellite communication systems     

Interference Cancellation System for Satellite Communication Earth Station

A new interference cancellation system was devised to suppress the mutual interference between satellite and terrestrial communication systems and to expand the number of potential earth station locations for effective frequency reuse. This system basically adopts the sidelobe canceller concept and has main and auxiliary antennas. The originality of this system lies in that the auxiliary channel signal to be combined with the main channel signal is modulated by a low frequency signal, and the amplitude and phase controlling voltages are obtained by means of envelope detection, to get the envelope of the residue, and then by phase detection, using the envelope signal and the low frequency signal. As a result of experiments, more than 40 dB cancellation was achieved over a 50 MHz range for CW, FM(TP, TV) and PSK signals, even if the desired and interference signals are in the cochannel. In the field test on a 45 km path, sufficient cancellation performance and response were obtained even during fading periods.     

Adaptive beam weighting

The optimum adaptive steering of multibeam antennas is discussed, where a single beam is scanned or shaped by weighting and summing the antenna outputs. Classical principles and implementations are valid here. The most effective antenna system involves a set of orthogonal beams by means of which gain maximization, pattern synthesis, beam scanning, besides pattern null steering can be realized. A large weight dynamic range may be required for low sidelobe synthesis. A number of antennas fitting the desired type is cited. The feasibility of real weight instead of complex weight control is illustrated by means of a linear array fed by a Butler matrix.     

Multichannel post-filtering in nonstationary noise environments

In this paper, we present a multichannel post-filtering approach for minimizing the log-spectral amplitude distortion in nonstationary noise environments. The beamformer is realistically assumed to have a steering error, a blocking matrix that is unable to block all of the desired signal components, and a noise canceller that is adapted to the pseudo-stationary noise but not modified during transient interferences. A mild assumption is made that a desired signal component is stronger at the beamformer output than at any reference noise signal, and a noise component is strongest at one of the reference signals. The ratio between the transient power at the beamformer output and the transient power at the reference noise signals is used to indicate whether such a transient is desired or interfering. Based on a Gaussian statistical model and combined with an appropriate spectral enhancement technique, we derive estimators for the signal presence probability, the noise power spectral density, and the clean signal. The proposed method is tested in various nonstationary noise environments. Compared with single-channel post-filtering, a significantly reduced level of nonstationary noise is achieved without further distorting the desired signal components.     

一种级联结构的空时二维信号处理算法

在研究R．Klemm博士的级联抑制噪声干扰和杂波算法以及旁瓣对消算法的基础上,针对噪声干扰和地杂波同时存在的情况,提出了一种采用旁瓣对消结构级联抑制干扰和杂波的算法。该算法首先利用相控阵天线合成一个辅助天线和多个主天线,多个主天线共用一个辅助天线,针对每一对主辅天线,采用旁瓣对消算法在空域抑制噪声干扰;然后对多个主天线的输出结合时域进行STAP（空时二维信号处理）抑制地杂波。并且证明了该级联结构等效于一种同时抑制干扰和杂波的结构。计算机仿真结果及性能分析验证了该算法能有效地抑制干扰和杂波,且与其他级联结构相比,所提出的结构更利于工程实现。     

Spatial blocking filter derivative constraints for the generalizedsidelobe canceller and MUSIC

The paper presents a new approach to spatial derivative constraints for the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC). Spatial derivative constraints have been applied to linearly constrained minimum variance beamformers to reduce the sensitivity to steering error. Earlier approaches to this problem constrained derivatives of the beamformer power and phase response, leading to beamformer performance that depended on the coordinate reference location of the array. Current approaches constrain only the beamformer power response, eliminating the problem with phase dependence. However, nonlinear minimization is required in order to solve for the linear constraint equations. An alternative approach for the GSC, which is presented in the paper, is to use derivative constraints to flatten the null of the spatial blocking filter power response. Thus, for a small steering error, the desired signal is still blocked from the noise cancelling filter, and the GSC output is unaffected by the steering error. These derivative constraints can be used with wideband array calibration, leading to effective performance in the presence of array errors. This same approach to derivative constraints can be used in other applications involving spatial blocking filters, such as the constrained MUSIC direction finding algorithm to give robustness against direction error of the known signal subspace     

Convergence analysis of a CM array for CDMA systems

The incorporation of directional sensitivity, provided by so-called adaptive antennas is useful in suppressing interfering signals that arise from spatially distinct mobile sources. The problem is that in a cellular radio environment where multipath exists, the standard adaptive antenna using reference signals may not properly lock on the desired signal. This is because the signal correlation matrix processed by the antenna may then be close to singular and standard algorithms fail. Also, most standard algorithms need to cooperate with the receiver for the spatial discrimination of signals. A smart antenna utilizing a blind algorithm is of interest since the antenna may not need to get any feedback from a receiver for the adjustment of weight coefficient for spatial processing and can stand alone to be plugged into any kind of receiver structure.In this paper, we address the convergence property of a Constant Modulus Algorithm which is a blind algorithm and, if employed, can provide no need for an antenna to cooperate with a receiver attached. By identifying a relationship between the weight coefficients and output signal amplitude, we also evaluate the performance of such a stand-alone antenna plus a CDMA matched filter reception. Our results show that for a three element CM array, the BER of a desired user with the other interfering users is much better than a conventional correlation receiver for a single user case since the array suppresses interferences and achieves array gain in SNR.     

