Integrated MIMO fault detection and disturbance observer-based control

This paper presents a new method of disturbance observer-based control (DOBC) for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) highly-coupled unstable systems. In contrast to the current input–output approach for stable single-input-single-output (SISO) systems, the Youla parameterization of stabilizing controllers by full order state observer (FOSO) feedback control is shown more appropriate for general MIMO systems, while retaining the intuitive aspects of DOBC design. We propose a general MIMO DOBC expanded from this single FOSO stabilizing control, where a parallel number of FOSOs for fault detection, state estimation, and disturbance observer are integrated to achieve the relevant operational requirements and performance. Within this integrated control system, we propose a MIMO disturbance observer design method by a game-theoretic detection filter (GTDF) design. The DOBC design features GTDF disturbance decoupling followed by H-infinity model matching to establish the desired bandwidth for each channel of the decoupled disturbance observer. The proposed DOBC is applied to an open-loop unstable MIMO Active Magnetic Bearing Spindle (AMBS). Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the design method and control performance.     

基于模糊PID的光刻机同步扫描控制

基于模糊PID控制理论,介绍了步进扫描光刻机中工件台同步扫描的控制方法,并简要介绍了相关的控制理论基础知识,详细阐述了模糊控制器的制作过程和模糊规则的制定方法。另外针对同步扫描控制的难点,简要介绍了步进扫描光刻机的同步扫描过程,而且建立了同步运动的执行器直线电机的仿真模型。采用模糊PID理论对同步扫描系统进行控制策略研究,仿真实验表明,硅片台稳态误差及掩膜台稳态误差能够快速衰减达到稳定状态,而同步误差的精度也能达到微米级别。这种方案具有较好的动态特性及鲁棒性,同步误差较小,有望满足高精度同步扫描的要求。     

Frequency offset estimator for multipath fading channels

A fast and exact frequency offset estimator (FOE) algorithm using peak phase error detection and frequency offset smoothing is proposed for time division multiple access (TDMA) systems. The proposed peak phase error detection scheme avoids the large phase errors which lead to poor FOE performance. To control the AFC, frequency offset smoothing using a simple filter is utilised. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is adequate for the frequency offset estimator of TDMA systems for burst data transmission     

Multi-Channel Multi-Variate Equalizer Design

The polarimetric calibration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery requires the equalization of a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) distortion system. For wide-band, wide-angle SAR systems, the distortion is frequency and angle dependent and can be accurately modelled as a two-dimensional finite impulse response (FIR) filter bank. This paper presents a design algorithm, using a Gröbner basis, to compute a FIR filter bank that exactly inverts the multi-channel distortion. The results presented for polynomial inversion of MIMO FIR systems hold for sampled data signals of arbitrary dimension.     

Disturbance observer design with Bode’s ideal cut-off filter in hard-disc-drive servo system

In order to improve the disturbance compensation performance under vibrations in hard-disc-drive servo system, Bode’s ideal cut-off (BICO) filter is applied for the disturbance observer (DOB) design. New DOB is designed with BICO low pass filter (LPF) substituting the normal LPF in the original DOB design. With this BICO LPF, the new DOB can achieve strengthened attenuation of error sensitivity in disturbance frequency range to obtain better disturbance compensation performance while maintaining the robust specifications. This benefit comes from the less phase loss property of the BICO filter. Meanwhile, the BICO filter with the property of sharp roll-off magnitude is applied for the disturbance frequency range detection filter design. Using this BICO identification filter, multiple-DOB control can be used for the disturbance compensation based on the switching according to the disturbance detection. Industrial drive level experimental results are included to validate the proposed new DOB scheme under vibration.     

UFMC-MIMO系统中一种干扰消除算法

通用滤波多载波(UFMC)作为5G最具潜力的候选波形之一,它的优势在于比正交频分复用(OFDM)具有更低的带外泄露,且发送时不需要添加循环前缀(CP),还能与多输入多输出(MIMO)系统良好地兼容。然而现有对UFMC的研究多数停留在单输入单输出(SISO)系统,已不能满足5G及未来通信系统的需要,因此对UFMC-MIMO系统的研究具有重要意义。本文提出一种利用Walsh码设计的特殊训练结构对UFMC-MIMO系统进行定时同步的算法,首先对各信道进行定时同步,再对经过定时同步后的信号作频偏估计得到各发送天线与接收天线的频偏估计值,最后在时域对信号进行频偏补偿,从而达到降低或消除定时频偏对信号传输的影响。本文基于2×2的UFMC-MIMO系统进行仿真,结果表明该算法能够有效降低信号误符号率和显著提升系统的抗干扰性能。     

