大规模水下传感器网络时间同步研究

该文针对大规模水下传感器网络,对信标节点覆盖内的节点,设计了基于静态信标节点的时间同步算法;对信标节点覆盖范围外的节点,设计了动态节点辅助的时间同步算法。减少了节点移动对同步精度的影响。同时,根据水下声速变化规律,设计了水下传感器网络分层时间同步机制,有效克服了已有算法在处理大规模水下传感器网络时间同步问题上的不足。仿真结果表明,该方法的同步效果明显好于现有的算法。     

水下传感器网络时间同步技术综述

 时间同步是传感器节点协同工作的基础.水下传感器网络由于采用水声通信方式,具有不同于陆地无线传感器网络的特点,为时间同步算法研究带来了新的挑战.论文首先说明同步问题与同步算法的形式化定义,然后讨论水下传感器网络不同于陆地传感器网络的特点,并指出相关特点对于同步问题的影响;接着综述陆地传感器网络同步算法的研究进展,分析相关算法用于水下环境的不足;进而介绍水下传感器网络同步算法的研究进展,并通过仿真实验完成了相关算法的性能对比;最后总结水下传感器网络时间同步的关键问题,指出进一步的研究方向.     

水下声传感器网络的同步与最优TDMA调度

水声信道的传输时延大、多径扩展严重、带宽受限等特点,极大地制约了水声通信系统的可靠性和有效性。实现水下传感器网络同步,并在同步的基础上设计调度协议是提高水下传感器网络性能的重要手段。在对水声网络同步机制深入研究的基础上,提出了一种基于时空特性的TDMA调度机制(ST-TDMA)。考虑传播时延抖动、同步误差和同步开销的影响,分析并求解了ST-TDMA的最优保护时间间隔。仿真结果表明,提出的ST-TDMA方案可以获得显著的网络吞吐量和端到端时延性能提升。     

无线传感器网络延时测量数据的信息熵与不确定性

无线传感器网络的时间同步是无线传感器网络的一个重要的研究方向.本文利用时钟偏移量误差的规律性,提出基于指数时延的无线传感器网络时钟同步算法.在DMTS算法的基础上引入指数时延得到了发送者的同步模型.针对无线传感器网络延迟测量数据处理中掺杂的主观因素不能准确反映客观现实的问题,采用最大熵方法,根据测量数据求取被测量的概率...     

一种长时延网络中移动节点间的时间同步算法

长时延网络的同步对于提升网络传输效率,增加网络吞吐量具有重要意义。现有用于长时延网络典型时间同步协议有TSHL,Tri-Message等,这些同步协议都是针对传播时延保持稳定或者保持短时稳定的长时延网络,但在实际情况中,有时传播时延会发生变化,如节点间相对位移的变化,如何在这样的长时延网络中进行时间同步也是一个值得研究的问题,文中提出了一种运用于长时延网络中移动节点间的时间同步算法,利用节点间多次的信息交互计算出传播时延变化的速率,然后对时延变化进行估算来进行时间偏移的补偿以达到时间同步。     

CT-TDMA：水下传感器网络高效TDMA协议

针对水下无线传感器网络(UWSN,underwater sensor networks)提出以发送端为中心以连续时间为计量单位的冲突状态模型——局部冲突状态图及其分布式构建算法,并在此基础上设计了基于启发式规则的水下传感器网络TDMA协议(CT-TDMA,continuous time based TDMA)。CT-TDMA利用UWSN中同一接收节点与不同发送节点之间链路时延的差异性,减少在目的端的接收帧之间的空闲时间,从而提高网络流量;基于启发式规则的分配算法,能有效缩短连续时间轴上的时刻分配所花费的时间。模拟实验证明:CT-TDMA与以ST-MAC为代表的按时隙分配的TDMA方案相比,网络流量提高了20%,数据分组的端到端时延降低了18%;与由全局知识所计算出的最优分配策略相比,网络流量达到了80%,端到端时延仅延长了12%。     

