正交多载波调制中峰值因子的一种减小方案

在多载波调制系统中，通常调制信号的平均功率恒定，且和实际发送的信息符号向量无关，此时，由N个子载波组成的多载波信号的峰值因子(PF)等于10lgN(dB)。提出了减小多载波调制系统中PF的一种方案，对于瞬时包络功率的最大值超过所给门限值的信息符号向量，所有子载波的幅度被降低至门限值，而对于瞬时包络功率的最大值低于门限值的信息符号向量，所有子载波的幅度被增大至门限值。采用这种方法，整个调制系统的PF被减小，而净比特速率保持不变，但系统的误比特率(BER)略为增加。     

一种新的数字脉冲间隔调制解调方法

针对数字脉冲间隔调制(DPIM)包序列发生差错时会出现符号增减从而导致差错性能下降的问题,提出了一种新的解调方法。给出了解调方法的解调过程,推导了其差错解概率,并与门限解调法进行了比较分析。数值仿真表明,当误包率为10-6以及包信息为24bit时,相较于门限法,可节省约1.5dBm的平均接收功率,且调制阶数对其影响不大;但当包信息量增大时,性能改善的程度将减弱。在不增加冗余信息的情况下,提出的DPIM解调方法能够有效地改善系统的差错性能,可为无线光通信链路的设计提供参考。     

Random phase updating algorithm for OFDM transmission with low PAPR

A novel random phase updating algorithm for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM signals is addressed. The phase of each subcarrier is updated by a random increment until the PAPR goes below a certain threshold level. We investigate the influence of different distributions for the phase increments and the variance of distributions on the mean and variance of PAPR as well as the number of iterations to reach the threshold. Further, the random phase updating algorithm has been extended by dynamically reducing the threshold level. After successful updating of the phase shifts, the threshold level is reduced and the variance of the phase increments is changed. Simulation results of the algorithm are provided. It is shown that the random phase updating algorithm with dynamic threshold gives the best results and can reduce the mean power variance of an 8-carrier OFDM signal with BPSK modulation by a factor of 7 dB. In order to reduce the complexity, the random phase updating algorithm is investigated with quantization and grouping of the phase shifts. Results show that for a 16-carrier OFDM system, 2-level quantization of phase shifts in 8 groups of 2 carriers give no significant increase in the power variance while reducing complexity. Further, the impact of phasing on the bit error rate performance of the OFDM system is studied.     

Binary Power Amplifier with 2‐Bit Sigma‐Delta Modulation Method for EER Transmitter

A novel power amplifier for a polar transmitter is proposed to achieve better spectral performance for a wideband envelope signal. In the proposed scheme, 2‐bit sigma‐delta (ΣΔ) modulation of the envelope signal is introduced, and the power amplifier configuration is modified in a binary form to accommodate the 2‐bit digitized envelope signals. The 2‐bit ΣΔ modulator lowers the noise of the envelope signal by fine quantization and thus enhances the spectral property of the RF signal. The Ptolemy simulation results of the proposed structure show that the spectral noise is reduced by 10 dB in a full transmit band of the EDGE system. The dynamic range is also enhanced. Since the performance is improved without increasing the over‐sampling ratio, this technique is best suited for wireless communication with high data rates.     

Selected Mapping Technique for PAPR Reduction Without Side Information Based on m-Sequence

Selected mapping (SLM) is a technique for reducing the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in which a suitable signal is selected among a set of alternative signals which all indicate alike information. The chief drawback existing in this method is that transmitter is compelled to send several additional bits called side information (SI) for each data block in order that recovering at the receiver side can be possible. In this paper, we present a novel SLM scheme by using the linear feedback shift register circuit and m-sequence named MSLM technique by which any side information bit is not explicitly sent. In MSLM, The basic idea is to fit the side information into transmitted symbols based upon which some special locations in the transmitted data block are expanded, i.e. some transmitted symbols are extended. In the receiver side, by using some properties of m-sequence the SI bits can be detected. We present the example of our method for an OFDM system through the use of 16-QAM modulation and different m-sequences and finally, concerned results are illustrated from the view point of bit error rate, probability of detection failure and PAPR reduction.     