大规模MIMO系统中的一种自适应SIC检测算法

与传统系统相比,大规模多入多出（MIMO）系统能更加有效地提高频谱效率。利用传统的最小均方误差（MMSE）信号检测算法求解大规模MIMO系统,虽然检测结果接近最优,但是矩阵的求逆运算导致计算的复杂度非常高。提出了一种自适应排序干扰消除（SIC）检测算法,在逐次超松弛（SOR）迭代运算的基础上,通过干扰消除降低待检测矩阵的维度。通过仿真分析,得出所提算法的复杂度低于Jacobi、SOR检测算法,且在迭代次数较少的情况下,算法的误码率（BER）性能明显优于SOR检测算法。     

Magnetic disturbance compensation for a reticle stage in a lithographic tool

The wafer stage and reticle stage in a lithographic tool, used to manufacture integrated circuits, operate at nanometer accuracy during a scanning motion. Magnetic interaction with the environment causes disturbance forces that result in a 5 nm moving-average filtered scanning error of the reticle stage.Stage motor magnet interaction with ferromagnetic material in the vicinity causes a position-dependent disturbance force, and eddy currents in electrically conductive metals cause a position-dependent damping force which is proportional with velocity.The total disturbance force can be estimated from control-loop signals, and by moving the stage in both directions both disturbance types can be distinguished from each other and recorded in compensation tables. Applying these tables as a feedforward reduces the scanning position error from 5 nm to 1.8 nm in a production reticle stage system.     

Minimum variance linear receivers for multiaccess MIMO wireless systems with space-time block coding

We consider the problem of joint space-time decoding and multiaccess interference (MAI) rejection in multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. We address the case when both the receiver and multiple transmitters are equipped with multiple antennas and when space-time block codes (STBCs) are used to send the data simultaneously from each transmitter to the receiver. A new linear receiver structure is developed to decode the data sent from the transmitter-of-interest while rejecting MAI, self-interference, and noise. The proposed receivers are designed by minimizing the output power subject to constraints that zero-force self-interference and/or preserve a unity gain for all symbols of the transmitter-of-interest. Simulation results show that in multiaccess scenarios, the proposed techniques have substantially lower symbol error rates as compared with the matched filter (MF) receiver, which is equivalent to the maximum likelihood (ML) space-time decoder in the point-to-point MIMO communication case.     

基于单边带时间调制的CMOS有源移相器设计

为满足低成本相控阵对高精度波束扫描的需求,提出了一种基于单边带时间调制(single-sideband time-modulation, STM)的CMOS有源移相器. 基于Global Foundries 0.13 μm CMOS工艺,设计了双相调制单元用于I路和Q路的0°/180°移相,以抑制时间调制所产生的基频和偶次边带;设计了矢量合成与复用放大单元,在不增加功耗的前提下提高了整个电路增益;设计了偏置与时序控制单元,通过对I路和Q路增益的时序控制,实现了STM. 仿真结果表明:本设计在1.8 V电源电压下的功耗为15.8 mW,在3-dB带宽（13.2~20.7 GHz）内的增益为?3±1.5 dB;在10~25 GHz频段内,实现了小于0.1°的移相偏差均方根（root mean square,RMS）和小于0.02 dB的增益偏差RMS,相位分辨率达10 bit以上;最大无用边带（?7次边带）的功率抑制比为16.7 dBc. 该有源移相器具有低成本、低功耗、低相位偏差、低幅度偏差和低插入损耗等性能,为时间调制阵列提供了一种新颖的单元结构.     

