CCEPS激光器水冷设计的流固耦合传热数值研究

用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对传导冷却端面抽运板条(CCEPS)激光器的多种水冷设计方案分别进行了流固耦合传热数值模拟,比较了流固耦合传热模拟和单纯的导热模拟结果的差别,对各种水冷设计方案进行综合比较,研究了冷却通道的尺寸、数量以及冷却水流量等因素对激光板条温度分布以及对热沉的流动阻力特性的影响。一般情况下,减小通道的特征尺寸,增加通道数目和冷却水的流量可以降低固液耦合界面的传热热阻,因此,微通道冷却方式比常规的空腔冷却和小通道冷却显著提高了总传热系数,降低了总热阻,可将发热部分的温度明显降低,但是微通道冷却方式必然造成较大的流动压力损失。     

采用CFD方法对液氮冷却结构进行流体和热分析

低温应用的大功率器件需要设计高冷却效率的液冷室结构。采用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法模拟了以液氮-氮气两相流为制冷剂的空腔结构、微通道结构和扰流柱结构的流动与传热过程。结果表明,相比于空腔结构和微槽道结构,扰流柱结构具有较好的换热能力。圆形扰流柱易发展45°方向支流,而方形扰流柱结构有利于垂直方向流速均匀化。相较于平行排布,扰流柱交错排列时圆形和方形扰流柱结构中流速分布更为均匀。对比对流换热系数发现,交错排布优于平行排布,方形扰流柱优于圆形扰流柱。换热效果最好的结构为交错排布的2 mm方形扰流柱,对流换热系数为4223 W/(m2·K),较空腔结构提高125.83%。采用上述结构进行测试验证,在107.6 W加热功率工况下冷头测温点温度与相同功率下仿真结果有较好的对应性。     

新型高效冷却热沉设计及其流体热力学模拟

为了满足高功率密度的激光二极管列阵叠层的封装需求,设计了新型小通道高效冷却热沉,并利用Ansys-Fluent软件模拟了它的热特性和冷却水的流动特性。相对于传统的宏通道热沉,小通道热沉的有效散热面积的增加大大提高了其散热效果。同样的散热需求下,小通道热沉所需冷却水水流流速更低,因此也就降低了对水冷机的水压要求。对于不同散热要求的高功率密度激光二极管叠层封装的热沉设计,可根据本文所述的流体热力学模拟方法及其详细的数据分析,对该类小通道热沉进行结构参数优化、热特性仿真及所需冷却水流速的预估。所设计的高效冷却小通道热沉结构具有加工简单,成本低,且方便耐用、寿命长等优点,是高功率密度激光二极管叠层器件封装的有效散热热沉结构。     

涡发生器强化矩形微细通道传热的研究进展

涡发生器(VG)是一种有效的强化传热结构,近年来在微细通道传热领域得到广泛关注.对带有翼型、扰流柱型和插入物型VG的矩形微细通道传热和综合性能的研究进行了综述.首先重点阐述了翼型和扰流柱型VG的形状、尺寸、布置方式等因素对以水为工质的微细通道传热和综合性能的影响,以及纳米流体的浓度、颗粒材料或基液类型对带有翼型和扰流柱...     

基于微通道热沉的片状激光放大器散热模拟及优化

为实现片状结构高重复频率大能量激光放大器的高效热管理，采用有限元分析(FEA)方法，充分考虑增益介质内部非均匀热分布、微通道热沉中的流速、对流扩散等影响因素，引入流-热-固多物理场耦合数值分析模型，对激光放大器热沉进行分析优化，并基于优化结果探讨了不同流速下微通道热沉的散热冷却能力。模拟结果表明：当基底厚度H_b=2 mm、单个微通道高度H_c=4 mm和宽度W_c=0.4 mm、两微通道的间距W_w=0.3 mm时，微通道热沉冷却能力最强，热阻最小；微通道内冷却液流速过大会导致较大的流动压力损失；微通道热沉的平均等效换热系数可达50000 W/(m²·K)。     

基于微通道散热的板条激光放大器热仿真分析

众所周知,热效应是限制大功率高能量激光器发展的一大瓶颈,在高能激光产生的过程中伴随着大量的废热产生,影响高能量激光器的光束质量甚至会影响其正常工作。为了保证高能量激光器的稳定运作并研究其工作物质的散热过程中的热分布状态,本文建立了一种用于高能Zig Zag板条激光放大器的双端入水微通道散热模型,利用CFD模拟仿真软件在额定工况下对微通道与空腔热沉进行散热对比,还研究了模型的可变参量:通道高度、翅片厚度,以及水流量对于散热性能的影响。模拟研究发现本文提出的微通道热沉冷却效果优于全腔水冷效果,微通道热沉将晶体表面最高温差控制在4℃以内,表面温度也降低了32;同时在压降允许范围内优化通道参数能再将冷却效果提升10,实现增益介质分布式高效散热。     

