弹载合成孔径雷达动态海面成像模拟研究

海面成像模拟是对海作战导弹弹载合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像制导全过程动态仿真的重要组成部分,对于系统的性能分析和优化设计具有重要意义。研究了弹载情况下SAR对海成像模拟问题,提出了基于三维海面波动模型及弹载SAR工作过程的成像模拟方案。出于逼真性及运算速度的考虑,仿真时动态海面选用基于海浪谱的双尺度模型,海面散射模型选用双尺度散射模型。结合一组典型弹载SAR系统参数,分别在正侧视和斜视模式下对三种典型海况的动态海面进行了成像模拟,并利用实际海面SAR图像的统计特性验证了模拟结果的有效性。     

弹载合成孔径雷达成像处理及定位误差分析

论文基于弹载合成孔径雷达（SAR）空间几何关系，描述了雷达信号数学模型；给出了弹载SAR成像方法；详细分析了弹载SAR水平初始方位角，载体速度的测量误差对于成像定位的影响；推导了各种误差影响成像结果的数学表达式；给出了非直线运动大下冲角情况下，误差分析的计算机仿真和在匹配制导中的实验结果。     

基于遗传算法的弹载SAR弹道优化设计

应用改进实数编码遗传算法研究了基于弹载SAR导引头的反舰导弹末制导段的弹道优化设计问题。首先分析了飞行弹道和观测视角对弹载SAR导引头方位分辨率的影响,建立了导弹运动的数学模型,给出了弹载SAR成像对导弹飞行弹道的约束,然后把导弹横向加速度作为优化变量,构建了与方位分辨率和波束驻留时间相关的目标函数。利用改进了交叉变异算子的遗传算法进行仿真,结果表明,弹道优化后的目标函数值相对于零控方式大幅缩减,证明了该方法的有效性。     

星载SAR海面场景回波仿真

利用分形海面模型、Kirchhoff近似电磁散射模型和基于时序的动态场景回波仿真模型得到星载SAR海面场景回波.给出理想单色波海浪和分形海面回波仿真实例,回波成像结果符合倾斜调制、速度聚束调制和实际海面SAR图像的统计特性,表明该方法有效.仿真得到的回波数据可为星载SAR海面顺轨干涉(ATl-SAR)测洋流、海洋全极化探测、反演海谱等仿真研究提供源数据.     

INS/双天线弹载SAR组合弹体定位技术

 针对弹载景象匹配SAR应用中的弹体定位问题,提出了基于INS/双天线SAR的组合弹体定位技术,通过加装一部向下照射的天线系统,在对典型地物成像的同时实现了对弹体离地面高度的测量.首先介绍了其定位原理,然后推导了利用相对距离、多普勒和弹体高度的定位模型,给出了导弹高度测量误差对定位误差影响的关系式,针对不同的地形起伏,分别提出了基于迭代和地形匹配的弹下点高程误差消除方法,最后分析了双天线定位方法对雷达系统的要求.对典型场景的仿真表明,该定位方法相比利用INS高度通道数据和气压高度计进行定位误差明显减小.     

斜入射下电离层闪烁对GEO SAR成像影响分析

本文基于多相位屏理论,研究了电离层闪烁对GEO SAR成像的影响。首先针对电离层各向异性的特点,修正了各向异性电子密度起伏的功率谱,并重新推导了斜入射条件下随机介质中的电磁波传播方程,改进了传统的基于垂直入射和各向同性电离层条件下的多相屏仿真方法,然后结合典型GEO SAR参数,分析了电离层闪烁对GEO SAR成像的影响。最后,通过Monte Carlo仿真,给出了不同电离层电子密度起伏条件下GEO SAR进行合成孔径处理的最优积累时间。分析结果表明,相同GEO SAR系统配置下,电离层闪烁的起伏越大,合成时间越长,GEO SAR成像质量越差,甚至会出现无法聚焦的情况。      

基于广义Gamma分布的高分辨率SAR图像海岸线检测

本文针对高分辨率SAR图像,采用广义Gamma分布（GΓD）对杂波进行建模,在此基础上提出一种基于水平集分割的海岸线检测方法.GΓD是一种高度灵活的经验分布模型,能够对SAR图像不同类型的地物进行有效建模,其参数可由对数累量法估计得到.基于该分布建立能量泛函,并通过水平集方法最小化能量泛函进行海陆分割,得到海岸线检测结果.利用两幅TerraSAR-X实测SAR图像实验证明,该方法可以实现更精确的海岸线检测.     

