A DWT-Based Rational Dither Modulation Scheme for Effective Blind Audio Watermarking

A scheme jointly exploring the rational dither modulation (RDM) and auditory masking properties in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain is proposed to achieve effective blind audio watermarking. The embedding of binary information is carried out by modulating coefficient vectors in the 5th-level approximation subband using the quantization steps estimated from past watermarked vectors. The robustness and payload capacity of the proposed scheme are maneuverable by varying vector dimensions, while the imperceptibility is ensured by constraining quantization noise below the auditory masking threshold. Furthermore, the periodic characteristic inherited in the RDM formulation can be used to re-establish synchronization for accurate watermark extraction. Experimental results show that the proposed DWT–RDM approach renders a near-zero objective difference grade in the perceptual evaluation of audio quality even when the signal-to-noise ratio maintains at a level near 20 dB. In most digital signal processing attacks, the bit error rates of retrieved watermarks are sufficiently low as compared to other recently developed methods with fewer payload capacities.     

Adaptive spread transform QIM watermarking algorithm based on improved perceptual models

The quantization step is one of the most important factors which affect the performance of quantization watermarking used for image copyright protection. According to the characteristic of perceptual model and the specific attacks, improved perceptual model and different implementations of perceptual model are proposed. They are incorporated into the spread transform quantization index modulation (ST-QIM) framework. The experimental results show that the four algorithms we proposed in this paper can reduce the noise attacks and facilitate common digital image processing operations. Among these, adaptive ST-QIM based on further modified Watson model (ST-QIM-fMW-SS) and adaptive ST-QIM based on modified sensitivity model (ST-QIM-MS-SS) have better performance.     

自适应的混合域音频水印新算法

本文结合小波包变换和离散余弦变换，提出了一种基于听觉模型的混合域自适应音频盲水印算法，在不引入听觉失真的前提下，实现了自适应的水印嵌入。算法首先对音频信号进行小波包分解，使得分解后的子带更接近人耳临界频带。其次对每个子带的小波包系数进行离散余弦变换，计算出子带掩蔽阈值。根据子带掩蔽阈值自适应的选取噪声敏感度小的音频段作为水印嵌入段，选取功率值低于掩蔽阈值的频域系数作为水印嵌入位置，同时采用噪声掩蔽比调整水印嵌入强度。二值水印图像通过量化索引调制的方法嵌入到音频信号的中低频系数中，提取水印时不需要原始音频载体。本算法在水印容量、不可感知性和鲁棒性之间达到了很好的平衡，水印容量在576.7bps到689.5bps之间，算法对添加噪声、重新量化、重新采样、低通滤波和MP3压缩均具有很好的鲁棒性。      

Adaptive image coding with perceptual distortion control

This paper presents a discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based locally adaptive perceptual image coder, which discriminates between image components based on their perceptual relevance for achieving increased performance in terms of quality and bit rate. The new coder uses a locally adaptive perceptual quantization scheme based on a tractable perceptual distortion metric. Our strategy is to exploit human visual masking properties by deriving visual masking thresholds in a locally adaptive fashion. The derived masking thresholds are used in controlling the quantization stage by adapting the quantizer reconstruction levels in order to meet the desired target perceptual distortion. The proposed coding scheme is flexible in that it can be easily extended to work with any subband-based decomposition in addition to block-based transform methods. Compared to existing perceptual coding methods, the proposed perceptual coding method exhibits superior performance in terms of bit rate and distortion control. Coding results are presented to illustrate the performance of the presented coding scheme.     

