Efficiency and gain of slot antennas and arrays on thick dielectric substrates for millimeter-wave applications: a unified approach

A unified approach for representing the surface-wave fields and for computing the corresponding radiation efficiencies from arbitrarily shaped slot-type antennas on thick dielectric substrates at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies is presented. In this approach, two different representations of the surface-wave fields, i.e., the one based on the idea that the surface-wave power can be associated with a substrate radiation pattern and the other based on the cylindrical wave expansion, are linked together in a unified way. The developed theory is then applied for investigating the surface wave characteristics of printed twin offset slots and uniform linear slot arrays. Based on the developed theory, new insight into the mechanism with which surface-wave power is coupled by the slot pair is presented. Subsequently, the optimum number of elements and corresponding interelement spacing for linear, uniformly excited, slot dipole arrays is explored for achieving maximum radiation efficiency and gain. In order to provide guidance on practical mm-wave integrated slot antenna array design, supportive numerical results are presented for Substrates of dielectric constant /spl epsi//sub r/ = 4.0 and /spl epsi//sub r/ = 12.0.     

A reconfigurable slot aperture design over a broad-band substrate/feed structure

A novel dual-band reconfigurable aperture (RECAP) design is introduced for operation over a two-octave bandwidth. The proposed RECAP consists of interleaved crossed-slot elements for dual-polarized and broad-band array operation without grating lobes. The dimensions of the array elements can be reconfigured by using radio-frequency switches such as microelectromechanical systems or PIN diodes. The array elements along with the switches are integrated into the top layer of a multilayered composite structure consisting of passive, resistively loaded frequency selective surface (FSS) elements that form a broad-band ground plane system. Excitation is provided through a broad-band balanced/matched feed, and reconfiguration allows for broad-band operation using the same FSS substrate. Besides the FSS substrate, shorting pins can be employed within the cavity to enhance gain performance. Significant analysis and understanding of the FSS/slot array configuration is presented along with measurements that should serve as a reference in future developments of these layered arrays.     

Dual-Band Capacitive Loaded Frequency Selective Surfaces With Close Band Spacing

In this letter, a novel miniaturized dual-band capacitive loaded frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented, in which each periodic cell consist of two neighboring capacitive loaded ring slot resonator with the same dimension. To eliminate the undesired coupling between unit cells, the unit cell is placed in a Faraday cage structure created by arrays of metallic substrate vias. An S-band dual-band FSS with such structures is designed and fabricated, both simulated and measured results show that the proposed FSS provides high transmission with close band spacing at 2.5 and 3.5 GHz, and there is no other resonance frequency up to 15 GHz. Furthermore, the FSS dimension is miniaturized to $0.082lambda$ ($lambda$ refer to the resonant wavelength of 2.5 GHz). Also, it is not sensitive to the angle of oblique incidence wave. The design and discussion about dual-band FSS loading with lumped elements is presented for the first time.      

Frequency-selective surfaces to enhance performance of broad-band reconfigurable arrays

We present a novel frequency-selective surface (FSS) design aimed at enhancing the performance of broad-band reconfigurable antenna apertures. In particular, reconfigurable printed dipole arrays are examined in the presence of a multilayer FSS. Of particular interest is the design of FSS structures whose reflection coefficient has prespecified phase response over a broad set of frequencies. Previous FSSs primarily considered designs on the basis of the reflection coefficient amplitude and were intended for radome applications rather than substrates. Designing FSSs subject to phase requirements is seen to require some compromise in the magnitude. Broad-band requirements also present us with a need for noncommensurate FSS designs.     

毫米波/红外频率选择表面的双工性研究

采用ＦＳＳ来设计天线复和副现,实现透过毫米波而反射红外的双工性能。理论分析和实验结果都证明了该方案的有效性,样件对毫米波的透射率和对红外的反射率均可大于９０％。该复用而还具有适用于双色红外系统的优点,克服了光学结构仅可用于单色红外的不足。     

Broadband printed ring-slot array with circular polarisation

A novel design of a printed ring-slot antenna with circular polarisation (CP) is first proposed. The CP radiation of the slot antenna is achieved by a series microstrip-line feed configuration. Using the single CP slot antenna as an array element, the 1times2 and 2times2 slot arrays are constructed and measured. To obtain wider CP bandwidth, phase sequential rotation technique is applied to the feed network of these printed slot arrays. The experimental results show that the 2times2 slot array antenna is capable of 15% bandwidth for an axial ratio of less than 3 dB     

Characteristic Modes for the Multiple Stacked Aperture Problem with Application to the Finite Array Analysis of Flat Plate Slot Array Antennas.

