雄穗对玉米冠层热辐射方向性的影响分析

通过三维计算机模型TRGM模拟分析了抽穗期雄穗对玉米冠层热辐射方向性的影响,并利用高架车平台和热像仪进行了地面遥感观测验证.结果表明,雄穗的存在对整体冠层的热辐射方向性特征影响较小,在建模和反演过程中可以忽略.     

一种顾及观测视场的行播作物热辐射方向性模型

热辐射方向性是热红外遥感反演和产品真实性检验中的关键问题之一。本文针对行播作物,构建了一个综合考虑光照植被/阴影植被、光照土壤/阴影土壤、植被-土壤多次散射和观测视场多影响因素的行播作物热辐射方向性模型,并详细分析模型精度以及模型对LAI、冠层结构等参数的敏感性。结果表明,本文模型不仅能够很好体现出行播结构热辐射特性和热点效应,而且适用于连续作物热辐射特性模拟;与现有FRA97模型和FovMod模型对比一致性良好,均方根误差分别为0.18 K和0.36 K。     

一种顾及表面间多次散射的热辐射方向性模型

利用辐射换热角系数描述了非同温异质表面间的多次散射效应,据此建立热辐射方向性模型,并对模型的数值计算进行了讨论.将模型应用于行结构目标,结合孔隙率模型模拟其方向亮温(Directional Brightness Tempera-ture,DBT)变化规律.结果表明,模拟得到的规律与地面观测结果具有较高的一致性,平均偏差在0.5 K以内.同时发现,多次散射效应增强了目标DBT,但对DBT的变化幅度又起平滑作用;目标组分的温差、几何结构、发射率均可导致DBT发生变化,温差越大,表面越凹,发射率越小,DBT随观测角度变化的程度越剧烈;模型可以解释热辐射中的"热点效应",认为"热点"的产生主要与组分温度空间分布有关.模型对于研究发射率方向性,城市热红外遥感反演及热红外邻近像元影响等问题可提供参考或思路.     

基于FY-3C/MWHTS资料的海洋晴空大气温湿廓线反演方法研究

针对搭载于风云三号C星(FY-3C)上的微波湿温探测仪(Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder, MWHTS), 建立了海洋晴空大气条件下温湿廓线同时反演的一维变分反演系统.通过对影响反演精度的各个因素进行分析, 确立了该系统的输入参数.对于FY-3C/MWHTS观测亮温与快速辐射传输(Radiative Transfer Model for TOVS, RTTOV)模型的模拟亮温之间的偏差和角度依赖性, 采用逐像元统计回归校正方法进行校正.选择西北太平洋海域晴空条件下的校正亮温数据进行温湿廓线的反演, 并利用欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据集对反演结果进行验证, 结果表明:反演的温度廓线和相对湿度廓线的最大平均偏差分别为1.09 K和5.4%, 最大均方根误差分别为1.48 K和22.69%, 与未校正亮温的反演结果相比, 温度廓线的均方根误差最大可减小1.56 K, 湿度廓线的均方根误差最大可减小14.71%.反演温湿廓线与背景廓线的精度对比表明:反演的温度廓线在10~70 hPa、300~350 hPa和700~850 hPa内的精度高于背景廓线的精度, 而反演湿度廓线的精度除了825~875 hPa, 其他范围均高于背景廓线的精度, 因此FY-3C/MWHTS观测亮温的反演结果可进一步提高预报廓线精度.     

基于高光谱数据的叶面积指数遥感反演

文中耦合叶片辐射传输模型（PROSPECT）和冠层辐射传输模型（SAILH）,基于高光谱载荷通道设置,模拟高光谱冠层反射率数据;利用模拟数据深入分析了不同植被指数与叶面积指数之间的敏感性;通过敏感性分析发现改进型叶绿素吸收植被指数（MCARI2）具备抗土壤背景因素的影响能力,而且对叶面积指数较为敏感,因此该研究建立植被指数MCARI2 与叶面积指数之间的经验统计模型,并用于高光谱数据进行叶面积指数反演;最后利用飞行同步测量的叶面积指数对反演模型进行精度分析。结果表明:相比实测叶面积指数,文中建立的反演模型约低估0.42,该反演模型能够较好的反映出地物真实叶面积指数。     