Image watermarking using DNST-PHFMs magnitude domain vector AGGM-HMT

Invisibility, robustness and payload are three indispensable and contradictory properties for any image watermarking systems. Therefore, in this paper a novel statistical image watermark decoder based on robust discrete nonseparable Shearlet transform (DNST)-polar harmonic Fourier moments (PHFMs) magnitude and effective vector anisotropic generalized Gaussian mixtures (AGGM)-hidden Markov tree (HMT). We begin with a detailed study on the robustness and statistical characteristics of local DNST- PHFMs magnitudes of natural images. This study reveals the excellent robustness, highly non-Gaussian marginal statistics and strong dependencies of local DNST-PHFMs magnitudes. We also find that conditioned on their generalized neighborhoods, the local DNST-PHFMs magnitudes can be approximately modeled as anisotropic generalized Gaussian variables. Based on these findings, we model local DNST-PHFMs magnitudes using a vector AGGM-HMT that can capture all interscale, interdirection, and interlocation dependencies. Meanwhile, model parameters can be estimated effectively by using localization clues guided expectation–maximization (LCGEM) approach. Finally, we develop a new statistical image watermark decoder using the vector AGGM-HMT and maximum likelihood (ML) decision rule. Extensive experimental results show the superiority of the proposed watermark decoder over several state-of-the-art statistical watermarking methods and some approaches based on convolutional neural networks.     

Wavelet-based watermarking for color images through visual masking

In this paper, a wavelet-based watermarking scheme for color images is proposed. The watermarking scheme is based on the design of a color visual model that is the modification of a perceptual model used in the image coding of gray scale images. The model is to estimate the noise detection threshold of each wavelet coefficient in luminance and chrominance components of color images in order to satisfy transparency and robustness required by the color image watermarking technique. The noise detection thresholds of coefficients in each color component are derived in a locally adaptive fashion based on the wavelet decomposition, by which perceptually significant coefficients are selected and a perceptually lossless quantization matrix is constructed for embedding watermarks. Performance in terms of robustness and transparency is obtained by embedding the maximum strength watermark while maintaining the perceptually lossless quality of the watermarked color image. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is more robust than the existing scheme while retaining the watermark transparency.     

一种基于特征的自适应水印算法

基于图像多尺度空间理论和扩频机制以及视觉感知模型的特性,给出一种基于特征的数字图像水印算法。算法采用尺度不变特征变换算子提取图像的局部不变特征区域,根据信噪比特点自适应选取水印嵌入强度因子,将一幅二值水印图像嵌入到原始图像中,实现了数字水印的不可感知性和鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,该算法对添加噪声、压缩、旋转等常见的图像处理攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Multipurpose image watermarking algorithm based on multistage vector quantization.

The rapid growth of digital multimedia and Internet technologies has made copyright protection, copy protection, and integrity verification three important issues in the digital world. To solve these problems, the digital watermarking technique has been presented and widely researched. Traditional watermarking algorithms are mostly based on discrete transform domains, such as the discrete cosine transform, discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Most of these algorithms are good for only one purpose. Recently, some multipurpose digital watermarking methods have been presented, which can achieve the goal of content authentication and copyright protection simultaneously. However, they are based on DWT or DFT. Lately, several robust watermarking schemes based on vector quantization (VQ) have been presented, but they can only be used for copyright protection. In this paper, we present a novel multipurpose digital image watermarking method based on the multistage vector quantizer structure, which can be applied to image authentication and copyright protection. In the proposed method, the semi-fragile watermark and the robust watermark are embedded in different VQ stages using different techniques, and both of them can be extracted without the original image. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of robustness and fragility.     

基于DWT-DFT和SVD域的盲水印算法

提出了一种基于离散小波变换、离散傅里叶变换和奇异值分解相结合的盲水印算法。该算法对原始图像进行一级离散小波变换后选择低频子带图像作分块离散傅里叶变换,然后对分块离散傅里叶变换的幅度谱进行奇异值分解,选择最大奇异值并采用量化嵌入方法实现水印的嵌入和盲提取。为了提高算法对旋转攻击的鲁棒性,采用基于Radon变换的检测算法对待检测图像进行旋转校正。实验结果表明,该算法对一些常规攻击和几何攻击都具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Color image watermark decoder by modeling quaternion polar harmonic transform with BKF distribution