高功率微波装置散热热沉传热流动特性

高功率微波装置在运行时面临的高热流密度散热是当前热控必须解决的难题。微小通道热沉散热结构简单,换热能力突出,在一定程度上能够解决高热流密度散热的问题。但使用微小通道热沉散热时,散热面温度在沿工质流动方向不断升高,这对器件稳定运行不利。而射流冲击技术中流体垂直于热源喷射,温度边界层薄,温度梯度大,换热效果强。将射流冲击技术与微通道热沉相结合,不仅能提高换热系数,增大换热量,而且能实现良好的温度均匀性。对高热流密度下射流冲击微小通道热沉进行数值模拟,分析不同射流孔径对其传热和流动特性的影响。结果表明,增大远离出口处的射流孔径,有利于提高传热效率和减小流动阻力。优化后的射流微通道热沉,在质量流量为14 g/s时,换热系数接近39 000 W/(m2·K)。     

扰流小通道液冷冷板流动与传热特性的数值研究

为降低常规蛇形小通道液冷冷板的热阻,提高其对流换热能力,在流道内引入了一种强化换热结构,设计了扰流蛇形小通道液冷冷板,并利用数值模拟方法对两者进行了比较分析。相比于常规蛇形小通道液冷冷板,新的流道设计能够显著降低冷板的总热阻和进、出口压降,降幅分别可达9.2%和66.7%。此外,冷板平均努赛尔数(Nusselt, Nu)提高了17.2%。对冷板内部流动和传热情况进行了详尽的数值分析,研究了扰流小通道的强化传热效果及其作用机理。     

高功率固体激光器微通道冷却结构的数值研究

针对端面泵浦固体激光器的微通道冷却结构,基于流-固-热耦合的数值方法计算了不同冷却液流量下增益介质内部的温度分布和冷却结构的流动阻力,为下一步冷却结构的改进提供了理论依据。计算结果表明:当冷却液流量增加至15 L/min时,增益介质的最高温度不再出现明显下降,此时微通道冷却结构的内部流动阻力不会对冷却系统运行造成明显的影响;冷却结构的进出口位置及水冷方向对增益介质内部的热分布具有较大的影响。     

强激光系统中铜镜微变形实验研究

利用泰曼干涉仪及图像处理系统对强激光作用下不同冷却结构镜片包括空腔、环形通道几何结构铜镜的变形进行了实验研究，对其变形规律、变形机理作了探讨和分析。设计了一种新型多层冷却结构铜镜。将这几种铜镜的变形作比较．结果表明新结构铜镜不仅热变形小．而且由冷却流体压力引起的附加变形也很小．为有效控制强激光系统中镜片表面变形提供了有效途径。     

Optimization of Cylindrical Pin-Fin Heat Sinks Using Genetic Algorithms

In this paper, genetic algorithms (GAs) are applied for the optimization of pin-fin heat sinks. GAs are usually considered as a computational method to obtain optimal solution in a very large solution space. Entropy generation rate due to heat transfer and pressure drop across pin-fins is minimized by using GAs. Analytical/empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficients and friction factors are used in the optimization model, where the characteristic length is used as the diameter of the pin and reference velocity used in Reynolds number and pressure drop is based on the minimum free area available for the fluid flow. Both inline and staggered arrangements are studied and their relative performance is compared on the basis of equal overall volume of heat sinks. It is demonstrated that geometric parameters, material properties, and flow conditions can be simultaneously optimized using GA.     

Investigation of planted pin fins for heat transfer enhancement in plate fin heat sink

The present study carries out numerical computations of the plate-circular pin-fin heat sink and provides physical insight into the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The governing equations are solved by adopting a control-volume-based finite-difference method with a power-law scheme on an orthogonal non-uniform staggered grid. The coupling of the velocity and the pressure terms of momentum equations are solved by the SIMPLEC algorithm. The plate-circular pin-fin heat sink is composed of a plate fin heat sink and some circular pins between plate fins. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the configurations of the pin-fins design. The results show that the plate-circular pin-fin heat sink has better synthetical performance than the plate fin heat sink.     

Heat Transfer Performance of Metal Foam Heat Sinks Subjected to Oscillating Flow

This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation on the heat transfer performance of metal foam as a heat sink subjected to oscillating flow. The measured pressure drops, velocities, and surface temperatures of oscillating flow through aluminum 40 PPI foam are presented in detail. The calculated cycle-averaged local temperatures and Nusselt numbers for different kinetic Reynolds numbers were analyzed. The variation of total heat transfer rate with a kinetic Reynolds number suggests that oscillating flow at relative low frequency has a substantial effect on heat transfer enhancement in a metal foam heat sink. A comparison of the length-averaged Nusselt numbers between oscillating and steady flows indicates that higher heat transfer rates can be obtained in metal foams subjected to oscillating flow. The relation between pumping power and total heat transfer rates for the oscillating flow cooling system was also analyzed with a view to designing a novel heat sink using metal foam. The results show that high heat transfer performance of metal foam heat sinks subject to oscillating flow can be obtained with moderate pumping power     

