基于PSO-BP算法的无线传感器网络定位优化

在研究现有定位算法的基础上,针对基于接收信号强度指示(RSSI)定位模型中的参数易受环境影响等问题,提出了一种新型的粒子群优化(PSO)算法与后向传播(BP)神经网络相结合的算法.BP网络算法权值的修正依赖于非线性梯度值,易形成局部极值,同时学习次数较多,需先通过粒子群算法进行优化.为了提高定位精度,首先采用速度常量法滤波处理,然后通过改进的混合优化算法对BP神经网络初始权值和阈值进行优化,并分析算法的性能.试验中隐层节点个数采用试错法,从12到19变化,以确定合适数目.实验结果表明,与一般加权算法和传统BP算法相比,改进的混合优化算法可大幅改善测距误差对定位误差的影响,同时可使25 m内最小定位误差小于0.27 m.     

无人机辅助的基于前馈神经网络的节点定位算法

针对无线传感网络(WSNs)的节点定位问题,提出无人机辅助的基于前馈神经网络的节点定位(UAV-NN)算法。UAV-NN算法利用无人机(UAV)作为锚节点,并由UAV周期地发射beacon信号,利用极端学习机(LEM)训练单隐藏前向反馈的神经网络(SLFN),未知节点接收来自UAV发射的beacon信号,并记录其接收信号强度指示(RSSI),已训练的SLFN再依据RSSI值估计节点位置。仿真结果表明,相比于传统的基于RSSI定位算法,提出的UAV-NN算法无需部署地面锚节点;相比其他传统的机器学习算法,UAV-NN算法通过引用ELM,减少了定位误差。     

Automatic virtual calibration of range‐based indoor localization systems

The localization methods based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) link the RSSI values to the position of the mobile to be located. In the RSSI localization techniques based on propagation models, the accuracy depends on the tuning of the propagation models parameters. In indoor wireless networks, the propagation conditions are hardly predictable due to the dynamic nature of the RSSI, and consequently the parameters of the propagation model may change. In this paper, we present an automatic virtual calibration method of the propagation model that does not require human intervention; therefore, can be periodically performed, following the wireless channel conditions. We also propose a novel RSSI‐based localization algorithm that selects the RSSI values according to their strength, and uses a calibrated propagation model to transform these values into distances, in order to estimate the position of the mobile. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新的无线传感网络三维定位方法

定位是无线传感器网络的基础问题之一,文章提出利用均值法对接收信号强度指示(RSSI)数据进行处理,筛选出RSSI值较优的锚节点,以解决RSSI易受干扰的问题,减小RSSI的测距误差。在此基础上,提出动态修正三维三边测量方法。该方法利用筛选出的RSSI值较优的3个锚节点进行测距,在一个移动锚节点辅助下进行三维三边定位,提高定位精确度。仿真结果表明,与传统三边测量定位算法相比,此方法可明显减少定位误差。     

基于二次质心的无线传感器网络定位算法

节点的定位是无线传感器网络中的一种重要技术。提出了一种新的无线传感器网络定位算法——基于二次质心算法的定位算法,与以往的基于三边测量的加权质心方法不同,该算法改进了对未知节点位置的估算方法,一定程度上避免了因多次估算质心而产生的累积误差,提高了定位精度。仿真表明,该算法的定位精度较之前的三边测量方法提高了约19%。     

无线传感器网络RSSI自校正定位

无线传感器网络的许多应用都和节点的位置紧密相关,节点自定位成为当前研究的一个热点。针对信号强度受环境影响较大,提出了接收信号强度自校正定位算法。该算法利用信标节点实际测量信号确定无线信号传播损耗模型,采用组合3边测量获得节点坐标估计值集合,再用加权质心方法确定节点的最终坐标。仿真结果表明,该算法较传统的基于接收信号强度定位方法定位精度有了明显的改进。     