移动水声异步网络自定位和时间同步联合的单向动态预测算法

节点位置的实时变化以及水下长传输时延等特性影响了移动水声异步网络(MUAANs)的时间同步与自定位精度。针对上述问题,该文研究并提出一种自定位和时间同步联合的单向动态预测算法。该算法通过建立时间同步与自定位联合的状态与观测模型,同时预测不同时刻下移动节点的位置信息与时钟差异,实现网络的联合位置跟踪与动态时间同步。与此同时,由于该算法仅采用节点间的单向信息传输即可实现自定位与时间同步,有效解决了由水下长传输时延导致的移动节点间双向信息交互时延差异的问题,提高了网络的自定位与时间同步精度和效率。仿真结果表明,该文所提算法可以高精度地联合预测移动水声异步网络的自定位与时间同步结果,且有效增强了网络的时间同步与自定位时间效率。     

无线传感器网络煤田火区监测系统的可靠性技术

可靠性技术是无线传感器网络在煤田等大面积环境监测的关键,其中时钟同步和数据远程传输是两个中心环节.本文针对现有时间同步算法计算量大、对硬件要求高的不足,提出了线性拟和修正和自校正相结合的时间同步算法.在TCP/IP远程通信中,为了保证无线传感器网络与移动网络之间通信的可靠性,设计了Winsocket下的自适应心跳包技术...     

基于多层抽样反馈的传感器网络时间同步算法

针对目前传感器网络时间同步算法存在的问题,提出了一种全网时间同步算法FTS(full-scale time synchronization),其基本思想是从整体角度对传感器网络实施逐轮次的推送式的时间同步操作,并通过少量抽样节点的反馈数据计算时间同步操作的有关参数.在常见的TelosB节点上给出了FTS算法的实现.实验和分析表明,FTS算法是一类收敛快速、资源高效、同步精度较高和运算复杂度较低的时间同步方法,目前已经在无线传感器网络测试平台上得到了应用.     

时延受限的移动sink数据收集算法

在实时性要求比较高的应用中,时延要求限制了sink的移动速率与移动轨迹,sink的移动速率限制了节点与sink的通信时间,因此很难兼顾时延要求与数据收集效率。提出一种时延受限的移动sink数据收集算法MSDC,在低能耗缓存区内找到一条sink的最优移动轨迹,在有限的时间限制内利用sink的移动性来提升传感器网络的数据收集性能。仿真结果表明,与已有算法比较,该方案能够提高网络数据采集量,降低能耗,延长网络生命周期。     

Time Synchronization Protocol with Minimum Message Communication for High Latency Networks

Time synchronization is a critical component of the infrastructure of wireless sensor networks (WSN). In a high latency environment such as underwater, traditional approaches to time synchronization have limited accuracy. A new method is describe for time synchronization that takes into account clock skew, clock offset, and also propagation delay. Minimum message communication is used as a performance measure of the quality of this new time synchronization protocol.     

E2DTS: An energy efficiency distributed time synchronization algorithm for underwater acoustic mobile sensor networks

Time synchronization plays an important role in wireless sensor network applications and energy conservation. In this paper, we focus on the need of time synchronization in underwater acoustic mobile sensor networks (UAMSNs). Several time synchronization algorithms have been carried out in this issue. But most of them are proposed for RF-based wireless sensor networks, which assume that the propagation delay is negligible. In UAMSNs, the assumption about rapid communication is incorrect because the communication is primarily via acoustic channel, so the propagation speed is much slower than RF. Furthermore, the propagation delay in underwater environment is time-varying due to the nodes’ mobility. We present an energy efficiency distributed time synchronization algorithm (called “E²DTS”) for those underwater acoustic node mobility networks. In E²DTS, both clock skew and offset are estimated. We investigate the relationship between time-varying propagation delay and nodes mobility, and then estimate the clock skew. At last skew-corrected nodes send local timestamp to beacon node to estimate its clock offset. Through analysis and simulation, we show that it achieves high level time synchronization precision with minimal energy cost.     