基于长波红外的高空飞机蒙皮辐射测量方法研究

本文提出一种对飞行中的飞机蒙皮进行辐射测量和温度反演的方法。首先建立蒙皮辐射模型、大气传输模型和绝对辐射校正模型,然后推导出温度反演的公式,使用逐次逼近法计算蒙皮温度。在理论分析的基础上,使用8~12 μm的宽波段长波红外相机进行试验验证和温度反演,对反演温度的不确定度计算并进行修约,得到5 km飞行高度的民航飞机蒙皮温度的修约结果为268 K,修约不确定度为4 K,修约相对不确定度为1.49%。论文研究工作对获取飞机目标红外辐射特性有重要参考价值。     

三维非均匀散射层与其中异常目标的辐射传输

讨论了三维非均匀散射层与其中有异常目标的矢量辐射传输高阶散射与辐射的求解与数值模拟.将三维非均匀散射介质在垂直方位z轴方向划分成许多薄层,再在水平(x,y)方位上划分成方格,用分割形成的各薄盒的零阶热辐射和一阶Mueller矩阵解,推导多阶辐射传输的迭代方法,获得整个散射介质三维VRT方程的高阶散射与辐射解.模拟了微波频段在各空间分辨率的辐射计观测下非均匀植被层和地面上有异常目标的极化辐射亮度温度的观测图像.     

短波红外通道CO2观测的温度敏感性分析

近红外通道观测大气CO2含量是利用其对太阳辐射的吸收作用,温度是影响吸收气体吸收的一个重要因子,文中讨论了CO2观测的温度敏感性.首先阐述了温度对气体吸收谱线的强度、增宽的影响;然后根据CO2反演过程中使用的大气温度产品的精度水平,利用逐线积分辐射传输模型模拟计算了1K的随机温度误差对垂直大气观测的影响,以及由此导致的CO2反演误差,并与模拟的1 ppm和2 ppm的CO2浓度变化所造成的观测与反演变化量进行了比较.通过对比分析六种大气模式下的模拟计算结果,得出1K大气随机温度误差是影响高精度大气CO2观测反演的重要因子.     

一种高效计算高光谱分辨率红外大气辐射传输的方法

传统的大气辐射传输计算方法受计算资源和效率的限制已无法满足星载高光谱分辨率红外大气遥感资料处理的需要,基于单色波长辐亮度计算加权组合的方法,开发了一种快速准确的高光谱分辨率红外大气辐射传输的计算模型FFRTM_IR.利用FFRTM_IR模型,针对研制中的FY-3D红外高光谱大气探测仪(HIRAS)的光谱指标,模拟计算了仪器的观测通道亮温,并用独立样本对模拟亮温进行了验证和比较,结果显示:FFRTM_IR对HIRAS所有通道的模拟亮温偏差均小于0.06 K,标准差有效控制在0.1 K以内;在同等计算精度下,FFRTM_IR的计算速度略快于目前国际上通用的快速辐射传输计算模型CRTM.利用FFRTM_IR模型,采用解析计算方法可以进一步得到温度廓线、水汽廓线、二氧化碳、臭氧廓线以及地表参数的雅克比矩阵,计算结果与扰动法计算结果一致性较好,有较高的计算精度.计算和分析结果表明,初步建立了一种高效的红外大气辐射传输计算模型,可用于星载高光谱红外大气探测仪器的观测仿真和资料处理.     

基于大气辐射传输模型的地物偏振反射率反演方法

提出一种基于大气矢量辐射传输模型的地物偏振反射率反演方法.利用辐射传输模型,建立地表反射率、观测条件与传感器入瞳处辐亮度偏振态的查找表,再进行查找表反查及数值计算,完成偏振反射率反演.验证实验表明,典型地面目标物的偏振反射率反演精度可达到90%.     