基于联合特征空间投影的SAR图像域杂波抑制

杂波抑制是实现地面慢速目标检测(GMTI,Ground Moving Target Indication)的前提条件.本文研究基于高分辨合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像在杂波起伏时地面动目标检测问题.利用沿航迹(along-track)多幅SAR图像的相关性,提出一种基于广义特征分解的联合噪声子空间投影杂波相消算法.理论分析和仿真结果表明该算法在一定程度上能够有效抑制杂波内部起伏,并且对SAR图像配准误差具有稳健性.     

地面粗糙起伏对分布式小卫星SAR回波信号相关性影响分析

该文讨论了地面的粗糙和起伏对分布式星载SAR回波信号相关性的影响。首先利用小平面单元理论建立了粗糙地面的散射模型,并对其统计特性进行了分析;之后,以服从瑞利分布的二维相关随机过程作为地面的起伏模型对分布式星载SAR起伏地面回波信号的相关性进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明当分布式小卫星基线垂直航向分布时,地面的起伏对回波间的相关性影响较大;而分布式小卫星基线沿航线分布时,地面起伏对其回波间的相关性影响则相对较小。     

俯冲弹道前斜视SAR图像几何校正算法研究

弹载合成孔径雷达(SAR)的成像结果受飞行轨迹的影响,会出现严重的几何失真问题。文中首先根据导弹俯冲运动特点,使用高阶逼近模型建立了SAR的回波模型;然后分析俯冲弹道前斜视SAR的几何关系,利用矢量表达式建立了目标坐标与图像坐标的关系,提出了一种适用于俯冲弹道前斜视SAR图像的几何校正算法;最后通过仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。     

Simulation of ocean waves imaging by an along-track interferometricsynthetic aperture radar

A two-dimensional (2D) model for describing the imaging of ocean waves by an along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (AT-INSAR) is derived. It includes the modulation of the normalized radar cross section by the long waves, velocity bunching, and azimuthal image smear due to orbital acceleration associated with long waves and due to the orbital velocity spread within the AT-INSAR resolution cell (parameterized by the scene coherence time). By applying the Monte-Carlo method, AT-INSAR amplitude and phase image spectra are calculated for different sea states and radar configurations. The Monte-Carlo simulations show that velocity bunching affects the AT-INSAR imaging mechanism of ocean waves, and that a unimodal ocean wave spectrum may be mapped into a bimodal AT-INSAR phase image spectrum due to an interference between the velocity term and the velocity bunching term in the AT-INSAR imaging model. It is shown that the AT-INSAR imaging mechanism of ocean waves depends on the ratio of the scene coherence time and the time separation between the observations by the two antennas. If this ratio is larger than one, the AT-INSAR phase image spectra are distorted. Furthermore, the simulations show that the AT-INSAR phase image spectrum is quite insensitive to the ocean wave-radar modulation transfer function. Comparing AT-INSAR with conventional SAR imaging of ocean waves, the authors find that the azimuthal cut-off in AT-INSAR phase image spectra is shifted toward higher wavenumbers than in conventional SAR image spectra. This implies that AT-INSAR can resolve shorter azimuthal wavenumbers than conventional SAR. Thus the authors conclude that AT-INSAR phase images are better suited for measuring ocean waves spectra than conventional SAR images     

Spectral estimation techniques for multilook SAR images of oceanwaves

When deriving a directional ocean wave spectrum from a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) image of the ocean surface, spectral analysis of the image data is a key step. In this paper, a quantitative comparison of spectral analysis techniques for analysis of multilook SAR image data of ocean waves is presented. Performance is rated using a spectral SNR, defined as the ratio of the desired spectral signature to the speckle noise as it appears in the SAR image spectrum. Spectral techniques considered cover all of those now in use (including SAR processor focus adjustment) as well as new experimental methods. It is shown that the spectral-phase-shift technique, introduced in this paper, is the best approach: it maximizes the spectral SNR, it allows resolution of the 180° directional ambiguity, and it applies simultaneously to all wave components present in the scene     

一种弹载侧视SAR大场景成像算法

导弹的俯冲加速运动所带来的较大距离徙动使得SAR成像难度较大。该文根据弹载SAR平台的运动特点,使用高阶逼近模型建立了SAR的回波信号模型。考虑到大场景下的距离空变问题,对目标斜距随时间的变化进行了详细的分析。结合级数反演法,得到了弹载SAR回波信号的2维频域的精确表达式。基于此式,提出了一种适用于弹载SAR俯冲加速运动下的大场景成像算法。理论分析和实验结果表明,该算法对较大场景取得了较好的成像效果,距离向和方位向分辨率都达到了理论分辨率。     

