一种有效的机载双频干涉地形高程重建方法

双频联合解缠不需要满足Iton假设,因此双频干涉可以有效地提取地形起伏较大区域的高程信息。针对目前双频干涉处理中高程重建精度低的问题,该文提出了一种有效的双频干涉SAR地形高程重建方法。该方法对常规处理流程中的关键步骤进行了改进,首先在不同波段配准之前采用非局部参数估计(NL-InSAR)技术对幅度图、相干系数、干涉相位进行精确估计,利用各个波段滤波后的幅度信息来实现不同波段的干涉相位的配准。然后采用聚类分析技术对联合解缠相位标记有效点和噪点,并利用这些有效点对联合解缠相位进行均值滤波。用于实验的机载实测数据包括同一场景的C波段和X波段主、辅SAR图像复数据,在针对实测数据处理中,该方法取得了较好的高程重建结果。      

基于蚁群算法的InSAR相位解缠算法

该文利用数字地面高程(DEM)数据的变更,由SAR成像机理和双尺度粗糙面散射计算构造得到多景具不同阴影的单视复数(SLC)SAR影像数据。提出一种基于蚁群算法的相位解缠算法,用于多景具不同残差点数量的仿真相干SLC相干图像以及欧洲环境卫星(ENVISAT-ASAR)的InSAR图像的相位解缠,并与其他现有的解缠方法作比较。结果表明:该算法是一种有效的相位解缠方法,解缠精度与解缠速度上要优于其他一些常用的解缠方法。     

Joint Regularization of Phase and Amplitude of InSAR Data: Application to 3-D Reconstruction

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images suffer from a strong noise, and their regularization is often a prerequisite for successful use of their information. Independently of the unwrapping problem, interferometric phase denoising is a difficult task due to shadows and discontinuities. In this paper, we propose to jointly filter phase and amplitude data in a Markovian framework. The regularization term is expressed by the minimization of the total variation and may combine different information (phase, amplitude, optical data). First, a fast and approximate optimization algorithm for vectorial data is briefly presented. Then, two applications are described. The first one is a direct application of this algorithm for 3-D reconstruction in urban areas with very high resolution images. The second one is an adaptation of this framework to the fusion of SAR and optical data. Results on aerial SAR images are presented.      

Unwrapping ground displacement signals in satellite radar interferograms with aid of GPS data and MRF regularization

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by radar satellites at different times can be combined into interferograms that reveal information about the change in range from ground to satellite, wrapped into phase fringes corresponding to half the radar wavelength. We describe a methodology that uses Markov random field (MRF) regularization and simulated annealing optimization to unwrap such differential interferograms. Often, repeated Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic measurements are available in an area covered by interferograms. Here, such repeated GPS observations are used to provide a complementary measurement of the unwrapped change in range at sparse locations. The process of unwrapping interferograms can be initialized and guided with such sparsely located "correct" values. Both interferograms and GPS observations may include several error factors, which are reduced before combining the two observations. GPS-measured range change is used to eliminate residual orbital error. In the unwrapping procedure, a vectorized lowpass filter is used to gain temporarily increased smoother variation of the phase. For the purposes of initializing the unwrapping process, virtual unwrapped interferograms are created by ordinary kriging of GPS-measured range change. The initial interferograms are then optimized further by using MRF regularization that incorporate the assumption of a smoothly varying displacement field and the relationship of the unwrapped images to the GPS observations. A simulated annealing optimization algorithm is used to find an optimal solution of the MRF regularization. The smoothed unwrapped interferograms are then used to construct unwrapped versions of the unfiltered input interferogram. Several additional image analyses methods are used in the optimization process to make the unwrapping more efficient and faster. The unwrapping technique is applied to unwrap interferograms from the Reykjanes Peninsula, in southwest Iceland.     

干涉SAR三维地形成像数据处理技术综述

干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR，Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar）三维地形成像技术能够提供精确的高分辨率地形高度信息，它在上世纪后期发展非常迅速，目前仍是SAR技术领域的研究热点之一。本文给出了干涉SAR三维地形成像数据处理流程及主要步骤，综述了图像配准、相位展开、基线估计以及高度计算等干涉SAR数据处理步骤实现算法的发展概况，比较了各种算法的优劣，最后分析了干涉SAR三维地形成像数据处理所面临的技术难点，并对未来的研究重点作了展望。     

一种InSAR建筑物图像仿真及高程反演方法

城市建筑区域叠掩、阴影严重,图像理解困难且干涉相位变化复杂紊乱,一直是InSAR处理的困难区域。SAR图像仿真能为图像理解和处理方法研究提供数据支撑,然而现有建筑区域SAR图像仿真方法大多无法获得具有相干性的干涉SAR图像对。该文提出了一种面向建筑区域的干涉SAR复图像对仿真方法,能够获得建筑的复数图像对、干涉相位图以及叠掩成分数目等信息,为城区干涉SAR处理及信息提取研究提供仿真数据支撑。同时,基于仿真中对相位变化规律的分析,提出叠掩区相位解缠时的基准确定方法,解决传统解缠方法面临的叠掩区域干涉相位不连续问题,进而反演建筑高程信息。最后,通过建模仿真结果与实际SAR图像和干涉相位的对比,验证了仿真方法的正确性,并对仿真及实际干涉相位进行解缠和高程反演处理,验证了该文高程反演方法的有效性。      

