Glycocalyx‐Like Hydrogel Coatings for Small Diameter Vascular Grafts

Novel biological vascular conduits, such as decellularized tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are hindered by high thrombogenicity. To mimic the antithrombogenic surface of native vessels with a continuous glycosaminoglycan layer that is present on endothelial cells (ECs), a hyaluronic acid (HA) modified surface is established, to effectively shield blood platelets from collagen‐triggered activation. Using the amine groups present on 4 mm diameter decellularized TEVGs, a continuous HA hydrogel coating is built via a bifunctional thiol‐reactive cross‐linker, thereby avoiding nonspecific collagen matrix cross‐linking. The HA hydrogel layer recreates a luminal wall, “hiding” exposed collagen from the bloodstream. In vitro blood tests show that adhered platelets, fibrinogen absorption, and fibrin formation on HA‐coated decellularized TEVGs are significantly lower than on uncoated decellularized TEVGs. The HA surface also inhibits macrophage adhesion in vitro. HA‐coated decellularized syngeneic rat aortae (≈1.5 mm diameter), and TEVGs in rat and canine models, respectively, are protected from aggressive thrombus formation, and preserve normal blood flow. Re‐endothelialization is also observed. HA‐coated TEVGs may be an off‐the‐shelf small‐diameter vascular graft with dual benefits: antithrombogenic protection and promotion of endothelium.     

User-oriented views in health care information systems

In this paper, we present the methodology we adopted in designing and developing an object-oriented database system for the management of medical records. The designed system provides technical solutions to important requirements of most clinical information systems, such as 1) the support of tools to create and manage views on data and view schemas, offering to different users specific perspectives on data tailored to their needs; 2) the capability to handle in a suitable way the temporal aspects related to clinical information; and 3) the effective integration of multimedia data. Remote data access for authorized users is also considered. As clinical application, we describe here the prototype of a user-oriented clinical information system for the archiving and the management of multimedia and temporally oriented clinical data related to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) patients. Suitable view schemas for various user roles (cath-lab physician, ward nurse, general practitioner) have been modeled and implemented on the basis of a detailed analysis of the considered clinical environment, carried out by an object-oriented approach.     

Nanocarrier‐Mediated Cytosolic Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals have emerged to play a vital role in disease treatment and have shown promise in the rapidly expanding pharmaceutical market due to their high specificity and potency. However, the delivery of these biologics is hindered by various physiological barriers, owing primarily to the poor cell membrane permeability, low stability, and increased size of biologic agents. Since many biological drugs are intended to function by interacting with intracellular targets, their delivery to intracellular targets is of high relevance. In this review, the authors summarize and discuss the use of nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of biopharmaceuticals via endosomal escape and, especially, the routes of direct cytosolic delivery by means including the caveolae‐mediated pathway, contact release, intermembrane transfer, membrane fusion, direct translocation, and membrane disruption. Strategies with high potential for translation are highlighted. Finally, the authors conclude with the clinical translation of promising carriers and future perspectives.     

Engineering Metal Nanoclusters for Targeted Therapeutics: From Targeting Strategies to Therapeutic Applications

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) have recently attracted great interest in biomedical applications due to their ultrasmall size, good biocompatibility, and unique molecule-like physical and chemical properties. Metal NCs can be rationally designed and integrated with various targeting moieties to achieve unique physicochemical properties and functions. For therapeutic applications, these multifunctional surface-modified NCs can provide distinctive advantages over native metal NCs, such as improved therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. In this review, the design principles of targeting strategies for metal NCs and their composites, including passive and active targeting, and physical and chemical targeting are first discussed. The authors then focus on the recent achievements in the application of metal NCs in targeted therapeutics, including chemotherapy, phototherapy, and radiotherapy. Finally, the authors’ perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of developing metal NCs in targeted therapeutics, further paving their way for potential clinical applications are provided.     

通用串行总线的OTG技术

通用串行总线的OTG技术是为了使USB接口技术应用于PC机以外的市场而在USB2.0规范基础上扩展出的新技术。采用OTG技术可以使普通的数码设备实现相互之间的通信,大大方便了各种便携设备之间的数据交换。本文介绍了OTG技术的特点,比较了OTG技术与普通USB的不同,并对其市场前景做了预测。     

Conceptual framework of knowledge management for ethical decision-making support in neonatal intensive care.

