WSN节点超声波测距技术研究

节点间测距是无线传感器网络中基于距离的定位算法的关键技术之一,为了降低节点成本,提高测距精度,提出了采用超声波非反射式测距技术实现WSN节点的测距。采用实验室自制的超声波收发模块与JN5148开发板作为硬件平台,在实验室与教学楼走廊进行了测距实验。实验结果表明,该测距系统可以达到较高的测距精度,能够为无线传感器网络的定位提供可靠的距离信息。     

无线传感器网络混合定位技术研究

在大规模复杂无线传感器网络中往往采用多种节点定位技术,在此结合现有无线传感器定位技术的现状,提出了一种混合定位技术以实现不同定位方法之间的互补。一方面利用RSSI定位弥补TDOA定位覆盖范围小的缺点;另一方面将测距信息引入到非测距定位DV—Hop算法中,用RSSI测距模型来提高DV-Hop算法中定位节点与信标节点间有效距离的精度。实验结果表明,该混合定位技术实现了TDOA,RSSI以及DV-HOP等定位技术的融合,有效地提高了复杂大规模无线传感器网络的节点定位精度。     

基于RSSI的无线传感器网络环境参数分析与修正方案

定位技术是无线传感器网络数据采集的基础服务,而定位精度的高低在很大程度上取决于距离测量的精度。基于RSSI（接收信号强度）测距技术无须添加任何硬件设施、用较少的通信开销和较低的实现复杂度,十分适应于能量受限的无线传感器网络。通过对RSSI测距模型进行分析,并提出一种针对室内环境的参数修正方案。通过自行研发的传感器节点Ubicell上进行验证分析,实验表明,采用环境参数修正方案后,明显提高了测距的精度。     

基于RSSI的无线传感器网络距离修正定位算法

节点自身定位是无线传感器网络目标定位的基础。无线传感器网络节点定位算法包括基于距离和距离无关两类。其中基于RSSI的定位算法由于实现简单而被广泛使用,但RSSI方法的测距误差较大,从而影响了节点定位精度。提出了一种基于RSSI的无线传感器网络距离修正定位算法。该算法通过RSSI测距,计算近似质心的位置,以此为参考点进行距离修正,然后确定节点的位置。仿真结果表明该算法可以提高节点定位精度。     

基于RSSI测距和距离几何约束的节点定位算法

节点定位是无线传感器网络的基础问题之一,基于RSSI测距技术被广泛应用到节点定位中。由于RSSI测距受到环境影响而产生测距误差,进而影响节点定位的精度。本文利用距离几何约束来减小RSSI测距误差,并结合三角形质心定位算法。仿真结果表明该算法比基于RSSI三角质心定位算法的定位精度有较大提高。     

基于 RSSI 的无线传感器网络节点定位算法研究

节点位置信息是无线传感器网络应用的基础。基于RSSI（Receive Signal Strength Indicator）的测距技术因其低成本和低复杂度的优点而被广泛用于无线传感器网络的定位技术中。介绍了RSSI信号传输模型,在介绍无线传感器网络定位基本原理的基础上,分析了影响定位精度的因素。综述了近几年提出的无线传感器网络中基于RSSI的节点定位算法及其改进算法,现有基于RSSI定位算法的改进算法主要从测距精度改进、定位精度改进或误差修正改进等方面进行。最后,指出了基于RSSI的无线传感器网络节点定位算法的不足,并进行展望。     

传感器网络的粒子群优化定位算法

无线传感器网络定位问题是一个基于不同距离或路径测量值的优化问题。由于传统的节点定位算法采用最小二乘法求解非线性方程组时很容易受到测距误差的影响,为了提高节点的定位精度,将粒子群优化算法引入到传感器网络定位中,提出了一种传感器网络的粒子群优化定位算法。该算法利用未知节点接收到的锚节点的距离信息,通过迭代方法搜索未知节点位置。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地抑制了测距误差累积对定位精度的影响,提高了节点的定位精度。     

无线传感器网络的节点自定位技术

文章对无线传感器网络的节点定位机制与算法进行了介绍,并对基于测距的和不基于测距的两大类方法进行了分析对比.文章认为节点定位是无线传感器网络的一项关键技术,对于无线传感器网络的许多应用来说节点位置信息都是必须的基本信息,虽然目前已有不少节点定位技术,但仅仅是一些初步的研究成果,距离无线传感器网络的整体优化目标还很不够,需要继续深入研究开发,提出更多的高效算法,促进无线传感器网络进一步的普及应用.     