An algorithm for interferometric SAR data processing

In this paper, an algorithm of generating INSAR unwrapped phase image from SAR single-look complex images is presented. Besides the general processing technique, this article focuses on the methods of flat-earth phase removal, phase noise reduction and phase unwrapping. The availability is tested by the results of processing ERS-1/2 SAR images.     

干涉合成孔径雷达数据处理实现方法

本文提出了干涉合成孔径雷达(INSAR)从SAR单视复图像到非模糊相位图的一种实用数据处理方法。详细讨论了其中的去平地相位、相位图噪声抑制、相位展开等的实现方法。并用ERS-1/2的真实SAR图像数据验证该方法的有效性。     

Use of the Dempster-Shafer algorithm for the detection of SAR shipwakes

An automatic detection algorithm (ADA) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ship wakes, based upon the Dempster-Shafer algorithm, is described and applied to a large set of SEASAT wake imagery. The SEASAT images were chosen specifically to test the limitations of the ADA. Images exhibiting multiple SAR ship wakes, short or faint wake features, striated ocean backgrounds, or the presence of other naturally occurring linear ocean features, constituted the majority of images. The ADA correctly classified the majority of the images, with misclassifications linked largely to very short or faint linear features. The ADA performed very well in striated ocean regions and in areas where the wake features were competing with naturally occurring linear ocean structure     

一种针对多通道GMTI的SAR复图像精确配准方法

提出了一种针对多通道GMTI的SAR复图像精确配准算法。首先,系统分析了配准误差对干涉相位的影响,推导出了对应配准误差的干涉相位Cramer-Rao界,并利用Monte Carlo仿真数据对配准误差的影响进行了量化。在此基础上,通过对待配准图像进行二维精确插值处理,生成模板图像库和相应的相关系数库,以适合多通道GMTI的复图像的相位相关为准则,找出模板图像库和相关系数库中与参考图像具有最大相位相关值的图像作为配准图像,从而实现多通道SAR复图像之间的精确配准。对基于所提算法的实测三通道SAR复图像进行慢动目标检测实验,结果表明所提算法能够提供多通道GMTI所需要的配准精度,证明了该算法的有效性和实用性。      

地基SAR干涉相位滤波优化方法

地基SAR对边坡进行形变监测过程中,为了获得较高的图像质量和进行相位解缠的需要,往往要对干涉相位进行滤波优化,以提高干涉相位图的信噪比,减少干涉相位图中的残差点,从而有助于更好地进行相位解缠,提高形变监测的精度与可行性。本文针对地基SAR干涉相位图的空变等特性,对地基SAR干涉相位滤波算法进行了研究,着重介绍了四种经典、高效的干涉相位滤波算法,并进行了地基SAR边坡形变监测试验,使用实测干涉数据进行了四种滤波处理,从定量及定性的角度对每种滤波算法进行了比较与评估。最终给出了最优滤波算法,为地基SAR进行干涉相位实时滤波优化及后续数据处理提供了基础。      

地形测绘用三天线机载干涉合成孔径雷达

回顾了中国科学院电子学研究所重复飞行机载L—SAR干涉系统和机载X波段双天线干涉SAR系统的研制和试验，阐述了利用收发天线分置结构拓展干涉基线长度的方法。在采用三天线的收发天线分置结构机载干涉SAR的基础上，构建三天线的双基线机载干涉SAR，并就其基线精密动态测量和基线优化设计两个关键技术以及系统性能进行了分析。分析结果表明，利用三天线构成的双基线机载干涉SAR是改进相位展开过程、提高高程测量精度的有效方法。     

Unwrapping of MR phase images using a Markov random field model

Phase unwrapping is an important problem in many magnetic resonance imaging applications, such as field mapping and flow imaging. The challenge in two-dimensional phase unwrapping lies in distinguishing jumps due to phase wrapping from those due to noise and/or abrupt variations in the actual function. This paper addresses this problem using a Markov random field to model the true phase function, whose parameters are determined by maximizing the a posteriori probability. To reduce the computational complexity of the optimization procedure, an efficient algorithm is also proposed for parameter estimation using a series of dynamic programming connected by the iterated conditional modes. The proposed method has been tested with both simulated and experimental data, yielding better results than some of the state-of-the-art method (e.g., the popular least-squares method) in handling noisy phase images with rapid phase variations.     