This research is built on the belief that artificial intelligence estimations need to be integrated into clinical social context to create value for health-care decisions. In sophisticated neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), decisions to continue or discontinue aggressive treatment are an integral part of clinical practice. High-quality evidence supports clinical decision-making, and a decision-aid tool based on specific outcome information for individual NICU patients will provide significant support for parents and caregivers in making difficult "ethical" treatment decisions. In our approach, information on a newborn patient's likely outcomes is integrated with the physician's interpretation and parents' perspectives into codified knowledge. Context-sensitive content adaptation delivers personalized and customized information to a variety of users, from physicians to parents. The system provides structuralized knowledge translation and exchange between all participants in the decision, facilitating collaborative decision-making that involves parents at every stage on whether to initiate, continue, limit, or terminate intensive care for their infant.     

Tele-immersive environments for rehabilitation activities: an empirical study on proprioception

Those with proprioceptive impairments can use their other senses as the proprioceptive feedback. We hypothesize that tele-immersion systems can aid in this supplemented proprioception by providing novel visual perspectives of one’s own body. In particular we are interested as to whether the real-time 3D reconstructions used in tele-immersive systems are better or worse than conventional 2D views (i.e. video) with regards to aiding a task requiring proprioception. The objective of this study is to investigate the stated hypothesis by quantifying and ranking the various visual and auditory cues available in a tele-immersive system as they are used during an assigned task. The paper briefly describes a portable immersive VR system, our methodology for quantifying task performance, and results from our experiments with wheelchair basketball athletes.     

Recent Advances in Transition Metal Nitride-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Applications

Photocatalysis is a promising and convenient strategy to convert solar energy into chemical energy for various fields. However, photocatalysis still suffers from low solar energy conversion efficiency. Developing state of the art photocatalysts with high efficiency and low cost is a huge challenge. Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) as a class of metallic interstitial compounds have attracted significant attention in photocatalytic applications. In fact, TMNs exhibit multifunctional properties in various photocatalytic systems. This review is the first attempt that summarizes recent research on TMNs-based materials in various photocatalytic applications. Different roles of TMNs materials in photocatalytic systems including semiconductor active components, co-catalysts, inter-band excitation, and surface plasmon resonance components are systematically discussed and summarized. The fundamentals, latest progress, and emerging opportunities for further improving the performances of TMNs-based materials for photocatalysis are also discussed. Finally, some challenges facing TMNs, and perspectives on their future that are relevant for furthering research in the area of photocatalysis are also proposed.     

The Growing Impact of Micro/Nanomaterial‐Based Systems in Precision Oncology: Translating “Multiomics” Technologies

The field of precision oncology is rapidly progressing toward integrated “multiomics” analysis of multiple molecular species (such as DNA, RNA, or proteins) to provide a more complete profile of tumor heterogeneity. Micro/nanomaterial‐based systems, which leverage the unique properties of miniature materials, are currently well positioned to expand beyond rudimentary biomarker detection toward multiomics signature analysis. To enable clinical translation, the rational design and implementation of miniaturized systems should be driven by the unique clinical challenges present at various crucial cancer stages. This review features micro/nanomaterial‐based systems that are robustly tested on real patient samples for molecular biomarker detection at i) initial cancer screening and/or diagnosis, ii) cancer prognosis and risk stratification, and iii) longitudinal treatment/recurrence monitoring. Furthermore, this review discusses the use of micro/nanomaterials to facilitate sample preparation for different molecular biomarker species. Finally, this review deliberates on the recent paradigm shift of micro/nanomaterial‐based system innovation toward integrated multiomics cancer signature analysis and puts forth insights and perspectives on existing challenges. It is anticipated that this review could stimulate the propagation of new concepts and approaches to kick‐start a new generation of clinically translational technologies that capitalize on multiomics cancer signatures.     

