The Application of the Theory of the Price Elasticity of Demand to the EMS Management

1　Introduction　ExpressMailService (EMS )wasopenedupbyChinaPostintheearly 80stomeettheneedsofeco nomicdevelopment.It sthemostcompetitiveoneofthepostservices.There recivilaviation ,Chinarail wayandotherprivateexpressdeliverycompaniesdomesticallyandUPS ,TNT ,DHLandTEDEXcompetingwithEMSintheinternationalmarket.OneofthemostpowerfulcompeteweaponofthesecompaniesisthelowerpricethanEMS[1 ] .BecauseofthefiercecompetitionEMSdeclinedfromthemo nopolistindomesticandinternationalmarketoftheear…     

美国5G频谱战略概述及启迪

5G作为新一代通信技术发展的主要方向,是当前全球技术和产业竞争的新高地,韩国、美国、英国、瑞士、中国于2019年抢先进入5G商用阶段。但是,5G的全球竞争势必是一场长跑赛,各主要国家和地区陆续发布了本国的5G发展战略。介绍了美国FCC(Federal Communications Commission,联邦通信委员会)主席正在推行的“5G加速发展”战略框架下的频谱工作进展,给出了对我国5G及其未来演进发展的启迪。     

Bi-level Dynamic Optimization of Pumped-storage Hydroplants in a Competitive Power Pool. Part II: Case Studies

This paper is the second in a series of two articles. It presents the results obtained through numerical simulation with the bi-level dynamic optimization model develop to program the daily operation of a pumped-storage hydroplant in a competitive Electricity Market with a centralized structure. In the scenario proposed for the demand and valuation of water in the upper reservoir, the model of perfect competition and the model of Cournot achieve in practice the same fuel economy so there are no differences from the point of view of the competitive pool operator. From the point of view of the competitive pool agent, the pumped-storage hydroplant, the situation is completely different as regards the apportion of benefits resulting from each model, being the model of perfect competition more advantageous.     

Non‐inferior Nash strategies for routing control in parallel‐link communication networks

We consider a routing control problem of two‐node parallel‐link communication network shared by competitive teams of users. Each team has various types of entities (traffics or jobs) to be routed on the network. The users in each team cooperate for the benefit of their team so as to achieve optimal routing over network links. The teams, on the other hand, compete among themselves for the network resources and each has an objective function that relates to the overall performance of the network. For each team, there is a centralized decision‐maker, called the team leader or manager, who coordinates the routing strategies among all entities in his team. A game theoretic approach to deal with both cooperation within each team and competition among the teams, called the Non‐inferior Nash strategy, is introduced. Considering the roles of a group manager in this context, the concept of a Non‐inferior Nash strategy with a team leader is introduced. This multi‐team solution provides a new framework for analysing hierarchically controlled systems so as to address complicated coordination problems among the various users. This strategy is applied to derive the optimal routing policies for all users in the network. It is shown that Non‐inferior Nash strategies with a team leader is effective in improving the overall network performance. Various types of other strategies such as team optimization and Nash strategies are also discussed for the purpose of comparison. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Telecommunications and the future

The effect of deregulation on the telecommunications industry and GTEs strategy in the resulting competitive environment are examined. The impact of increased competition on research and development efforts is discussed. The relationships among the US Congress, the Federal Communications Commission, and the industry are explored. Economic factors in a system that carries unregulated as well as regulated services and goals for the industry are considered     

以创新的战略管理理论来看中国广电网络运营商的竞争优势

面对日趋激烈的行业竞争,中国广电网络运营商运行机制弊端凸显。参与市场化的竞争须修炼好内功,先进的企业战略管理机制是制胜的关键。结合已有的经典战略管理理论（以核心能力和价值链理论为基础）,创新提出了一种以竞争优势获取为目标的企业战略管理理论。同时结合该理论对中国广电网络运营商进行相关分析,为其赢得行业竞争探求初步的企业竞争管理机制,提出合理化、现实化的建议。     

Developing winning proposal strategies

Several strategies that comprise an overall blueprint for a winning proposal strategy are described. They are the will-to-win strategy, the customer development strategy, assessing the competition, the pricing strategy, tactics and themes, the proposal presentation strategy, and the review strategy. It is shown that the methods presented offer a deliberate and thoughtful scheme for planning a proposal development effort so that customer-critical issues are identified and addressed using an overall strategy translated into detailed sub-strategies     

Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame: Michael I. Pupin

In 1924, the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) selected Michael I. Pupin as the seventh recipient of its Medal of Honor. He was cited for his "fundamental contributions in the field of electrical tuning and the rectification of alternating currents used for signaling purposes". An influential electrical engineering educator and inventor, he had served as the president of the IRE in 1917 and had received the Edison Medal from the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) in 1920. He also received the Pulitzer Prize in 1924 for his autobiography entitled From Immigrant to Inventor and served as president of the AIEE in 1925. His pioneering work on the so-called loading coil used in telephony brought him considerable fame and financial rewards. He was a mentor of such well-known pioneers in radioelectronics as Alfred N. Goldsmith and Edwin H. Armstrong.     