It still remains a challenging problem to improve both of the imperceptibility and robustness for the digital image watermarking task. In this study, a color image watermarking scheme is proposed based on quaternion polar harmonic transform (QPHT) with maximum likelihood decoder, which better balances imperceptibility and robustness in a novel fashion. Thanks to the strong robustness of QPHT, the digital watermark is embedded into the QPHT magnitudes using a multiplicative approach. At the receiver, the watermark decoder can be formulated as a problem of weak signal detection, as the QPHT magnitudes are highly non-Gaussian. In view of this, selection of proper models is of great importance to construct a suitable watermark decoder. Further, we validate that the probability density function of Bessel K form suitably models the heavy tail behavior of QPHT magnitudes, and thus the maximum likelihood decoder is developed by modeling QPHT magnitudes with Bessel K form distribution. Experimental results on standard benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed approach provides better imperceptibility and robustness against various kinds of attacks compared to previous state-of-the-art methods.     

基于BCH和JND的小波域数字图像水印算法

为了提高数字图像水印的鲁棒性,提出一种结合BCH码和JND模型的小波域数字图像水印算法.该算法采用Ar-nold变换和BCH码对二值水印图像进行置乱加密以及编码,对载体图像分块后再进行二维离散小波变换,将加密并且编码后的水印信息嵌入到载体图像各子块的二维离散小波变换的低频子带中,嵌入强度根据载体图像的JND值自适应的选取.实验结果表明,水印的透明性很好,在遭受不同类型和强度的水印攻击时,具有较强的鲁棒性.     

Adaptive step-size algorithm for the interference canceller in the space-time coded DS-CDMA system

In this letter, we propose an adaptive step-size algorithm for the adaptive interference canceller (AIC) in the space-time coded DS-CDMA system. To improve the performance of the fixed step-size AIC (FS-AIC), the regular adaptive step-size algorithm is extended in complex domain and applied to the joint AIC and ML decoder scheme. Simulation results show that the joint adaptive step-size AIC (AS-AIC) and ML decoder scheme using the proposed algorithm has better performance than not only the conventional ML decoder but also the joint FS-AIC and ML decoder scheme without much increase of the decoding delay and complexity.     

一种基于QR分解的DWT域水印算法

提出一种基于QR分解的小波域图像水印算法,是将水印信息矩阵做QR分解并嵌入到做离散小波变换后的载体图像的两个特殊的区域.首先将原始图像进行归一化处理后做离散小波变换,并计算出嵌入区域的嵌入强度;再将水印按照密钥进行置乱;然后再对置乱后的信息做正交分解,得到两个正交矩阵;分别将这两个正交矩阵使用加性规则自适应地嵌入到小波变换域的低频和对角方向上;最后小波逆变换得到含水印的图像.实验结果证明,本算法具有较好的鲁棒性、安全性和不可见性,特别是抗几何攻击效果尤其明显.     

Genetic Watermarking for Zerotree-Based Applications

An optimized scheme for watermarking based on zerotrees is proposed in this paper. Digital watermarking is an effective means for protecting copyrights with three of the most fundamental requirements: watermark imperceptibility, watermark robustness, and watermark capacity. Conventional techniques in the literature mainly perform watermark embedding and extraction processes in the transform domain, including the discrete Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform, and discrete wavelet transform domains. The three watermarking requirements above are in conflict with each other; therefore, finding a way to obtain a trade-off among them is the major purpose of this paper. We first perform watermarking in the wavelet domain. Next, we properly select zerotrees in a wavelet transform with the genetic algorithm. Our simulation results not only demonstrate better performances of the watermarked images after optimization, but also reveal the robustness of the extracted watermarks under common attacks.     