基于BP神经网络模型的RSSI测距方法研究

针对传统信号传播路径损耗模型接收的信号强度指示(received signal strength indication, RSSI)测距误差较大, 提出了基于反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络模型的RSSI测距方法.首先, 研究分析传统信号传播路径损耗模型及测距误差; 其次, 利用BP神经网络构建新的路径损耗模型, 并将该模型应用到RSSI测距中, 对基于BP神经网络模型的RSSI测距方法进行研究; 最后, 通过实验和MATLAB仿真对测距方法进行验证.仿真结果表明:BP神经网络模型的RSSI测距误差比传统信号传播路径损耗模型的RSSI测距误差要小.     

A decision‐making approach for detecting the primary user emulation attack in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio network (CRN) is a promising technology, which enables secondary users to use the free spectrum channels without causing detrimental interference with the primary user (PU). Nevertheless, CRN is subject to numerous cyber attacks that have a negative impact on its performance. Among the CRN attacks, the primary user emulation (PUE) attack is known to be one of the malicious attacks threatening CRN security. Several attacks detection techniques, based on attacker localization, have been investigated in the literature. These techniques include the trilateration, received signal strength indication (RSSI), and network coding approach as well. However, most of these techniques do not consider the uncertainty related to CRN, which can be modeled by a cost function defined as a weighted sum of conditional probabilities. In this paper, a localization technique, relied on a trilateration computation and a Bayesian model, is proposed for PUE position detection purpose under uncertainty conditions assumption. Particularly, the estimation of PUE position is performed through trilateration method based on RSSI at the anchor nodes for the signal coming from either PU or PUE, whereas, the Bayesian decision model, based on a cost function, is involved to check the PU legitimacy. The simulation results show that the decision‐making approach "Security, productivity, Balancing" influences directly the zone of the PUE attack detection.     

Reference node placement and selection algorithm based on trilateration for indoor sensor networks

The key problem of location service in indoor sensor networks is to quickly and precisely acquire the position information of mobile nodes. Due to resource limitation of the sensor nodes, some of the traditional positioning algorithms, such as two‐phase positioning (TPP) algorithm, are too complicated to be implemented and they cannot provide the real‐time localization of the mobile node. We analyze the localization error, which is produced when one tries to estimate the mobile node using trilateration method in the localization process. We draw the conclusion that the localization error is the least when three reference nodes form an equilateral triangle. Therefore, we improve the TPP algorithm and propose reference node selection algorithm based on trilateration (RNST), which can provide real‐time localization service for the mobile nodes. Our proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation experiment. Based on the analysis of the acquired data and comparison with that of the TPP algorithm, we conclude that our algorithm can meet real‐time localization requirement of the mobile nodes in an indoor environment, and make the localization error less than that of the traditional algorithm; therefore our proposed algorithm can effectively solve the real‐time localization problem of the mobile nodes in indoor sensor networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Access Point Height Based Location Accuracy Characterization in LOS and OLOS Scenarios

Location estimation in a wireless local area network (WLAN) using received signal strength indication (RSSI) has gained considerable attention in recent years. In a conventional RSSI based indoor WLAN localization, mobile node position is estimated through access point (AP) placed at ceiling height. Researchers have proposed solutions for location estimation in line of sight (LOS) scenarios, by installing the AP at a fixed position. This paper demonstrates the improved location accuracy in LOS and obstructed line of sight (OLOS) scenarios by placing the AP at lower heights. The RSSI variations caused by shadow fading for changing AP heights are used to estimate the location accuracy. The localization performance is computed in terms of Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of range estimate under dynamic environments which is relatively less complex computation technique and is calibration free. Simulation results reveal that the proposed method has better performance than the multilateration with linearization for access point localization algorithm. The minimum mean localization errors are obtained by deploying the access point at 2 m height. The results also demonstrate that the indoor localization accuracy improves for higher order path loss exponent.     