On the Relative Importance of Motion-Related Contributions to the SAR Imaging Mechanism of Ocean Surface Waves

The relative importance of the various motion-related contributions to the SAR imaging mechanism of ocean surface waves is studied by using two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation techniques. It is shown that for wind waves the often-observed stretching of the peak wavelength and the rotation of the spectral peak toward the range direction is caused by both the degradation in azimuthal resolution and the nonlinearity of the velocity bunching mechanism. The distortion of the SAR image spectrum relative to the ocean wave spectrum due to the degradation in azimuthal resolution is mainly caused by the spread of the radial facet velocities within a SAR resolution cell. The effect of the radial orbital acceleration arising from the long waves of scales larger than a SAR resolution cell on the nonlinearity of the SAR imaging mechanism is small. It is argued that the effect of the wave motions on the SAR imaging mechanism cannot always be reduced to a linear azimuthal low-pass filter acting on the ocean slope spectrum. In those cases where the imaging is nonlinear, the ocean wave spectrum cannot be retrieved from the SAR image spectrum by applying linear inversion techniques. For swell imaging, the nonlinearities are usually less strong because swell spectra have a narrower width than wind spectra. Computer simulations of SAR imaging of fully developed wind seas with different peak wavelengths and propagation directions are presented.     

可视化机载SAR海洋场景仿真系统

传统的SAR仿真及成像处理主要基于科学计算软件的大量数学运算,提出了一种机载SAR海洋场景的可视化仿真系统。本仿真系统基于C/S架构,客户端基于OpenGL渲染场景,主要包括动态海洋场景绘制、飞机三维模型导入、机载SAR扫描过程模拟、网络通信、SAR回波成像显示等模块,服务器端负责基于GPU并行计算海洋的SAR仿真回波。系统运行及仿真结果表明,本系统可以较为逼真地实现机载SAR海洋场景的可视化。     

Comparison of Simulated and Measured Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Spectra with Buoy-Derived Ocean Wave Spectra During the Shuttle Imaging Radar B Mission

During the SIR-B mission over the North Sea, two successful synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data takes with simultaneous buoy measurements of ocean wave spectra have been obtained on October 6 and 8, 1984. On October 6, the SAR imaging of ocean waves was predicted as strongly nonlinear and on October 8 as almost linear. The SIR-B experiment confirmed the theoretical predictions. By applying the SAR imaging model based on velocity bunching theory the SAR image spectra are calculated from the measured ocean wave spectra. These calculated SAR image spectra are compared with the SIR-B derived SAR image spectra and it is shown that both agree quite well. This is considered as a further experimental confirmation for the velocity bunching model that has been proposed for describing SAR imaging of ocean surface waves.     

SAR图像港口区域舰船检测新方法

SAR图像港口内舰船检测是SAR图像海洋应用研究的重要方面。快速、准确地检测港口内舰船将大大提高SAR图像的自动解译能力。该文通过分析港口内舰船停靠特点,提出了一种新的SAR图像港口内舰船检测方法。首先基于港口岸线获取港口沿岸区域SAR图像,然后详细分析了港口沿岸区域SAR图像的杂波统计特性,进而采用基于G0分布的CFAR(Constant False Alarm Rate)检测算法完成了港口内舰船检测。实验结果表明,新方法能有效地将不同形状的港口区域的舰船与绝大部分陆地分开,具有港口内舰船检测率高、虚警率低等特点。     

On the cross spectrum between individual-look synthetic apertureradar images of ocean waves

Cross spectra of individual-look synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the ocean surface are used to retrieve ocean wave spectra. A quasilinear transform is derived that relates ocean wave spectra to SAR image cross spectra. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations are also carried out for those cases where quasilinear imaging does not apply. It is shown that, as the time separation between the individual-look SAR images increases (within a limit determined by the Doppler bandwidth of the original single-look complex SAR image), the spectral energy density of the imaginary part of the SAR image cross spectra increases, while the spectral energy density of the real part decreases. The integration time has a small effect on the SAR image cross spectra as long as the integration time is large compared to the scene coherence time. In order to retrieve ocean wave spectra from SAR data by using cross-spectral analysis techniques, the authors suggest calculating two SAR image cross spectra: one with a short time separation and one with a large one between the individual-look SAR images. The real part of the SAR image cross spectra calculated from individual-look SAR images with the short time separation is used for retrieving ocean wave spectra, which have a 180° ambiguity in wave propagation direction. The imaginary part of the SAR image cross spectra calculated from individual-look SAR images with the long time separation is used for removing this 180° ambiguity