基于子采样方法的DCT域盲水印技术

提出了一种增强水印鲁棒性的盲水印算法.算法在DCT(离散余弦变换)变换域,采用子采样的方法,选择嵌入水印的位置;以视觉感知模型调节嵌入水印的强度.算法的提取不需要原始图像,实现了盲提取.实验结果表明,算法不仅具有较好的不可见性,水印信息在噪声干扰、滤波、图像压缩等攻击下具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Block-based SVD image watermarking in spatial and transform domains

The idea of this paper is to implement an efficient block-by-block singular value (SV) decomposition digital image watermarking algorithm, which is implemented in both the spatial and transforms domains. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT), the discrete cosine transform and the discrete Fourier transform are exploited for this purpose. The original image or one of its transforms is segmented into non-overlapping blocks, and consequently the image to be inserted as a watermark is embedded in the SVs of these blocks. Embedding the watermark on a block-by-block manner ensures security and robustness to attacks such like Gaussian noise, cropping and compression. The proposed algorithm can also be used for colour image watermarking. A comparison study between the proposed block-based watermarking algorithm and the method of Liu is performed for watermarking in all domains. Simulation results ensure that the proposed algorithm is more effective than the traditional method of Liu, especially when the watermarking is performed in the DWT domain.     

Efficient hybrid watermarking schemes for robust and secure 3D‐MVC communication

Digital watermarking is a promising and efficient methodology for protecting the copyright of the transmitted multimedia data. Three‐dimensional videos (3DVs) are transmitted and stored in the form of compressed information. Thus, there is a great need for compressed 3DV watermarking. This paper presents 2 proposed hybrid watermarking schemes for securing the 3DV transmission. The first watermarking scheme is the homomorphic transform–based singular value decomposition in discrete wavelet transform domain. The second scheme is the 3‐level discrete stationary wavelet transform in discrete cosine transform domain. The objective of the 2 proposed hybrid watermarking schemes is to increase the immunity of the watermarked 3DV to attacks and achieve adequate perceptual quality. The performances of the 2 proposed hybrid watermarking schemes are compared with those of the state‐of‐the‐art watermarking schemes. The comparisons depend on both of the subjective visual results and the objective results; the peak signal‐to‐noise ratios of the watermarked frames and the normalized correlation of the extracted watermark frames. Extensive simulation results on standard 3DV sequences have been conducted in the presence of attacks. The obtained results confirm that the 2 suggested hybrid watermarking schemes are robust in the presence of attacks. They achieve not only very good perceptual quality with appreciated peak signal‐to‐noise ratio values but also high correlation coefficient values in the presence of attacks.     

带失真补偿的抖动调制水印算法中的补偿因子研究

带失真补偿的抖动调制水印算法是一种可以获得大容量的量化水印算法,它以量化失真作为补偿来提高抖动调制水印算法的性能,而其中补偿因子是影响该算法性能的关键因素之一.本文从量化水印算法中最小距离解码器的工作原理出发,提出了衡量带失真补偿的抖动调制水印算法鲁棒性的一般模型;在此基础上,应用率失真理论采用高斯信道来模拟有损压缩信道,得到了在有损压缩下使得误码率最低时,选择补偿因子的方法.理论结果表明有损压缩的强度越大时,应该选择的补偿因子越小.实验结果证明了理论结果的正确性.     

基于离散余弦变换的图像半盲水印技术研究

结合Arnold变换置乱和频谱系数相关性检测方法,提出了一种基于离散余弦变换域频谱系数相关性检测的半盲水印方案。通过不同嵌入强度的仿真实验,结果表明在嵌入强度k为2.5时达到最大嵌入量,其含水印图的峰值信噪比为30.489 2 dB,相似度达到0.998 9。通过攻击测试表明提出的水印方案具有较好的稳健性。综合仿真实验和攻击测试结果,表明提出的水印方案较好的保证了水印的不可感知性、稳健性与水印容量之间的平衡。     

MPEG-4自适应视频水印算法

为了更好地保证水印的鲁棒性和不可感知性,结合MPEG-4视频压缩原理以及人类视觉模型系统,提出一种自适应的视频水印算法。根据I帧图像离散余弦变换（DCT）后的直流系数（DC）以及中低频系数个数,设计自适应因子,对不同的图像块采用不同的嵌入强度,将水印嵌入到DCT变换后的低频系数中。实验证明,该算法能够很好地与人类视觉系统相适应,并对常见的攻击有很强的鲁棒性。