MOS and SEASAT image geometric corrections

Results of studies to generate precise orthoimages from MOS-MESSR data in the visible spectral range and SEASAT-SAR data in the microwave range are reported. The raw MOS-MESSR image has four spectral bands, with an interband misregistration of three to four pixels. A methodology for orthoimage generation directly from each band of the raw image is described. For thematic applications with SEASAT images, most users have access only to slant range or ground range image products, which are often not georeferenced or geocoded with a standardized pixel spacing. The same methodology for creating orthoimages has been adapted for spaceborne SAR images, and tested with a ground range SEASAT image. The analysis of the sensor and satellite motion geometries and the use of a photogrammetric approach allows a rigorous mathematical model for the geometric correction and the rectification of the raw images to be derived. The final accuracy of the geometric corrections is about 25 m for both data types, using only six ground control points     

Key technology of D-InSAR at X-band for monitoring land subsidence in mining area and its application

In theory, land subsidence measurement results with high accuracy can be obtained by using the Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar （D-InSAR） at X-band. In practice, however, the measuring accuracy of D-InSAR at X-band has been seriously affected by some factors, e.g., decorrelation and high deformation gradient. In this work, the monitoring capability of D-InSAR for coal-mining subsidence is evaluated by using SAR data acquired by TerrraSAR-X system. The SAR image registration method for low coherence image pairs, the denoising phase filter for high noise level interferogram and atmospheric effects mitigation method are the key technical aspects which directly influence the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band. Thus, a robust image registration method, an improved phase filter method and an atmospheric effects mitigation method are proposed in this paper. The proposed image registration method successfully achieves InSAR coregistration, while the amplitude cross-correlation cannot properly coregister low coherence SAR image pairs. Moreover, the time complexity of the proposed image registration method is obviously slighter than that of the Singular Value Decomposition （SVD） method. The comparing experiment results and the unwrapping phase results show that the improved Goldstein filter is more effective than the original Goldstein filter in noise elimination. The atmospheric influence correction experiment results show that the land subsidence areas with atmospheric influence correction are more clarified than that of without at- mospheric influence correction. In summary, the presented methods directly improved the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band.     

光栅投影三维轮廓测量及关键技术分析

说明了光栅投影三维测量技术的原理；就国内外的研究和应用状况，对三维测量中的关键技术，如相位测量，解相位，数据配位和拼接，系统结构的调整和标定等进行了分析综述。     

A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming

Phase unwrapping is the reconstruction of a function on a grid given its values mod 2π. Phase unwrapping is a key problem in all quantitative applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, but also in other fields. A new phase unwrapping method, which is a different approach from existing techniques, is described and tested. The method starts from the fact that the phase differences of neighboring pixels can be estimated with a potential error that is an integer multiple of 2π. This suggests the formulation of the phase unwrapping problem as a global minimization problem with integer variables. Recognizing the network structure underlying the problem makes for an efficient solution. In fact, it is possible to equate the phase unwrapping problem to the problem of finding the minimum cost flow on a network, for the solution of which there exist very efficient techniques. The tests performed on real and simulated interferometric SAR data confirm the validity of the approach     

相关系数图分类及其在干涉SAR二维相位展开中的应用

二维相位展开是干涉SAR数据处理中的关键步骤。该文在讨论干涉SAR相关系数图分类与二维相位展开之间关系的基础上,将相关系数图分类应用于干涉SAR二维相位展开。提出了基于K-均值-Markov随机场的干涉SAR相关系数图组合分类算法。在相位展开时对特定类别的区域作相应的处理,避免了不含有效相位区域的相位误差在相位展开过程中的传播。实验结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

Utilization of Spaceborne SAR Data for Mapping

Recent developments in automated processing of digital SEASAT SAR imagery have made feasible the generation of large-scale high-resolution maps. Standard preprocessing of raw data into digital images results in geometrically distorted imagery. Computer algorithms have been developed for unsupervised pixel location, geometric rectification, and mosaicking of multiple-image frames without ground control points. These algorithms utilize knowledge of the spacecraft trajectory data, the imaging geometry, and the coherent properties of the sensor to generate the required processing parameters. This paper discusses the advantages as well as the inherent limitations of this technique, analyzes the associated errors, and presents results using SEASAT SAR imagery. Also discussed are the results of the recent shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) experiment as well as a follow-on experiment (SIR-B) planned for 1984.     

Seasat Synthetic-Aperture Radar Data Reduction Using Parallel Programmable Array Processors

This paper presents a digital signal processing system that produces the SEASAT synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The system consists of a SEL 32/77 host minicomputer and three AP-120B array processors. The partitioning of the SAR processing functions and the design of softwae modules is described. The rationale for selecting the parallel array processor architecture and the methodology for developing the parallel processing scheme on this system is described. This system attains a SEASAT SAR data reduction speed of 2.5 h per 25-m resolution 4-look and 100 km X 100 km image frame. A prelininary performance evaluation of this parallel processing system and potential future applications for remote sensing data reduction are described.