中国手机产业竞争能力分析

我国手机生产企业从1999年的5家发展到2002年的37家，已形成年产手机1．5亿部的生产能力。国外厂商一直在主导手机市场发展潮流，国产品牌手机厂商则实现了群体突破：核心技术上没有自主知识产权和产品设计方面是严重限制国产手机快速发展的瓶颈。目前．国内手机市场竞争的情况主要表现在以下方面：产品策略的变革．趋向大众消费领域，规模化战略奠定竞争优势．品牌形象的突破，营销模式的创新．渠道之争日趋复杂。     

The discovery of bioelectricity and current electricity The Galvani?Volta controversy

Amid the tumultuous confusion and complexity of modern events, it is difficult to acquire the general historical perspective so important to the scientist and the engineer of pioneering nature. Yet a broad vision of the past is a most valuable asset to the workers and inventors of today. It forms a foundation for further progress and suggests roads to even higher goals than we have thus far reached. It is truly said that we of today stand on the shoulders of giants. To help us use the past to inspire us to future achievement, the authors of this article give us a thrilling trip in what might be termed a ``technological time machine.' Hopefully we shall all benefit from the lessons set forth, from the examples of Galvani and Volta, of Nobili and Matteucci. We of the space age, with all the array of modern techniques at our command, clearly still can gain much by noting and emulating the ingenuity, inspirational qualities, and tenacity of purpose of these great pioneers. Present-day investigators may also marvel at the insight of their predecessors who derived so much fundamental knowledge with the primitive and even erratic equipment at their disposal. It is truly remarkable that they wrested such great wisdom from such limited resources. If the story of their ability can continue to guide and encourage the scientist and the engineer, then the future promises ever-greater accomplishments for the service of mankind.     

LTE-A技术中基于功能博弈的无线资源分配策略

针对LTE-A(长期演进技术的后续演进)技术的RRM(无线资源管理)及优化问题,提出一种在LTE-A系统中基于RRM功能博弈的无线资源分配策略。其主要思想是根据RRM中的两个功能——无线接纳控制和无线承载控制之间的竞合关系,建立博弈模型,通过求取博弈模型的纳什均衡,实现系统服务量的最大化,以达到运营商经济利益和用户满意度的有效统一。     

论我国电力企业实施ERP的必要性

自从我国加入世界贸易组织以来,市场竞争激烈。电力企业要在市场竞争中谋求发展,有立足之地,就必须加强企业自身的竞争能力,并不断自我完善,争取实现企业的最大利益。文中介绍了ERP的特征和应用前景,并对电力企业目前现状和企业追求的目标以及实施ERP的重要意义等几个方面进行了探讨。     

The impact of new product development acceleration approaches on speed and profitability: lessons for pioneers and fast followers

This work investigates the impact of nine new product development (NPD) acceleration approaches (supplier involvement, lead user involvement, speeding up activities and tasks, reduction of parts and components, training and rewarding of employees, implementation of support systems and techniques, stimulating interfunctional cooperation, emphasis on the customer, and simplification of organizational structure) on development speed and new product profitability. Our findings from 233 manufacturing firms show that lead user involvement and training/rewarding of employees increase both development speed and profitability. Supplier involvement, speeding up activities and tasks, and a simplification of the organizational structure also enhance development speed, while an emphasis on the customer has an additional positive impact on new product profitability. Both new product speed and profitability increase firm financial performance. Our results further show that pioneers and fast followers should not select the same NPD acceleration approaches as the speed and profitability impact of the majority of the acceleration approaches depends on the new product strategy of the firm. These results are important as they provide guidance for pioneers and fast followers regarding which NPD acceleration approaches to select in order to enhance speed and profitability and, hence, firm financial performance.     

Technology competition and optimal investment timing: a real options perspective

Companies often choose to defer irreversible investments to maintain valuable managerial flexibility in an uncertain world. For some technology-intensive projects, technology uncertainty plays a dominant role in affecting investment timing. This article analyzes the investment timing strategy for a firm that is deciding about whether to adopt one or the other of two incompatible and competing technologies. We develop a continuous-time stochastic model that aids in the determination of optimal timing for managerial adoption within the framework of real options theory. The model captures the elements of the decision-making process in such a way so as to provide managerial guidance in light of expectations associated with future technology competition. The results of this paper suggest that a technology adopter should defer its investment until one technology's probability to win out in the marketplace and achieve critical mass reaches a critical threshold. The optimal timing strategy for adoption that we propose can also be used in markets that are subject to positive network feedback. Although network effects usually tend to make the market equilibrium less stable and shorten the process of technology competition, we show why technology adopters may require more technology uncertainties to be resolved before widespread adoption can occur.     