Environmental-adaptive indoor radio path loss model for wireless sensor networks localization

In the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based indoor wireless sensor networks localization system, RSSI measurements are very susceptible to multipath fading, anisotropy of antenna, low supply voltage of node and so on, which will cause the system failure to achieve a high location accuracy. This paper presents an environmental-adaptive path loss model. In the process of localization, the calibrated coefficient LSV of low supply voltage, which can be determined by monitoring the supply voltage of the sender, is used to calibrate ranging errors caused by its low supply voltage. The blind node utilizes the absolute value of RSSI to generate the phase of the corresponding receiver's location so as to determine the correction coefficient of indoor multipath fading R_i. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of RSSI measurements, we also take full consideration of the effect of antenna to accurately determine the corresponding path loss model of the two communication nodes. The proposed path loss model is suitable for the majority of wireless location systems that are on the basis of RSSI-based ranging techniques. Experiment results show that the estimation accuracy and adaptability of the proposed path loss model are significantly higher than that of the traditional one.     

基于多字典联合与分层块稀疏贝叶斯框架的多辐射源直接定位方法

基于压缩感知的直接定位方法依赖准确的信号传播模型，当传播模型的参数部分未知时，其定位性能会显著下降。针对这个问题，该文提出了一种基于多字典联合与分层块稀疏贝叶斯框架的多辐射源直接定位方法。该文将辐射源定位问题转化为恢复对应不同字典但具有共享稀疏性的信号，通过多字典联合来解决存在信道衰减的辐射源定位问题。仿真结果表明:所提方法在低信噪比和少快拍条件下，相比稀疏贝叶斯方法和直接定位方法具有更优的定位性能。      

基于RSSI多边定位误差的加权质心定位算法

为了优化无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSN)中的定位算法, 提高节点定位精度, 提出一种基于多边定位误差的加权质心算法。分析了无线电的路径损耗模型, 建立基于信号接收强度(Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI)和距离关系的对数拟合测距公式, 给出了求解未知节点坐标的多边定位法和位置估算模型。多组数据定位后, 以定位误差值的倒数作为权值, 改进传统的质心算法, 并讨论了参考点个数的选取与误差的关系。实验表明: 改进后的加权质心比传统质心定位精度进一步提高, 选择4~5个参考节点具有良好的定位效果。     

基于多LED的高精度室内可见光定位方法

针对可见光室内定位问题,该文基于接收信号强度(RSS)定位技术,提出一种利用多个LED发射端实现室内定位的方法,即MLED-RSS定位算法。该方法在充分考虑LED拓扑结构对定位性能影响的基础上,利用部署在室内的多个LED,合理选择其中3个LED作为发射节点,采用改进的三边定位法获得定位目标位置信息。定位算法可以有效地解决可见光定位存在的遮挡效应。仿真实验表明,MLED-RSS算法可以实现高定位精度。     

一种基于RSSI的几何位置定位新算法

RSSI(接收信号强度指示)测距技术在室内应用环境中,由于多径、绕射、障碍物等因素,无线电传播路径损耗在定位过程中产生的距离误差影响了定位求精的功效,为提高定位精度,通过引入圆的几何力量线--根轴的概念,采用RSSI室内信道模型,提出了一种改进的三边定位算法:根轴定位算法.该算法无需增加额外的硬件开销,容易实现.计算机仿真结果表明,在25 m以内的环境中定位误差可小于3 cm,适合于处理能力和能量有限的无线传感器网络节点.     