一种稳健的稀疏Capon波束形成算法

常规Capon波束形成算法具有相对较高的旁瓣增益,且在期望信号导向矢量存在失配时,阵列输出性能下降甚至失效。为解决这一问题,引入了稀疏约束Capon波束形成算法,该算法降低了旁瓣,对期望信号来向不确定具有一定稳健性,但在幅相误差、期望信号指向偏差等多种误差同时存在的情况下其性能下降。本文在稀疏约束Capon波束形成算法基础上,给出了一种稳健的稀疏Capon波束形成算法。该算法主要是在最差性能最优化的情况下,在稀疏Capon上增加了一个导向矢量存在偏差的约束条件。通过计算机仿真,验证了新算法在多种误差环境下的有效性与优越性。     

Outage probability and spectrum efficiency of cellular mobile radio systems with smart antennas

Relying on the distribution of noncentral multivariate F variates, we investigate the outage probability and spectrum efficiency performance of cellular systems with smart antennas. We consider interference-limited systems in which the number of interferers exceeds or is equal to the number of antenna elements, and we present closed-form expressions when the desired signal is subject to Rician-type fading and interfering signals exhibit Rayleigh-, or, more general Nakagami-type fading. When applicable, these new expressions are compared to those previously reported in the literature dealing with the performance of cellular systems without smart antenna capabilities and the performance of cellular systems with optimum combining when both the desired and interfering signals are subject to Rayleigh-type fading. Corresponding numerical results and plots are also provided and discussed.     

旁瓣对消系统的对消比上限分析

构造了一个理想的旁瓣对消系统和一个理想的信号环境,分析了旁瓣对消系统的对消比上限,推导出了对消比上限的精确表达式及近似表达式,得知对消比的上限取决于辅助通道的干噪比和辅助通道的数量.最后,给出了与理论分析相一致的仿真结果.     

An adaptive array for interference rejection

An adaptive array that rejects undesired or interfering signals is presented. The array pattern is controlled by an adaptive feedback system based on a steepest descent minimization of mean-square error. Error is defined as the difference between the array output and a locally generated reference signal. Minimization of mean-square error is closely related to maximization of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A two-element adaptive array has been built, and its experimental performance is discussed. Typical patterns for various desired and interfering signals are shown, as well as measured transient response. Finally, some experiments showing the array behavior with modulated signals are described. The results show that such an antenna system is capable of automatically rejecting interfering signals, subject only to certain basic constraints. No a priori information about the angles of arrival of the signals is required, Detailed knowledge of the waveforms of the desired and interfering signals is also not needed, although the spectral characteristics of the desired signal must be known.     

基于副瓣峰值控制的天线阵方向图综合

在干扰入射方向,自适应天线阵方向图会产生零陷,使副瓣电平降低。根据自适应阵列的这一特性,应用一种基于最大输出信噪比准则的改进自适应算法对天线阵进行方向图综合。假定有大量干扰信号施加到方向图副瓣区,通过只对副瓣峰值电平进行控制调整加权值,降低副瓣电平,得到满足副瓣要求的目标方向图,使算法得到简化。可以应用于不等间距直线阵列和矩形平面阵的方向图综合问题。考虑了阵元间的互耦及阵元方向图特性的影响。仿真结果证实了该算法是可行的。     

Comparative study of high-performance GPS receiving antenna designs

The FAA decision allowing the use of the global positioning system (GPS) as a radio navigation and landing help system in the United States commercial airports boosts the need for a high-performance GPS receiver which provides the demanded precision. The design of the receiving antenna is one of the most important parts in the design process, as it has to face significant challenges including uniform coverage of all satellites and the rejection of the multipath signals. The rejection of the multipath signals is accomplished by specifying restrictive criteria to the GPS antenna. This includes a high rejection of the cross-polarized signals and a radiation pattern with a sharp slope for low-elevation angles; that is, near the horizon. The feasibility of using different types of antennas to satisfy restrictive criteria such as dual-frequency coverage (L1 and L2 frequencies), -15 dB cross-polarization rejection, and a beamwidth of more than 130° is discussed. The antenna designs examined in this study include patch antennas, helical antennas, and conical spiral antennas. Two different receiver designs were also examined including a single-antenna system with a hemispherical coverage and an antenna array which may provide independent sectoral coverage or the desired beamwidth. It is shown that a design based on a conical spiral antenna backed with absorbing material may be used to satisfy all the desired specifications. This result was confirmed experimentally     

基于协方差矩阵重构和导向矢量估计的稳健自适应波束形成

实际应用中, 当假定的与真实的期望信号导向矢量之间存在一定误差时, 波束形成器的性能会急剧下降, 特别是当期望信号功率很强的时候.为解决这个问题, 提出了一种新的算法.当信源数小于阵元数时, 干扰加噪声协方差矩阵具有稀疏性.新方法首先利用该特性重构干扰加噪声协方差矩阵并由此得到与干扰导向矢量正交的子空间, 使接收的数据通过该子空间得到只含有期望信号和噪声的混合信号, 然后,对该混合信号基于最大化输出功率原理估计期望信号导向矢量, 最后,把得到的导向矢量和正交子空间来构造阵列加权值.仿真结果表明:该算法分别在假定的期望信号导向矢量存在误差、期望信号很强和低快拍数时仍然具有良好的性能.     

Blind adaptive beamforming based on generalized sidelobe canceller

The generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) is an efficient implementation of the direction constrained adaptive array. Conventional GSC is designed according to a quiescent weight vector and a blocking matrix. The quiescent weight vector provides the array with specified array response at some direction. The blocking matrix is designed based on a priori knowledge of the direction of arrival (DOA) of the desired signal. In this paper, we propose a new GSC-based adaptive array without a priori knowledge of the DOA of the desired signal. This paper utilizes eigensubspace decomposition and statistically cyclostationary properties of the signals to design the adaptive array. A method for constructing the most efficient blocking matrix for the GSC is developed. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.