B3G移动通信系统的研究框架

和3G移动通信系统的业务相比，B3G移动通信系统的业务具有显著的特征，如：分组数据业务占优、业务类型显著增多、业务规模显著增大、传输峰值速率显著提高、业务传输速率的动态范围显著智大、业务在空间和日寸间上的分布差异显著增大、业务请求常发生在高速移动的交通工具中等。为了适应B3G系统的业务需求，B3G系统必须在网络结构、空中接口方案、无线资源分配策略，乃至电波频段和射频技术等方面都有全新的改变。因此，B3G移动通信系统的研究应当重点包括以下几个方面的内容：广义蜂窝通信网络理论与构造方法、充分利用空间资源的MIMO无线通信传输理论、无线通信资源与新型空中接口适配方法、新型迭代式编码调制与自适应链路技术、新型天线与射频技术等。     

Multi-Element Wideband Planar Antenna for Wireless Applications

A wideband, multi-standard MIMO antenna with hexagonal geometry and slot is proposed for DCS/PCS/LTE/UMTS applications while keeping the real time application at prime to provide high data rate, low latency, high capacity, non-line-of communication, and reliability with continuity. The designed prototype covers 1.64–2.50 GHz frequency band with percentage bandwidth of 41.55% and resonates at 2.1 GHz. The isolation of more than 10 dB is achieved in the 2:1 VSWR frequency band. The total bandwidth of the MIMO antenna is 860 MHz. The designed MIMO has peak gain of 5.4 dBi, ECC?<?0.06, radiation efficiency?>?88%, and total efficiency?>?71%. The TARC active bandwidth is 600 MHz with best excitation angles of 45°, 45° at ports. The hexagonal slot is used for the control of induced current for better isolation. The proposed MIMO antenna evaluates the SAR performance at resonant frequency for listening, holding, and watching positions, and is found under the required safety norms.

     

Performance of Reduced-Rank Equalization

We evaluate the performance of reduced-rank equalizers for both single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-selective channels. Each equalizer filter is constrained to lie in a Krylov subspace, and can be implemented as a reduced-rank multistage Wiener filter (MSWF). Both reduced-rank linear and decision-feedback equalizers (DFEs) are considered. Our results are asymptotic as the filter length goes to infinity. For SISO channels, the output mean-squared error (MSE) is expressed in terms of the moments of the channel spectrum. For MIMO channels, both successive and parallel interference cancellation are considered. The asymptotic performance in that case requires the computation of moments, which depend on shifted versions of the channel impulse response for different users. Those are also expressed in terms of the MIMO channel frequency response. Numerical results are presented, which show that near full-rank performance can be achieved with relatively low-rank equalizers     

Closed-form correlative coding (CFC2) blindidentification of MIMO channels: isometry fitting to second orderstatistics

We present a blind closed-form consistent channel estimator for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems that uses only second order statistics. We spectrally modulate the output of each source by correlative coding it with a distinct filter. The correlative filters are designed to meet the following desirable characteristics: no additional power or bandwidth is required; no synchronization between the sources is needed; the original data rate is maintained. We first prove an identifiability theorem: under a simple spectral condition on the transmitted random processes, the MIMO channel is uniquely determined, up to a phase offset per user, from the second order statistics of the received data. We then develop the closed-form algorithm that attains this identifiability bound. We show that minimum-phase finite impulse response filters with arbitrary memory satisfy our sufficient spectral identifiability condition. This results in a computationally attractive scheme for retrieving the data information sequences after the MIMO channel has been identified. We assess the performance of the proposed algorithms by computer simulations. In particular, the results show that our technique outperforms the previously introduced transmitter-induced conjugate cyclostationarity approach when there are carrier frequency misadjustments     

Adaptive antennas for MIMO OFDM‐CDMA communication systems

In this paper, we propose symbol‐based receivers for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) code‐division multiple‐access (CDMA) multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) communications in multipath fading channels. For multiuser and multipath fading environments, both intersymbol interference and multiple‐access interference must be considered. We propose narrowband and wideband antennas and Wiener code filter for MIMO OFDM‐CDMA systems. The proposed receivers are updated symbol‐by‐symbol to achieve low computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed Wiener code filter can improve the system performance for the proposed adaptive antennas. The wideband antenna can achieve better error‐rate performance than that of the narrowband antenna when multipath effect exists. The convergence rate of the recursive least squares antennas is faster than that of the least mean square antennas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beam Tracking Particle Filter for Hybrid Beamforming and Precoding Systems