Impulsive noise estimation and suppression in OFDM systems over in‐home power line channels

This paper proposes a new adaptive iterative method to impulsive noise mitigation in OFDM systems over in‐home power line channels. The performance of impulsive noise mitigation methods based on OFDM decreases when the impulsive noise energy is higher than a certain threshold. To compensate for the limitations of these systems and to be able to adopt it for all sub‐carriers, here, the 64‐QAM constellation is applied together with Alamouti space time coding to transmit, MIMO In‐home power line channel and zero‐forcing estimate (ZFE) with continuous loop impulsive noise detection and mitigation together with maximum‐likelihood detection (MLD) are adopted to receive. At the receiver, after ZFE, impulsive noise detection algorithm based on adaptive threshold for estimating the impulsive noise, determines the locations and amplitudes of the impulsive noises. The effect of impulsive noise on the noise symbols using the mask based on the soft decision method is reduced. Later, using MLD, the original signal is estimated. The algorithm is simulated and analyzed, and its performance is compared to other methods. The results show the superiority and robustness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 2-GHz GaAs HBT RF Pulsewidth Modulator

RF pulsewidth modulation (PWM) has been proposed as an efficiency improving technique for power amplifiers (PAs) handling varying envelope signals. The core idea is to modulate the varying envelope into a square-wave signal such that the width of each pulse is varied according to the envelope, and any phase information is contained in the timing of the pulses. The square wave signal can give a theoretical efficiency of 100% for the subsequent PA. Such a system differs significantly from a conventional up-conversion and PA and, therefore, a significant design challenge results. The first important step is to generate the PWM signal. This paper demonstrates a functional modulator for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System operating at 2 GHz. The modulator is designed in a GaAs HBT process and uses low-frequency feedback combined with predistortion to obtain a high spectral purity. Measurements show a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System PWM signal with more than 10-dB margin to the modulation mask and an error vector magnitude of less than 1.5% rms (requirement: 17.5%).     

Multicarrier channels with non-identical subcarrier fading distributions-analysis and adaptation

In this letter, the subcarrier fading distribution of multicarrier modulation (MCM) systems is derived based on channel-impulse response (CIR) information. Frequency-selective channels with arbitrary Rician-Rayleigh fading paths and inter-path correlations are considered. It is discovered that certain MCM channels experience different fading severity among the subcarriers. Motivated by this observation, a novel bit-loading cum power-control scheme that can achieve better spectral and power efficiency by adapting the subcarrier modulation parameters based on the long-term subcarrier fading statistics, instead of instantaneous channel state information, is proposed and studied.     

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for Differential Space-Time Block Codes

Differential Space-Time Block Codes (DSTBC) do not require any radio channel measurement and channel state information neither on the transmitter nor at the receiver side. Therefore, they are an attractive alternative to coherent Multiple-Input Multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The classical technical proposal for differential techniques is based on M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) modulation schemes for DSTBC (PSK-DSTBC). One advantage of this scheme is the constant envelop of the transmit signal, but it is well known that higher-order PSK is less efficient due to the small distance between adjacent points in the constellation diagram. Therefore, in this paper an alternative modulation technique for DSTBC is discussed, which is based on quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM-DSTBC). The signal envelope of the transmit signal is not any more constant in this case. Therefore, the technical challenge of integrating QAM into the DSTBC system design is to control the transmit power in order to avoid an increase or a decrease in transmit power to some extreme values. The mechanism, which is used in this paper to control the transmit power is based on an extension of the original QAM constellation diagram. The additional points, which are integrated into the constellation diagram are used in this case for the mapping procedure to select one of the modulation symbols with high or alternatively low signal power. This means for each single bit pattern there are almost always two modulation symbols available in the mapping procedure one with low and one with high signal power, which gives the basis for a signal power control algorithm. The resulting bit-error-rate (BER) performance of QAM-DSTBC is compared finally to the performance figures of the original proposal of PSK-DSTBC.