Two‐Dimensional Nanostructured Materials for Gas Sensing

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanostructures are highly attractive for fabricating nanodevices due to their high surface‐to‐volume ratio and good compatibility with device design. In recent years 2D nanostructures of various materials including metal oxides, graphene, metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, BN and MXenes, have demonstrated significant potential for gas sensors. This review aims to provide the most recent advancements in utilization of various 2D nanomaterials for gas sensing. The common methods for the preparation of 2D nanostructures are briefly summarized first. The focus is then placed on the sensing performances provided by devices integrating 2D nanostructures. Strategies for optimizing the sensing features are also discussed. By combining both the experimental results and the theoretical studies available, structure‐properties correlations are discussed. The conclusion gives some perspectives on the open challenges and future prospects for engineering advanced 2D nanostructures for high‐performance gas sensors devices.     

Toward the Advanced Next-Generation Solid-State Na-S Batteries: Progress and Prospects

Although batteries fitted with sodium metal anodes and sulfur cathodes are attractive for their higher energy density and lower cost, the threat of polysulfide migration in organic liquid electrolytes, uncontrollable dendrites, and corresponding safety issues has locked the deployment of the battery system. Introduction of solid-state electrolytes to replace conventional liquid-based electrolytes has been considered an effective approach to address these issues and further render solid-state sodium-sulfur battery (SSSSB) systems with higher safety and improved energy density. Nevertheless, the practical applications of SSSSB are still hampered by grand challenges, such as poor interfacial contact, sluggish redox kinetics of sulfur conversion, and Na dendrites. Currently, various strategies have been proposed and utilized to negate the problems within the solid-state battery. Herein, a timely and comprehensive review of emerging strategies to promote the development of SSSSB is presented. The critical challenges that prevent the real application of the SSSSB technique are analyzed initially. Subsequently, various strategies for boosting the development of SSSSB are comprehensively summarized, containing the developing of the advanced cathode and cathode/electrolyte interface, tailoring the solid electrolyte, and designing the stable anode and anode/electrolyte interface. Finally, further perspectives on stimulating the practical application of SSSSB technology are provided.     

Features of vectorial modes in phase-coupled VCSEL arrays: experiments and theory

We present a detailed study of oxide-confined, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) where the reflectivity of the top mirror has been patterned by means of a metal grid, which at the same time acts also as an electrode. Owing to their features, these kind of devices are commonly referred to as phase-coupled VCSEL arrays. The analysis is based on a joint experimental and theoretical effort: the former is devoted to a complete characterization of the emission properties, while the latter is based on a comprehensive fully vectorial model for the structure eigenmodes with the details of their complex structure. The detected characteristics make them quite attractive for various applications and the comparison of their modal properties with the model is proved to be essential for a deep understanding of these lasers. In particular, we observed and explain, for the first time, a characteristic behavior of the lasing array, which displays spatially inhomogeneous polarization characteristics with symmetry properties with respect to the array diagonals. The good matching between theory and experiment opens new perspectives for an optimized device, where the typical four lobe far-field emission is converted in a narrow central lobe: two different proposals will be discussed.     

Advanced Functional Electroactive and Photoactive Materials for Monitoring the Environmental Pollutants

Functional materials with attractive electronic and photoelectronic properties show great promise in various fields. In recent decades, tremendous research efforts have been devoted to the design of photoactive and electroactive materials for qualitative and quantitative analysis of environmental pollutants. This review gives a concise overview on the fundamentals and recent research progress of functional material-based electrochemical and photoelectrochemical technology for environmental pollutant monitoring. The rational design of functional photoactive and electroactive materials with promoted electrochemical properties and basic signaling strategies for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical sensors are presented. Based on these insights, very recent achievements for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical environmental pollutant sensors are summarized from the viewpoint of various functional materials. At last, critical challenges and future research perspectives in this field are proposed and discussed to provide a backdrop for future research.     