Because millimeter wave (mmWave) systems can span notably wide spectral bands, mmWave systems are expected to dominate fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. Due to the short wave-length of mmWave radiation, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can use massive antennas and precoding technology to overcome signal attenuation in mmWave channels. However, the cost and power consumption of radio frequency (RF) chains would increase substantially with the number of antennas. Hence, hybrid beamforming was proposed to reduce the number of RF chains in massive MIMO systems. Hybrid beamforming involves RF beamforming matrix construction and baseband precoding matrix derivation. This study focused on the design and implementation of an algorithm for the RF beamforming matrix construction for mobile environments. Accordingly, this study presents a mixture particle filter that exploits the temporal continuity of beam clusters in a mobile mmWave channel to reduce the computational complexity of RF beamforming matrix construction. Moreover, this beam-tracking particle filter is based on parallel processing architecture to support the tracking of multiple beam clusters in the mmWave channel. Finally, the beam-tracking particle filter was implemented on a field-programmable gate array platform and was verified in a hybrid beamforming system for mmWave MIMO systems. The particle filter processor achieved a maximal throughput of 9.198k matrices/s with a clock rate of 192 MHz, which could support a speed of up to 88.5 km/h for mobile users.

     

Peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction in space–time coded MIMO‐OFDM via preprocessing

In this paper, we propose a trellis exploration algorithm based preprocessing strategy to lower the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of precoded MIMO‐OFDM. We first illustrate the degradation in PAPR due to optimal linear precoding in MIMO‐OFDM systems. Then we propose two forms of multi‐layer precoding (MLP) schemes to reduce PAPR. In both schemes, the inner‐layer precoder is designed to optimize system capacity/BER performance. In the first MLP scheme (MLP‐I), a common outer‐layer polyphase precoding matrix is employed. In the second MLP scheme (MLP‐II), data stream corresponding to every transmit antenna is precoded with a different outer‐layer polyphase precoding matrix. Both outer‐layer precoders are custom designed using the trellis exploration algorithm by applying the aperiodic autocorrelation of OFDM data symbols as the metric to minimize. Simulation results indicate that both MLP schemes show superior PAPR performance over conventional MIMO‐OFDM with and without precoding. In addition, MLP better exploits frequency diversity resulting in BER performance gains in multi‐path environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mitigating Pilot Contamination for Channel Estimation in Multi-cell Massive MIMO Systems

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a crucial technology platform for the fifth-generation of cellular systems (5G). However, massive MIMO systems are affected by pilot contamination, which influences the data rate of the system. This contamination is caused by the non-orthogonality of the pilot sequences transmitted by users in a cell similar to the neighboring cells. The current study proposes a channel-estimation scheme that employs comprehensive knowledge of large-scale gained by applying an orthogonal pilot reuse sequence to eliminate pilot contamination in edge users with reduced channel quality based on the approximation of large-scale fading, and the performance of this scheme is evaluated using the maximum ratio transmission and zero-forcing precoding techniques. Largely interfering users in neighboring cells are established based on an estimation of large-scale fading, and these users are included in the joint channel processing. The channel quality of users is enhanced by allocating orthogonal pilot reuse sequences to the center user and the edge users based on their levels of pilot contamination estimated from the large-scale fading to mitigate this problem when the number of antenna elements M is infinite. The findings of the simulation indicate that improved channel approximation and reduced performance loss could lead to a high data rate.

     

Partitioned scheduling for sphere decoding with runtime constraints for practical MIMO communication systems

This paper presents an effective scheduling scheme for sphere decoding (SD) with runtime constraints, targeting the practical multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) communication systems where neither the interleaving scheme nor its block size cannot be designed freely. The proposed scheme imposes runtime constraints on SD to distribute the errors due to the early termination of SD. Because the distributed errors may be corrected effectively by forward error correction, the error‐rate performance can be improved; experimental results show that the performance improvement is approximately 2dB in terms of the signal‐to‐noise ratio to achieve a bit‐error rate of 10^?4 in 4 × 4 16‐QAM MIMO systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A direct approach to the design of QMF banks via frequency domainoptimization

This paper studies the design of quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks via frequency domain optimization. A direct approach is adopted that gives the necessary and sufficient condition for perfect reconstruction (PR). While analysis filter banks are designed to achieve frequency domain specifications required for subband coding, synthesis filter banks are designed to minimize the reconstruction error in frequency domain. The criterion used to measure the reconstruction error is H_∞ or Chebyshev norm (sup-norm). State-space solutions are derived for the H_∞ optimization, and numerical algorithms are developed to obtain the optimal synthesis filter bank. Moreover, the asymptotic PR property is established for optimal H_∞ solution of the synthesis filter bank