部分传输序列法中副信息功率分配的优化算法

该文分析了部分传输序列法中副信息功率分配方案对系统性能的影响和求解最优功率分配因子 的方法;并提出一种简单的求解次优功率分配因子的算法。分析和仿真结果表明,平均各数据子载波上降低少量发送功率,都能在副信息子载波上得到很大增益;随着信噪比的上升,系统趋于将总发送功率平均分配到所有子载波上;在最优及次优功率分配因子条件下得到的系统误比特率与其理想值相吻合。     

Design and research of adaptive O-OFDM symbol decomposing with serial transmission system in visible light communication

Iterative signal clipping (ISC) and symbol decomposing with serial transmission (SDST) techniques decompose optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) symbol into the fixed number of multiple small-amplitude symbols.However,at low O-OFDM symbol variances,the decomposition symbols contain a large amount of all-zero symbols without load information,which results in bit error rate degradation,optical power penalty and information rate reduction.Aim at this problem,an adaptive O-OFDM symbol decomposing with serial transmission (ASDST) system was proposed,the symbol decomposition was adaptively determined according to the O-OFDM symbol amplitude.Symbol decomposition was terminated until O-OFDM symbol was completely decomposed or the maximum symbol decomposition times were attained,thereby eliminated all-zero symbols and reduced the average symbol decomposition times.The performance of ASDST system was verified by theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation.     

采用分段阈值的自由空间光通信性能优化

激光在大气信道中传输时易受到大气湍流等影响,导致接收机对开关键控(On-Off Keying, OOK)信号发生错误判决,进而产生误码率门限,严重恶化了自由空间光通信(Fee Space Optical Communication, FSOC)的传输性能。采用自适应阈值进行判决虽然能抑制误码率门限,但是需已知比特级(ns级)的信道状态信息(Channel State Information, CSI),在高速激光通信中难以实现。基于大气信道的缓慢变化特征,对接收信号按照亚毫秒级时隙(0.01 ms级)进行分段检测,降低了高速信号的检测难度,并通过优化误码率求解出了最佳的分段阈值,从而抑制了误码率门限现象。与此同时,提出了正交偏振态导频光与信号光同传的系统方案,以估计大气信道模型与接收信号的分段阈值。仿真结果表明,在Log-Normal大气信道模型下,该方法虽然引入了3～6 dB的光功率损耗,但是有效抑制了误码率门限,且仅需估计毫秒级的CSI,降低了阈值判决的实现难度。     

采用相位判决的低复杂度广义空间调制检测算法

针对广义空间调制(GSM)系统中信号检测复杂度过高的问题,提出了一种基于相位判决的低复杂度检测算法.首先根据一种排序准则对天线组合进行排序,然后将排序后的天线组合中的符号向量依次通过基于相位判决的迫零(ZF)均衡器进行检测,最终得到星座调制符号和激活天线组合.分析和仿真结果表明,该检测算法可以有效缩小接收端的搜索范围,在提供与最大似然(ML)检测算法相近的误比特率(BER)性能的同时,计算复杂度降低了98％.     

A Flexible Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction Scheme for OFDM Systems by the Adaptive Projected Subgradient Method

One of the main issues of the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal, which adversely affects the complexity of power amplifiers. In this paper, we consider transmitters that reduce the PAPR by slightly disturbing the symbols in carriers used to transmit information and by sending dummy symbols—i.e., symbols not conveying information—in unused carriers. The optimal choice of the data and dummy symbols is determined by the solution of a convex optimization problem. To reduce the PAPR with low complexity, we apply a modified version of the adaptive projected subgradient method to a sequence of convex cost functions closely related to the original optimization problem. The resulting algorithm achieves near-optimal PAPR in practical scenarios, generalizes existing algorithms based on Polyak's method, and can easily handle multiple constraints.      

Variable rate and variable power MQAM system based on bayesian bit error rate and channel estimation techniques

The impact of inaccurate channel state information at the transmitter for a variable rate variable power multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (VRVP-MQAM) system over a Rayleigh flat-fading channel is investigated. A system model is proposed with rate and power adaptation based on the estimates of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). A pilot symbol assisted modulation scheme is used for SNR estimation. The BER estimator is derived using a maximum a posteriori approach and a simplified closed-form solution is obtained as a function of only the second order statistical characterization of the channel state imperfection. Based on the proposed system model, rate and power adaptation is derived for the optimization of spectral efficiency subject to an average power constraint and an instantaneous BER requirement. The performance of the VRVP-MQAM system under imperfect channel state information (CSI) is evaluated. We show that the proposed VRVP-MQAM system that employs optimal solutions based on the statistical characterization of CSI imperfection achieves a higher spectral efficiency as compared to an ideal CSI assumption based method.     

