A comparison between Walsh and Fourier analysis of the electroencephalogram for tracking the effects of anesthesia

The effects that anesthesia has on the surgical patient can be characterized with the electroencephalogram (EEG). These effects are typically quantified through frequency analysis of the EEG signal. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is usually employed for this purpose. In recent years, the fast Walsh transform (FWT) has been proposed as an alternative to the FFT for signal analysis because it is computationally more efficient, requiring less time to complete on a digital computer. This paper statistically evaluates the quantitative and dynamic differences between the results of Walsh and Fourier analysis of the EEG done for the purpose of characterizing the effects of anesthesia. This paper shows that there are quantitative differences between the results of the two frequency analysis techniques but they are dynamically equivalent, both showing essentially the same changes due to the effects of anesthesia. The efficiency of the FWT has been reconfirmed. These results support the use of the FWT in place of the FFT for tracking the effects of anesthesia on surgical patients with the EEG.     

Walsh变换在数字下变频中的应用研究

讨论了软件无线电接收机中数字下变频处理的高效算法和结构,其目的是在DSP中用软件完成数字下变频处理,这样可省去专用数字下变频器硬件集成电路,并增强中频处理的灵活性、适应性。针对软件数字下变频中滤波-抽取的运算量的考虑,文中提出了用W alsh变换替代传统的用FIR滤波器抗混叠滤波的方案,实验结果表明该方案可有效节约数字信号处理器的时间和空间。     

Successive interference cancellation algorithms for downlink W-CDMAcommunications

In this paper, successive intracell interference cancellation (IIC) of the wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA) signal at the mobile unit is considered. Three new interference cancellation techniques suitable for the downlink of any CDMA system with orthogonal spreading are proposed. No prior knowledge of users' spreading codes or even their spreading factors are required for interference cancellation. A new term, effective spreading code, has been introduced, which is defined as the interfering user physical code as seen by the desired user within the desired user symbol duration. The mobile receiver estimates the effective spreading codes of the interfering users regardless of their spreading factors using fast Walsh transform (FWT) correlators (instead of the regular correlators) and uses this information to suppress the intracell multiuser interference. Three different interference-suppressing techniques are studied: subtraction; combined interfering signal projection; and separate interfering signal subspace projection. The complexity of the proposed techniques is low compared to conventional interference cancellation techniques. For a W-CDMA system and the IMT-2000 vehicular channel model, a capacity increase of up to 150% of the original (without IIC) system capacity is shown     

软件无线电中数字下变频实现方法

介绍了软件无线电短波接收机中数字下变频（diotal down conversion,DDC）的基本原理和应用,以及数字下变频的一般结构。DDC主要是将中频信号和NCO产生的载波信号进行混频,再经过LPF虑除高频分量得到基带信号,从而实现下变频的功能。分别介绍了查表法和应用CORDIC算法实现DDC的过程。     

一种基于FPGA的数字下变频算法研究

在宽带中频软件无线电系统中，数字下变频(DDC)是其核心技术之一。介绍了数字下变频的原理，给出了一种基于FPGA的数字下变频算法，讨论了DDC算法中的关键部分数字锁相环(DPLL)、数字滤波器(DF)和数控振荡器(NCO)的实现，并且比较了这种算法与其他实现方法的优缺点。最后对该算法进行了仿真验证。     

AD6636在宽带数字中频接收机中的应用

数字下变频技术是软件无线电的关键技术之一.本文介绍了AD公司新近推出的高性能数字下变频（DDC）器件AD6636的主要特性和工作原理,通过对宽带和窄带信号滤波器的仿真结果,提出了在数字中频接收机（DIFR）的设计中,能够利用AD6636片内高精度的数字正交下变频器和抽取滤波器,同时利用FPGA实现宽带滤波,可以弥补AD6636的宽带滤波性能较差的缺陷,从而实现宽带数字滤波.     

Walsh-like functions and their relations

A new discrete transform, the `Haar-Walsh transform', has been introduced. Similar to well known Walsh and non-normalised Haar transforms, the new transform assumes only +1 and -1 values, hence it is a Walsh-like function and can be used in different applications of digital signal and image processing. In particular, it is extremely well suited to the processing of two-valued binary logic signals. Besides being a discrete transform on its own, the proposed transform can also convert Haar and Walsh spectra uniquely between themselves. Besides the fast algorithm that can be implemented in the form of in-place flexible architecture, the new transform may be conveniently calculated using recursive definitions of a new type of matrix, a `generator matrix'. The latter matrix can also be used to calculate some chosen Haar-Walsh spectral coefficients which is a useful feature in applications of the new transform in logic synthesis     

Walsh Functions and Gray Code

Gray code is a natural way of ordering binary vectors in dyadic space, hence it appears frequently in connetion with Walsh functions. In Paley's definition of Walsh functions their sequencies are arranged in Gray code. Gray code also appears in a new Walsh function generation algorithm which obtains a function by locating all its sign changes. There are certain computational advantages in using Gray code rather than sequency ordering. Examples in fast Walsh transform, dyadic convolution and digital filtering are given. Methods of Gray code to binary conversion are discussed.     