Principles of the radiosity method versus radiative transfer forcanopy reflectance modeling

The radiosity method is introduced to plant canopy reflectance modeling. The authors review the physics principles of the radiosity method which originates in thermal radiative transfer analysis when hot and cold surfaces are considered within a given enclosure. The radiosity equation, which is an energy balance equation for discrete surfaces, is described and contrasted with the radiative transfer equation, which is a volumetric energy balance equation. Comparing the strengths and weaknesses of the radiosity formulation with those of the radiative transfer formulation for canopy reflectance modeling, it is concluded that both methods are complementary to each other. Results of a sample calculation are given for a simplified canopy model with 4000 leaves     

L-band radiometer measurements of soil water under growing clover grass

A field experiment with an L-band radiometer at 1.4 GHz was performed from May-July 2004 at an experimental site near Zurich, Switzerland. Before the experiment started, clover grass was seeded. Thermal infrared, in situ temperature, and time-domain reflectometer (TDR) measurements were taken simultaneously with hourly radiometer measurements. This setup allowed for investigation of the microwave optical depths and mode opacities (parallel and perpendicular to the soil surface) of the clover grass canopy. Optical depths and opacities were determined by in situ analysis and remotely sensed measurements using a nonscattering radiative transfer model. Due to the canopy structure, optical depth and opacity depend on the polarization and radiometer direction, respectively. A linear relation between vegetation water-mass equivalent and polarization-averaged optical depth was observed. Furthermore, measured and modeled radiative transfer properties of the canopy were compared. The model is based on an effective-medium approach considering the vegetation components as ellipsoidal inclusions. The effect of the canopy structure on the opacities was simulated by assuming an anisotropic orientation of the vegetation components. The observed effect of modified canopy structure due to a hail event was successfully reproduced by the model. It is demonstrated that anisotropic vegetation models should be used to represent the emission properties of vegetation. The sensitivity of radiometer measurements to soil water content was investigated in terms of the fractional contribution of radiation emitted from the soil to total radiation. The fraction of soil-emitted radiation was reduced to approximately 0.3 at the most developed vegetation state. The results presented contribute toward a better understanding of the interaction between L-band radiation and vegetation canopies. Such knowledge is important for evaluating data generated from future satellite measurements.     

Remote sensing of solar radiation absorbed and reflected byvegetated land surfaces

The problem of remotely sensing the amount of solar radiation absorbed and reflected by vegetated land surfaces was investigated with the aid of one- and three-dimensional radiative transfer models. Desert vegetation was modeled as clumps of leaves randomly distributed on a bright dry soil with a ground cover of generally less than 100%. Surface albedo (ALB), fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (FAPAR), fractions of solar radiation absorbed by the canopy (FASOLAR) and soil (FASOIL), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were calculated for various illumination conditions. The magnitude of errors involved in the estimation of surface albedo from broadband monodirectional measurements was assessed. The nature of the relationships between NDVI vs. FASOLAR, FAPAR, FASOIL, and ALB and their sensitivity to all problem parameters were investigated in order to develop simple predictive models. The relationship between NDVI measured above the atmosphere and that sensed above the canopy at the ground surface was studied to characterize atmospheric effects     

通用大气辐射传输软件CART在场景计算中的应用（特邀）

研制了通用大气辐射传输软件CART,可以根据大气参数计算可见光到远红外波段的大气光谱透过率和背景辐射（包括环境散射太阳辐射和热辐射）。光学工程特别关注某一波段的大气透过率随天顶角、距离等参数的多维变化,需要快速计算这些场景变化的大气光学特性。介绍了CART新增的大气辐射传输二维场景计算功能。引入离散坐标法（DISORT）模块,一次计算可同时得到各方位角和天顶角的多次散射辐射强度,大大提高了计算效率。对于大气透过率和热辐射随空间位置的变化缓慢的特点,采用抽样计算、样条插值的方法,在保持计算精度基本不变的情况下,大大节省了计算时间。对于场景计算,相对于逐点串行计算,速度提高了2~3个量级。这在实际工程应用的大气辐射传输场景计算中将有重要的应用。     

非制冷色散式成像光谱仪辐射传递模型

根据接收信号信噪比,研究了基于非制冷微测辐射热计阵列构造色散式成像光谱仪的可行性.综合考虑目标红外辐射特性、大气传输透过率、仪器接收孔径、色散式光谱仪辐射传递特性、红外阵列探测器参数、数据链传输等环节,建立了完善的色散式长波红外成像光谱仪辐射能量传递模型.选用典型地物红外发射率数据,非制冷微测辐射热计红外焦平面阵列参数,利用低分辨率大气辐射传输计算软件LOWTRAN生成大气红外透过率曲线,依据传递模型,计算了以非制冷微测辐射热计阵列为探测器的色散式长波红外成像光谱仪可达到的光谱分辨率,验证了依据非制冷红外探测器构建小型红外成像光谱遥感器的潜力.     