Vertical and horizontal synchronization services with outlier detection in underwater acoustic networks

Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs) have important applications in ocean exploration and lake pollution monitoring. UANs are however different from terrestrial sensor networks due to their highly variable, long propagation delay, and mobility. Clock synchronization is an important protocol to achieve timing‐based sensor communications. In this paper, we propose a three dimensional, scalable UAN time synchronization scheme that can achieve both horizontal (i.e., in the same water depth) and vertical (i.e., from bottom up to the surface) clock synchronization to overcome the effects of long acoustic delay. To secure UAN clock synchronization services, we also propose a two‐step security UAN synchronization model: (1) correlation test and (2) statistical reputation and trust model. The proposed model can detect outlier timestamp data and identify nodes generating insider attacks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Doppler auxiliary time synchronization algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor network

Time synchronization problem in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSN) was studied.Due to the propagation of acoustic signals in underwater environment and nodes movement bring some problems to time synchronization.A distributed time synchronization algorithm was proposed based on Doppler method,called NU-Sync.NU-Sync solved the problem of uncertainty propagation delay caused by nodes movement through calculating relative velocity.And autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was used as beacon node which can save energy consumption in the process of calculation clock skew.Simulation resulted show NU-Sync achieves high level time synchronization precision.     

基于分簇的多跳无线传感网络时间同步算法

针对典型的时间同步算法应用到多跳拓扑网络时存在时间同步精确度差、收敛速度慢、功耗较大等问题,文章提出一种基于分簇的多跳无线传感网络时间同步算法。该算法结合了TPSN算法和RBS算法的同步思想,摒弃了TPSN算法同步周期长的缺点而保留了其同步精确度高的优点,也解决了RBS同步开销大和难于应用到多跳网络的问题。该算法具有相当高的同步精度,并有效降低了同步功耗,具有一定的实用性。     

A Slotted-FAMA based MAC Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks with Data Train

Underwater wireless sensor networks are significantly different from terrestrial wireless sensor networks in that sound is mainly used as the communication medium. The limited bandwidth, long propagation delay and high bit error rate pose great challenges in Media Access Control (MAC) protocol design for underwater wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a Slotted-FAMA based MAC protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks with data train, called SFAMA-DT. It improves the channel utilization by forming a train of data packets of multiple transmission pairs during each round of simultaneously handshakes, which overcomes the multiple RTS attempts problem of Slotted-FAMA in high traffic environments and greatly reduces the relative proportion of time wasted due to the propagation delays of control packets. Our simulations show that the SFAMA-DT is able to achieve much higher throughput than the Slotted-FAMA protocol.     

Optimal load balanced clustering in homogeneous wireless sensor networks

Balancing the load among sensor nodes is a major challenge for the long run operation of wireless sensor networks. When a sensor node becomes overloaded, the likelihood of higher latency, energy loss, and congestion becomes high. In this paper, we propose an optimal load balanced clustering for hierarchical cluster‐based wireless sensor networks. We formulate the network design problem as mixed‐integer linear programming. Our contribution is 3‐fold: First, we propose an energy aware cluster head selection model for optimal cluster head selection. Then we propose a delay and energy‐aware routing model for optimal inter‐cluster communication. Finally, we propose an equal traffic for energy efficient clustering for optimal load balanced clustering. We consider the worst case scenario, where all nodes have the same capability and where there are no ways to use mobile sinks or add some powerful nodes as gateways. Thus, our models perform load balancing and maximize network lifetime with no need for special node capabilities such as mobility or heterogeneity or pre‐deployment, which would greatly simplify the problem. We show that the proposed models not only increase network lifetime but also minimize latency between sensor nodes. Numerical results show that energy consumption can be effectively balanced among sensor nodes, and stability period can be greatly extended using our models.