基于多相滤波的宽带数字接收机二次变频设计

分析了基于多相滤波结构的宽带侦察接收机中频数字信号下变频处理方法。在简要说明多相滤波结构的基础上,介绍了基于多相滤波结构的数字下变频实现方法,重点分析了一种二次变频结构,该结构可以极大简化接收机设计,且具有很大的灵活性。最后通过Simulink仿真验证了该结构的合理性和正确性。     

An efficient algorithm for cyclic convolution based on fast-polynomial and fast-W transforms

This paper first presents a fastW-transform (FWT) algorithm for computing one-dimensional cyclic and skew-cyclic convolutions. By using this FWT in conjunction with the fast polynomial transform (FPT), an efficient algorithm is then proposed for calculating the two-dimensional cyclic convolution (2D CC). Compared to the conventional row-column 2D discrete Fourier transform algorithm or the FPT Fast Fourier transform algorithm for 2D CC, the proposed algorithm achieves 65% or 40% savings in the number of multiplications, respectively. The number of additions required is also reduced considerably.     

基于DSP的多相滤波正交数字下变频

数字下变频(DDC)是中频数字接收机的关键技术,通过将宽带大数据流变成窄带低数据流,以便DSP实时处理。本文提出一种基于多相滤波结构的正交数字下变频方案,通过计算机和DSP仿真,证明了它的可行性。     

A unified fast recursive algorithm for data shuffling in variousorders

Data shuffling in a particular order is frequently required in signal processing applications. The authors present fast recursive algorithms, of order O(N), for shuffling a data sequence in various orders, e.g. bit reversed, Gray code, and other related orders, under a unified framework. These algorithms are computationally efficient in that every permutation index is essentially computed by a single logical or arithmetic operation between a previous index and a proper offset. The proposed algorithms can be used for the fast Fourier transform, fast Hartley transform, and mutual conversion among three typical forms of the Walsh transform     

扩频通信系统中一种实现数字下变频器的算法

介绍了在扩频通信系统中一种产生数字下变频器(DDC)正交本振信号的方法--CORDIC算法,它在产生正弦值和余弦值时不需要太多的ROM资源,只需要简单的移位和加法等迭代操作,很容易在VLSI芯片上实现;文中也给出了用该算法实现DDC的VLSI结构.     

基于MVR CORDIC算法的DDC设计与实现

介绍了基干FPGA的数控振荡器(NCO)的实现方案,基于FPGA的FIR滤波器的实现方案,MVR CORDIC算法的基本原理;给出了基于MVR CORDIC算法的DDC设计,给出了基于FPGA的DDC仿真结果并对其性能进行了分析,结果表明DDC能够高速实时稳定可靠的工作,已应用于S波段遥测中频数字化接收机系统中.     

基于ISL 5416的数字下变频原理及实现

介绍了软件无线电中数字下变频的原理和实现过程,以及Intersil公司生产的DDC芯片ISL 5416可编程数字下变频器的结构和工作过程,在此基础上,以多通道相关干涉仪系统作为应用背景,对其中数字下变频器件在不同工作带宽下的输出数据进行了分析,说明了ISL 5416能灵活地实现多种带宽下的信号下变频,为解决软件无线电中的可变带宽数字下变频提供了解决方案。     

Walsh analysis of power-law systems (Corresp.)

Walsh-type signals exciting memoryless power-law systems are considered. The input is assumed to consist of a sum of weighted Walsh functions. A method is given for finding the weights of the Walsh functions in the output when the input is a finite Walsh series. It is shown that the fast Walsh transform can be used to facilitate the necessary computation.     

高效实现DDC的多类滤波器级联技术

对软件无线电接收机中数字下变频理论进行深入分析,提出了一种基于多类滤波器级联技术的DDC实现方案。采用疏状滤波器、半带滤波器和整形FIR滤波器级联实现数字下变频的抽取滤波,有效减少了乘法器和加法器需求及滤波器阶数,高效实现了数字下变频,达到了系统的设计要求。最后将该技术与传统的FIR滤波方法进行对比,进一步说明其可行性和优越性。     

What is the fast Fourier transform?

The fast Fourier transform is a computational tool which facilitates signal analysis such as power spectrum analysis and filter simulation by means of digital computers. It is a method for efficiently computing the discrete Fourier transform of a series of data samples (referred to as a time series). In this paper, the discrete Fourier transform of a time series is defined, some of its properties are discussed, the associated fast method (fast Fourier transform) for computing this transform is derived, and some of the computational aspects of the method are presented. Examples are included to demonstrate the concepts involved.     

m序列复合码的一种快速相关算法

在直扩系统中,PN码的快速捕获十分重要。由于m序列的优选对有限,故在实际应用中采用复合码作为PN 码。常用的复合码主要有Gold序列和Kasami小集合序列。本文提出了一种利用快速沃尔什变换(FWT)实现对复合码进行快速相关的算法。这种算法适用于由两个m序列模2加形成的复合码,并原则上可以推广到Kasami大集合序列的捕获上。分析表明,我们提出的算法与传统相关算法相比,降低了算法的时间复杂度。     

基于专用DDC的软件无线电接收机的设计

介绍了软件无线电的基本思想及结构，提出了一种基于可编程数字下变频器HSP50214B的中频软件无线电接收系统的设计方案。该方案结构比较简单，灵活性强，能对多种中频信号进行接收处理。