大功率半导体激光器抗腔面灾变性光学损伤技术综述

激光器腔面灾变性光学损伤对大功率半导体激光器的最大输出功率和可靠性有很大的负面影响,是激光器突然失效的主要机制。如何克服腔面灾变性光学损伤,从而获得高性能的大功率半导体激光器成为重要的研究课题。文章首先对腔面灾变性光学损伤的研究历程进行了简要介绍,随后论述了腔面灾变损伤的物理机制及热动力学过程,最后从技术原理、方法、优缺点、改进方法、研究进展及应用现状的角度,逐一对各种抑制腔面灾变损伤的方法进行了归纳和总结。     

Advanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Energy Conversion and Storage

Oxygen electrocatalysis is of great significance in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Many strategies have been adopted for developing advanced oxygen electrocatalysts to promote these technologies. In this invited contribution, recent progress in understanding the oxygen electrochemistry from theoretical and experimental aspects is summarized. The major categories of oxygen electrocatalysts, namely, noble-metal-based compounds, transition-metal-based composites, and nanocarbons, are successively discussed for oxygen reduction and evolution. Design strategies of various oxygen electrocatalysts and their relationship on the structure–activity–performance are comprehensively addressed with the perspectives. Finally, the challenge and outlook for advanced oxygen electrocatalysts are discussed toward energy conversion and storage technologies.     

Metal Species–Encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Current Advancements and Latest Breakthroughs

Despite their advantageous morphological attributes and attractive physicochemical properties, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are merely supported as carriers or vectors for a reason. Incorporating various metal species in the confined nanospaces of MSNs (M‐MSNs) significantly enriches their mesoporous architecture and diverse functionalities, bringing exciting potentials to this burgeoning field of research. These incorporated guest species offer enormous benefits to the MSN hosts concerning the reduction of their eventual size and the enhancement of their performance and stability, among other benefits. Substantially, the guest species act through contributing to reduced aggregation, augmented durability, ease of long‐term storage, and reduced toxicity, attributes that are of particular interest in diverse fields of biomedicine. In this review, the first aim is to discuss the current advancements and latest breakthroughs in the fabrication of M‐MSNs, emphasizing the pros and cons, the confinement of various metal species in the nanospaces of MSNs, and various factors influencing the encapsulation of metal species in MSNs. Further, an emphasis on potential applications of M‐MSNs in various fields, including in adsorption, catalysis, photoluminescence, and biomedicine, among others, along with a set of examples is provided. Finally, the advances in M‐MSNs with perspectives are summarized.     

Synthesis and Modification of Boron Nitride Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage: From Theory to Application

As a conventional insulating material, boron nitride (BN) has been mainly investigated in the electronics field. Very recently, with the development of preparation/modification technology and deeper understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms, BN-based nanomaterials have made significant progress in the field of electrochemistry. Exploiting the characteristics of BN for advanced electrochemical devices is expected to be a breakthrough that will stimulate a new energy revolution. Owing to its chemical and thermal stability, as well as its high mechanical strength, BN can alleviate various inherent problems in electrochemical systems, such as thermal deformation of conventional organic separators, weak solid electrolyte interface layers of metal anodes, and electrocatalyst poisoning. The integration of BN with various electrochemical energy technologies is systematically summarized from the perspectives of material preparation, theoretical calculations, and practical applications. Moreover, the challenges and prospects for the future development of BN-based electrochemistry are highlighted.     

健美操教学中美感教育的频数统计分析

健美操的产生与发展是一个渐进的过程,它起源于人类对人体健与美的追求,健美操的发展史与人类审美观的形成是密切相关的,而美感是健美操教学和研究中与美的本质紧密相关的一个重要的问题。文中从美感的定义出发,从美学、教育方法论等多个角度详细阐述了健美操教学中的美感教育,并进行了丰富的实践统计。     

同态密码理论与应用进展

随着云计算、云存储等各类云服务的普及应用,云环境下的隐私保护问题逐渐成为业界关注的焦点,同态密码成为解决该问题的关键手段,其中,如何构造高效的全同态加密方案是近年来同态加密研究的热点之一。首先,该文介绍了同态密码的发展情况,从不同角度对同态加密方案进行了分类分析,着重描述了可验证全同态加密方案的研究进展。通过分析近年来公开的同态加密领域知识产权文献,对同态加密在理论研究和实际应用中所取得的进展进行了归纳总结。其次,对比分析了目前主流全同态加密库Helib, SEAL以及TFHE的性能。最后,梳理了同态加密技术的典型应用场景,指出了未来可能的研究与发展方向。