Optimization of pin-fin heat sinks using entropy generation minimization

In this study, an entropy generation minimization, EGM, technique is applied as a unique measure to study the thermodynamic losses caused by heat transfer and pressure drop in cylindrical pin-fin heat sinks. The use of EGM allows the combined effect of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed through the simultaneous interaction with the heat sink. A general expression for the entropy generation rate is obtained by considering the whole heat sink as a control volume and applying the conservation equations for mass and energy with the entropy balance. Analytical/empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficients and friction factors are used in the optimization model, where the characteristic length is used as the diameter of the pin and reference velocity used in Reynolds number and pressure drop is based on the minimum free area available for the fluid flow. Both in-line and staggered arrangements are studied and their relative performance is compared on the basis of equal overall volume of heat sinks. It is shown that all relevant design parameters for pin-fin heat sinks, including geometric parameters, material properties and flow conditions can be simultaneously optimized.     

Investigation of internally finned LED heat sinks

A novel heat sink is proposed,which is composed of a perforated cylinder and internally arranged fins.Numerical studies are performed on the natural convection heat transfer from internally finned heat sinks;experimental studies are carried out to validate the numerical results.To compare the thermal performances of internally finned heat sinks and externally finned heat sinks,the effects of the overall diameter,overall height,and installation direction on maximum temperature,air flow and heat transfer coefficient are investigated.The results demonstrate that internally finned heat sinks show better thermal performance than extemally finned heat sinks;the maximum temperature of internally finned heat sinks decreases by up to 20％ compared with the externally finned heat sinks.The existence of a perforated cylinder and the installation direction of the heat sink affect the thermal performance significantly;it is shown that the heat transfer coefficient of the heat sink with the perforated cylinder is improved greater than that with the imperforated cylinder by up to 34％,while reducing the mass of the heat sink by up to 13％.     

Development of a high performance heat Sink Based on screen-fin technology

In this paper, a novel high-performance heat sink based on screen-fin technology is described. The structural features of the heat sink are presented. The apparatus to measure both the pressure drop and heat transfer performance are described. Correlation equations of friction factor and Colburn-j factor as a function of screen-fin orientation, coolant properties and flow rate through the mesh are formulated. A semi-empirical model is used to predict the heat exchanger pressure drop, thermal performance and to design prototype heat sinks. Prototypes are built and tested. By screen-fin technology, the best performance of this kind of heat sink with external dimensions: 76.2-mm-wide, 63.5-mm-deep with 38.1-mm-high screen-laminate fins is 4.3W//spl deg/C at 62.3-Pa pressure drop of air flow through the heat sink.     

Optimization of Microchannel Heat Sinks Using Entropy Generation Minimization Method

In this paper, an entropy generation minimization (EGM) procedure is employed to optimize the overall performance of microchannel heat sinks. This allows the combined effects of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed simultaneously as the heat sink interacts with the surrounding flow field. New general expressions for the entropy generation rate are developed by considering an appropriate control volume and applying mass, energy, and entropy balances. The effect of channel aspect ratio, fin spacing ratio, heat sink material, Knudsen numbers, and accommodation coefficients on the entropy generation rate is investigated in the slip flow region. Analytical/empirical correlations are used for heat transfer and friction coefficients, where the characteristic length is used as the hydraulic diameter of the channel. A parametric study is also performed to show the effects of different design variables on the overall performance of microchannel heat sinks.      

Design and Simulation of the CPU Fan and Heat Sinks

Traditional design methods to achieve improvement in heat sink performance are not suitable for meeting new thermal challenges. Revolutionary rather than evolutionary concepts are required for removing heat from the electronic components. We have recently developed an emerging novel approach, the integration design of the forced convection air cooling system. The aerodynamic design for the miniature axial-flow fan is conducted and a CPU fan is designed to be integrated with the radial fins in order to form a complete fan-heat sink assembly. The 3-D data of the fan generated by FORTRAN program are imported into Pro/E to create its 3-D model. The performance curve of the fan prototype fabricated by the computer numerically controlled machine is tested in a standard wind tunnel. To reduce the economic cost and prompt the design efficiency, the computational fluid dynamics is adopted to estimate the initial fan's performance. A series of radial heat sinks is designed in accordance with the outflow angle of airflow discharged from the fan. The inlet angle of the fin is arranged so that the incoming flow from the upstream impeller matches the fin's angle of heat sinks. Using the multi-block hexahedral grid technique, the numerical simulation of the system, including the fan and heat sinks, is performed by means of Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) and RNG k-$varepsilon$ Model. Our results indicate that the thermal resistance of the streamlined heat sink is decreased by 15.9% compared to the traditional heat sink and the entropy generation rate of the streamlined heat sink is lower. The experiments support our simulation results. The series of heat sinks is able to achieve the productive thermal performance when the integration design concept is utilized.