SENMA网络加权质心定位算法

移动代理传感器网络(SENMA)由移动代理节点负责数据处理、接入、转发、传输和路由等工作,更加节能。通过分析指出SENMA网络进行节点定位最适于采用基于距离定位算法,依据网络特点基于接收信号强度指示(RSSI)测距技术较为可行。依据信道RSSI特点,提出了一种加权质心定位算法,并利用Matlab编程进行了仿真验证,证明了其性能优于极大似然估计定位算法,更为适用于SENMA网络。     

基于BP神经网络的RSSI测距优化算法

基于接收信号强度指示(received signal strength indication, RSSI)测距的研究和应用领域很广泛,一直是物联网研究的热点. 为降低传统基于反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络的RSSI测距误差,文中提出一种基于K-means聚类算法对样本数据进行预处理的BP神经网络测距算法,来解决由于RSSI值衰减程度不同引起的不同距离区间RSSI值和真实距离之间映射关系不均匀的问题. 将K-means聚类算法应用于BP神经网络模型中,对样本数据进行距离区间划分,然后将已经分类好的数据分别输入BP神经网络建立网络模型并进行实验仿真. 结果显示:传统基于BP神经网络的RSSI测距算法的均方根误差为1.425 7 m;而经过K-means算法改进后的BP神经网络测距算法的均方根误差为1.288 7 m,降低了测距误差,并优化了目标RSSI值与真实距离的映射关系.     

Path loss model based on exponential water cycle algorithm for wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are frequently employed in the agriculture field to improve the quality and crop yield. The WSN might reduce the quality of the communication link because of the absorption, dispersion, and attenuation through the leaves of plants. Therefore, estimating the path loss due to signal attenuation before WSN deployment is crucial for the smooth operation of the network. In this research paper, three innovative path loss models are defined based on the MATLAB curve fitting tool: polynomial water cycle (PWC), exponential water cycle (EWC), and Gaussian water cycle (GWC) algorithm. Here, the path loss between the router node and the coordinator node is modeled on the basis of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and time of arrival (TOA) measurements in a sugarcane field. The correlation coefficient between the RSSI measurement and the distance must be increased to create a precise path loss model. This paper integrates the exponential, polynomial, and Gaussian functions with the water cycle algorithm (WCA) to evaluate the optimal coefficients that would lead to precise path loss models. The performance of the proposed models that determines the optimum linear fit between RSSI and distance is validated using the correction coefficient $R^2$. The results show that the proposed path loss model is superior to existing path loss models. The correlation coefficient $R^2$ of the proposed EWC model is 0.9993, whereas the existing PE-PSO, LNSM, and PSO-Exponential models yield 0.98, 0.87, and 0.93, respectively. Also, the proposed models attain the best mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.2187, 0.2951, and 0.3457 dBm for EWC, PWC, and GWC algorithms, respectively.     

基于RSSI和惯性导航的融合室内定位算法

针对目前对高精度室内定位算法的需求,提出一种基于接收信号强度识别（RSSI）和惯性导航的融合室内定位算法。基于无线传感网中ZigBee节点的RSSI值,采用位置指纹识别算法,对网络中的未知节点进行定位。结合惯性传感单元（IMU）提供的惯性数据,对RSSI定位结果进行融合修正。利用Kalman滤波器,采用状态方程描述待定位节点位置坐标的动态变化规律,从而实现一种以无线传感网络定位为主、IMU为辅的融合定位方法。仿真结果表明,提出的融合定位算法既能改善单独使用RSSI定位受环境干扰较大的问题,又能避免单独使用惯性导航带来的累积误差,极大地提高了定位精度。     

Improvement of Positioning Technology Based on RSSI in ZigBee Networks

In this paper, the node localization methods of ZigBee wireless sensor networks were studied. There are two key issues affecting the positioning accuracy: accuracy of RSSI value and optimization of localization algorithm. For the first issue, the effects of two kinds of environmental disturbance on RSSI values were analyzed, and then RSSI values were pretreated using Kalman filter. For the second, the RSSI-based localization algorithm were introduced in detail, and a new algorithm-triangle centroid localization algorithm based on weighted feature points-was proposed. MATLAB simulation and actual network tests were carried out. The simulation and experimental results all showed that our pretreatment strategy of RSSI and optimization of localization algorithm had great effects on positioning accuracy.