基于无线传感网络的灾区伤员定位算法

自然灾害发生后,需要对灾区伤员快速定位抢救,这就对定位技术的精确度提出了很高的要求。无线传感器网络中节点定位技术是重要技术之一,在多种定位技术中RSSI测距的定位技术便捷、精确度高,因此广泛使用。传统的三边定位算法受外界因素干扰大,导致测量结果不准确。因此文章将RSSI测距技术和质心定位算法相结合设计了一个灾后伤员定位系统。该系统利用无线传感器网络进行定位请求,RSSI测距技术对未知节点进行测距,最后基于质心定位技术编写算法。该算法经过仿真实验精度完全符合要求。     

基于NA5TR1的无线定位节点的设计

提出了基于对称双边两路测距(SDS-TWR)机制的无线定位节点设计方案.定位节点采用NA5TR1为无线定位节点的核心器件,该器件内部集成了具有双边两路测距功能的模块和2.45 GHz ISM RF收发器,利用ATmega644v单片机为控制器,完成无线定位节点的整体设计,并给出无线定位节点电路原理图.节点通过测量不同基站间数据延迟时间差,实时计算出基站间的距离,经上位机对距离数据的处理,实现对目标的定位.测试结果表明,定位节点测距精度高.通信最远距离达600m.     

Simple,secure, and lightweight mechanism for mutual authentication of nodes in tiny wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in large areas of applications; due to advancements in technology, very tiny sensors are readily available, and their usage reduces the cost. The mechanisms designed for wireless networks cannot be implied on networks with tiny nodes due to battery and computational constraints. Understanding the significance of security in WSNs and resource constraintness of tiny WSNs, we propose a node authentication mechanism for nodes in wireless sensor networks to avoid security attacks and establish secure communication between them. In the proposed mechanism, a base station (BS) generates a secret value and random value for each sensor node and stores at the node. The sensor node authenticates using secret value and random number. Random nonce ensures freshness, efficiency, and robustness. The proposed mechanism is lightweight cryptographic, hence requires very less computational, communication, and storage resources. Security analysis of the proposed mechanism could not detect any security attack on it, and the mechanism was found to incur less storage, communication, and computation overheads. Hence, the proposed mechanism is best suitable for wireless sensor networks with tiny nodes.     

Throughput Evaluation of a Novel Scheme to Mitigate the Congestion over WSNs

In recent years, due to fast development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the numbers of nodes are increasing, and their scope of applications is continuously expanding, including environmental monitoring, military and smart home applications. The power supply, memory and computing power of wireless sensor nodes are greatly hampered in WSNs so that the WSNs are classified as a task-oriented framework. This study focused on exploring problems caused by traffic congestion on the WSNs with a large amount of flow, such as packet loss, bandwidth reduction, and waste of energy on the sensor nodes. On the other hand, a cooperative strong node mechanism is presented and named as Cooperative Strong Node Mechanism, in which a threshold is set to determine whether the node traffic is over or not. When the load exceeds, the privilege of corresponding sensor nodes is upgraded so that it can command its child nodes to change the transmission path to distribute the traffic effectively. Furthermore, when the traffic exceeds preset overall network flow, new sensor nodes are added in the network to relieve the traffic. This novel proposed mechanism can not only increase network throughput and effectively prevent the occurrence from congestion problems, but is suitable for a variety of routing protocols.     

Accurate time synchronization of ultrasonic TOF measurements in IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks

This paper discusses the problem of accurate time synchronization of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) used in applications in which a physical phenomenon must be monitored through periodical sampling. In some applications incorrect time synchronization can significantly degrade the system precision. This is for example the case of local positioning systems (LPSs) using ultrasonic time of flight (TOF) measurements for pseudorange estimation. The nodes clock drifts and the random variations of the start time used in each measurement are the two main error sources. In this work a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) synchronization algorithm is presented to overcome these problems for WSN using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The algorithm is able to compensate for the mentioned error sources in an easy and effective way. Experimental results for an implementation of an ultrasonic pseudorange measurement system between wireless nodes show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

KEIP: a distributed k-connectivity estimation algorithm based on independent paths for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Networks - Maintaining the connectivity between all nodes is a challenging task in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because failure of some nodes may divide the network to disconnected...     