Selecting a Customization Strategy Under Competition: Mass Customization, Targeted Mass Customization, and Product Proliferation

Customization requires not only an implementation of proper manufacturing systems but also a proper strategy regarding when firms should offer customized products and what the nature of customization should be. This paper questions 1)whether customization is better than no customization, and, if so, 2) what kind of customization strategy firms should adopt under competition. We find that customization is not optimal when the cost of soliciting customer preference information is sufficiently high. When competing firms choose to customize, we show that firms target only certain customer segments with customized products. We also find that the optimal customization strategy may require firms to offer only a few discrete product varieties. Despite the concern that customization may initiate price wars because customization reduces product differentiation, we find that customization does not escalate the price competition, because aggressive price competition exacerbates cannibalization. Although customers within the product line of a firm are charged higher prices, we show that on average customers are better off when firms adopt customization. However, unless the customization is quite cheap, when firms choose to customize, we find that firms cannot generate more profits than when firms offer only a single product     

An overview of the competitive and adversarial approaches to designing dynamic power management strategies

Dynamic power management (DPM) refers to the problem of judicious application of various low-power techniques based on runtime conditions in an embedded system to minimize the total energy consumption. To be effective, often such decisions take into account the operating conditions and the system-level design goals. DPM has been a subject of intense research in the past decade driven by the need for low power consumption in modern embedded devices. We present a comprehensive overview of two closely related approaches to designing DPM strategies, namely, competitive analysis approach and model checking approach based on adversarial modeling. Although many other approaches exist for solving the system-level DPM problem, these two approaches are closely related and are based on a common theme. This commonality is in the fact that the underlying model is that of a competition between the system and an adversary. The environment that puts service demands on devices is viewed as an adversary, or to be in competition with the system to make it burn more energy, and the DPM strategy is employed by the system to counter that.     

The Complementary Role of Dominant Designs and Industry Standards

Models of competition in innovative and standard-based industries have advanced considerably in recent years. Two terms that have become important competitive considerations are dominant designs and industry standards. This paper describes the potential for confusion between dominant designs and industry standards and attempts to clearly delineate between them. The role of standards is narrowly driven by the relative importance of network effects while dominant designs are persistent architectures with established implications for industries. However, standards are often important elements of dominant designs. There are many implications of this distinct, yet complementary, relationship between standards and dominant designs for managers. Perhaps the most important is that while dominant designs have been shown to presage industry shake outs, standards do not. In addition, a firm that establishes a dominant design does not often appear to reap competitive advantages from it, though one that establishes a standard may. Other implications for managers from this distinction are also discussed, including corporate strategy and first mover advantage     

基础设施共建共享与我国电信产业的发展变革

基于企业竞争理论,对电信企业竞争优势的主要来源进行分析,并指出：共建共享政策改变了传统的电信企业竞争机制和电信行业的竞争关系;随着国家电信基础设施共建共享工作的逐步推进,电信企业之间的竞争将由以通信网络建设为主的资源竞争,向以企业竞争力培育为主的核心能力竞争转变,这是我国通信行业由外延性发展向内涵型发展转变的重要标志,对我国通信行业发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Incremental and Comprehensive Strategic Information Systems Planning in an Uncertain Environment

Strategic information systems planning (SISP) is a critical challenge for organizations. Some researchers have suggested that more incremental SISP in an uncertain environment produces greater planning success, while others have suggested that more comprehensive SISP does so in that environment. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of incremental versus comprehensive SISP on SISP success in environments of varying uncertainty. A questionnaire defined SISP in terms of characteristics of incremental and comprehensive planning. It measured environmental uncertainty in terms of 1) the changeability and unpredictability components of dynamism, 2) heterogeneity, and 3) the scarcity and competition components of hostility. It assessed planning success as a second-order construct composed of alignment, analysis, cooperation, and capabilities. A postal survey collected data from 161 IS executives. The constructs were extensively validated. In general, greater SISP comprehensiveness predicted greater SISP success. Greater changeability and unpredictability, however, weakened the impact of such SISP on success. On the other hand, as the environment became more competitive, more comprehensive SISP led to greater SISP success. These findings contribute by suggesting that planners should expect comprehensive SISP to be less effective as changeability and unpredictability increase, but more effective as competition increases.     

Competition stimulates technology advances: experiences from ADSL development in Japan

Japan was one of the world's early adopters of broadband Internet access technologies, notably ADSL. Although last year it lost its number one global ranking to China, ADSL deployment in Japan continued to grow. This growth has been tied to ever increasing ADSL bandwidths. Centillium Communications has been in the unique position for many years of a major contributor to this rapid growth, pioneering many new technologies in ADSL, with a ringside seat to observe how competition has stimulated some of these technology advances. This article reviews some of the technologies behind the rapid market growth and provides an overview of directions in which these technologies are shaping the future of ADSL in Japan.