Microwave Emission and Plant Water Content: A Comparison between Field Measurements and Theory

Microwave radiation from a canopy cover depends primarily on the vegetation's thermal and dielectric properties; the latter are dependent on plant biometrical parameters and water content. Emission measurements carried out by means of ground-based X-and Ka-band radiometers have shown that crop coverage of soil can be detected through the spectral signatures of bare soil and vegetation. Moreover, measured brightness temperature and the radiative transfer theory for a scattering medium allow estimation of the scattering and absorption properties of the canopy. These parameters have been computed for corn and alfalfa using experimental data and a simple model in which anisotropic scattering is considered by means of transformed parameters w' and r'. We found that the single scattering albedo w' is always lower than 0.1, whereas the optical depth T' is very high. The latter has been correlated to plant water content by means of a logarithmic function.     

沙尘气溶胶对热红外分裂窗通道亮温和地表反演温度的影响研究

沙尘气溶胶通过改变地-气系统的热红外辐射传输可引起地表温度遥感探测结果发生变化.较系统地研究了冬季和夏季沙尘气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)变化对热红外分裂窗通道亮温(BT)和地表反演温度(LST)的影响,以及反演结果受大气水汽和地表因素的作用.红外辐射传输模拟计算表明:1)沙尘气溶胶影响下,热红外分裂窗通道亮温差小于零;2)随AOD增大,BT和LST都减小,其中LST减小的速度大于BT;3)不同水汽含量下LST变化不明显;4)当AOD较大时,LST主要反映沙尘层的温度信息.模拟结果与中国北方典型沙尘实例分析结果有较好的一致性.     

梯度温度气体介质的热辐射传递特性研究

高速导弹光学窗口外存在激波层,为高度不均匀的梯度温度气体介质,针对其中的热辐射传递开展一种有效数值求解方法研究.基于离散传递法的思想,利用光线传输模型寻找导引头探测口径内的视线路径,推衍出激波层的热辐射强度计算模型,并研究此模型所得激波层热辐射噪声与来流参数之间的关系,给出经验公式,结果表明,对于3 ～8 μm红外波段...     

Propagation in a two-dimensional periodic random medium withinhomogeneous particle distribution

The behavior of electromagnetic waves when propagating in a periodic random medium, such as a row-structured canopy, is considered. The semideterministic character of the particle distributions is represented by nonuniform extinction and phase matrices and the problem is formulated by the radiative transfer equation. Solution of the radiative transfer equation is pursued both iteratively and by using a numerical technique, based on the discrete-ordinate approximation and Taylor series expansion. It is shown that the numerical solution for the periodic canopy is computationally efficient, and a closed-form for the first-order solution (iterative approach) of the radiative transfer equation is obtained for periodic cases. The analytical and numerical results are compared with transmission measurements at L- and C-band frequencies for a corn canopy for a variety of canopy conditions, with good agreement     

Energy Transport by Radiation in Hyperbolic Material Comparable to Conduction

Radiation as a heat transfer mode inside a bulk material is usually negligible in comparison to conduction. Here, the contribution of radiation to energy transport inside a hyperbolic material, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), is investigated. With hyperbolic dispersion, i.e., opposite signs of dielectric components along principal directions, phonon polaritons contribute significantly to energy transport due to a much greater number of propagating modes compared to that in a normal material. A many‐body model is developed to account for radiative heat transfer in a material with a nonuniform temperature distribution. The total radiative heat transfer through hBN is found to be largely contributed by the high‐κ modes within the Reststrahlen bands, and is comparable to phonon conduction. Experimental measurements of temperature‐dependent thermal transport also show that radiative contribution to thermal transport is of the same order as that from phonons. Therefore, this work shows, for the first time, radiative heat transfer inside a material can be comparable to phonon conductive heat transfer.