Packet splitting and adaptive modulation based on CSI of time domain for decode‐and‐forward cooperative OFDM systems in different channel model

Cooperative communications obtain the transmission and channel diversity gains by using the relay node. However, since cooperative communications transmit the redundancy signal to obtain the transmission diversity gain, the transmission rate is degraded. Moreover, since cooperative communications add the interference in the relay node, the diversity gain is also degraded. The packet splitting has been proposed based on the channel state information of the time domain to obtain the good system performance without the redundancy signal. Moreover, the adaptive modulation has been proposed to improve the transmission rate. In this paper, we propose the combination method with the packet splitting and the adaptive modulation based on the channel state information of the time domain to improve the bit error rate and throughput performances for decode‐and‐forward cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems in the different channel model. From the computer simulation results, we determine the optimum weight and threshold for the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed method shows the good bit error rate and throughput performances.     

Channel Independent Precoder for OFDM-Based Systems Over Fading Channels

In this paper we propose an independent channel precoder for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over fading channels. The design of the precoder is based on the information redistribution of the input modulated symbols among the output precoded symbols. The proposed precoder decreases the variance of the instantaneous noise power at the receiver produced by the channel variability. The employment of an interleaver together with a precoding matrix whose size does not depend on the number of data carriers in an OFDM symbol allows different configurations of time-frequency diversity which can be easily adapted to the channel conditions. The precoder is evaluated with a modified Zero Forcing (ZF) equalizer whose maximum gain is constrained by means of a clipping factor. Thus, the clipping factor limits the noise power transfer in the receiver deprecoding block in low SNR conditions.      

基于LMD和Fisher判别的风力发电机组齿轮箱滚动轴承故障诊断方法

风力发电机组齿轮箱等旋转机械故障振动信号具有调制特征,因此有针对性地提出了一种基于局部均值分解(Local Mean Decomposition,LMD)和Fisher判别的故障诊断方法。首先对振动信号进行LMD分解,可得若干个的乘积函数(Product Function,PF)分量,以相关系数为依据进行PF分量筛选和信号重构,并对重构信号进行故障特征提取,然后以多组典型故障样本的特征量来训练得到Fisher判别式,最后利用判别式对待判样本进行分类,由判别结果可知滚动轴承的工作状态、故障部位及故障程度。分析从试验台采集的各类故障样本集和从某实际风场监测的数据,证明了所提取故障特征量的准确性,同时也验证了所提出方法在旋转机械故障诊断方面的有效性。     

Bandwidth Efficient Quadrature Overlapped Squared Raised-Cosine Modulation

This correspondence describes staggered quadrature overlapped squared raised-cosine (QOSRC) modulation. The power spectrum of QOSRC attains good spectral characteristics over a bandpass hardlimited channel compared to quadrature overlapped raised-cosine (QORC) modulation because of less fluctuation of the signal envelope. It is found that QOSRC has better bit error probability performance than QORC.     

Adaptive modulation with constrained variable power for space–time coded MIMO systems

Practically, the maximum transmission power of transmission systems is limited. This power constraint causes the variable power control derived from no maximum power limitation suffering from performance degradation. In this paper, a constrained variable‐power adaptive M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation scheme for MIMO systems with space–time coding is developed. Convex optimization is used to derive the switching thresholds of the instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio for power control (PC) and adaptive modulation under the constraints of maximum power, average power, and target BER. In the derivation of the relation between modulation and power, the exact BER expression of binary phase shift keying modulation and a tight bound for higher order quadrature amplitude modulation are used to make the PC scheme fulfill the target BER even at low signal‐to‐noise ratio where the previous PC schemes fail to meet the target BER. Numerical results show that the derived control scheme under the power constraints can obtain the spectrum efficiency and BER performance close to the previous control scheme without power limitation. Moreover, it can satisfy the requirements of power limitation and target BER and can effectively avoid the excessive power consumption of previous PC scheme in poor channel condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.