Energy awareness workflow model for wireless sensor nodes

Before the development of a large‐scale wireless sensor network (WSN) infrastructure, it is necessary to create a model to evaluate the lifespan of the infrastructure, the system performance and the cost so that the best design solution can be obtained. Energy consumption is an important factor that influences the lifespan of WSNs. One of the ways to extend the lifespan of WSNs is to design wireless sensor nodes with low power consumption. This involves component selection and the optimisation of hardware architecture, monitoring software system and protocols to satisfy the requirements of the particular applications. This paper proposes a comprehensive model to describe the workflow of a wireless sensor node. Parameter setup and energy consumption calculation are demonstrated through the model simulation. It provides a mathematical approach to dynamically evaluate the energy consumption of a sensor node. This will benefit the development of wireless sensor nodes based on microprocessors with limited computational capability. Therefore, the model can be applied in dynamic power management systems for wireless sensor nodes or in wireless communication protocols with energy awareness, in particular, for WSNs with self‐organisation. More importantly, the generalisation of the model may be employed as a standard paradigm for the development of wireless sensor node with energy awareness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Priority-based IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA mechanism for WSNs

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose a priority-based IEEE 802.15.4 carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism for WSNs. Considering traffic load and traffic type of sensor nodes, we classify sensor nodes into three types. In our mechanism, different contention parameters are set for nodes with different priority levels, in order that nodes with high priority achieve high probability to access the channel. By modeling the proposed mechanism using a Markov chain, we analyze and compute the successful transmission probability, throughput and energy consumption for nodes with different priority levels. Finally, our numerical results demonstrate that our mechanism performs well for WSNs.     

一种基于冗余度的无线传感器网络节能策略

在无线传感器网络中,传感节点由于采用电池供电,因此寿命有限。如何有效节省传感器节点的能量,延长网络的使用寿命,一直是广泛研究的焦点。文章提出一种适用于高冗余度布置的无线传感器网络结构中,节省传感器节点能量消耗的方法-接续调度法。该方法通过协调点对小区域内节点的调度,使区域内节点依次分时段工作。通过这种接续调度,避免了节点间的冲突和串扰,达到延长整体网络寿命的效果。     

Energy adaptive MAC for wireless sensor networks with RF energy transfer: algorithm,analysis, and implementation

Radio frequency energy transfer (RET) has been proposed as a promising solution to power sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, RET has a significant drawback to be directly applied to WSNs, i.e., unfairness in the achieved throughput among sensor nodes due to the difference of their energy harvesting rates that strongly depend on the distance between the energy emitting node and the energy harvesting nodes. The unfairness problem should be properly taken into account to mitigate the drawback caused from the features of RET. To resolve this issue, in this paper, we propose a medium access control (MAC) protocol for WSNs based on RET with two distinguishing features: energy adaptive (EA) duty cycle management that adaptively manages the duty cycle of sensor nodes according to their energy harvesting rates and EA contention algorithm that adaptively manages contentions among sensor nodes considering fairness. Through analysis and simulation, we show that our MAC protocol works well under the RET environment. Finally, to show the feasibility of WSNs with RET, we test our MAC protocol with a prototype system in a real environment.     

Ranging error‐tolerable localization in wireless sensor networks with inaccurately positioned anchor nodes

Localization is essential for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is to determine the positions of sensor nodes based on incomplete mutual distance measurements. In this paper, to measure the accuracy of localization algorithms, a ranging error model for time of arrival (TOA) estimation is given, and the Cramer—Rao Bound (CRB) for the model is derived. Then an algorithm is proposed to deal with the case where (1) ranging error accumulation exists, and (2) some anchor nodes broadcast inaccurate/wrong location information. Specifically, we first present a ranging error‐tolerable topology reconstruction method without knowledge of anchor node locations. Then we propose a method to detect anchor nodes whose location information is inaccurate/wrong. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Paired Measurement Localization: A Robust Approach for Wireless Localization

Location awareness remains the key for many potential future applications of distributed wireless ad hoc sensor networks (WSNs). While the location of a WSN node can be estimated by incorporating Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, it is not suitable to embed GPS receivers in every node considering the cost and size of these devices as well as from an optimization point of view. However, a small number of WSNs nodes called anchor nodes are able to resolve their location either through fixed deployment or using GPS receivers, and thereby provide the reference framework for localization of other nodes. The measurement devices in individual nodes are often erroneous for tiny WSNs nodes, and hence, robustness is a major issue for localization. In this paper, a theoretical localization framework in the presence of noise is postulated, which achieves accurate positioning compared to the existing theoretical approaches. The paired measurement localization (PML) strategy is evaluated through simulations under various noise conditions and environmental modeling, and practically verified by a testbed implementation with real motes. The results corroborate the improved positioning as well as the robustness of PML for ad hoc wireless sensor networks in the presence of noise.