For the emerging market of Direct-to-User Broadcast Satellite TV (DBS-TV), flat plate slot array antennas are currently being designedand commercialized. Although the antenna configuration resembles a FSS (Frequency Selective Surface) slot array, the electromagnetic analysis ofthe antenna problem requires a new approach. The theory of Characteristic Modes is extended to deal with multiple stacked apertures. Entire domain expansion functions are selected from the Characteristic Mode set and used to reduce the computational effort to analyze finite arrays with an orderof magnitude.     

基于频率选择面低雷达散射截面的波导天线设计

设计了一种可以缩减波导缝隙天线带内雷达散射截面(Radar Cross Section, RCS)的频率选择表面(Frequency Selective Surface, FSS)结构.该结构采用人工磁导体(Artificial Magnetic Conductor, AMC)方环为基本单元, 螺旋排布的方式组成FSS反射地板, 波导缝隙天线作为底部馈源.为了证明该天线在带内具有良好的RCS缩减性能, 采用了同等大小的金属地板作为参考天线地板进行对比.仿真计算结果表明, 当入射波垂直入射天线时, 天线带内RCS可达-25 dB, 所设计的结构具有良好的带内RCS减缩性能, 同时保持了正常的天线辐射性能.     

电容加载对频率选择表面传输特性的影响

有源频率选择表面,是指在频率选择表面中加入变容二极管或PIN二极管等有源器件构成的FSS结构,通过有源器件的可调性来实现对FSS性能的控制。文中根据有源器件的电容等效原理,设计了一种方形缝隙FSS结构,研究了电容加载对FSS传输特性的影响。仿真结果表明,加载电容后其谐振频点向低频偏移,带宽减小,且加载电容对FSS传输特性有较好的可控性。     

Frequency Selective Surface Based Bandpass Filter for THz Communication System

In this work, a band pass filter based on frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. The resonance of the FSS is achieved by perforating slot type ring structure on an Aluminum layer. To ensure adequate mechanical strength, this structure is again supported by a dielectric layer. The physical dimensions of the FSS, i.e. ring radius, slot width, cell dimension and width of the layers all are responsible for the resonance behavior. In its electrical equivalent circuit, these dimensions act as inductor and capacitor. The center frequency of the designed filter is at 0.16?THz with a ?3?dB bandwidth of 18?GHz. This filter can be utilized as a part of any THz communication system to achieve application specific frequency discrimination. The simulation has been carried by using commercial software-CST Microwave Studio. The performance of the fabricated FSS is evaluated by Microwave Vector Network Analyzer.     

平面FSS阵列的一维截断效应

基于互导纳法进行有限频率选择表面(FSS)计算分析,研究狭缝阵列一维截断时磁流分布、散射方向图及传输特性的变化,考察了单元列数、入射角等因素的影响.与无限平面阵列相比,截断导致边缘单元磁流分布起伏,部分频率产生表面波,散射方向图波束展宽且副瓣电平升高,功率透射系数发生变化,仅谐振频率和传输带宽与无限平面阵列基本相同.     

A Tunable Metamaterial Frequency-Selective Surface With Variable Modes of Operation

A reconfigurable miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface (FSS) is presented in this paper. A standard waveguide measurement setup is used to evaluate the performance of the design. The proposed FSS consists of two periodic arrays of metallic loops, with the same periodicity, on either side of a very thin dielectric substrate. The tuning of the reconfigurable surface is shown numerically to be possible by incorporating tuning varactors into the structure. Using varactors on both layers, a reconfigurable frequency response is achieved, which has two modes of operation: bandstop and bandpass. In addition to two completely different modes of operation, the center frequency, as well as the bandwidth of the response can be tuned independently. Frequency tunability with a constant bandwidth over 3–3.5 GHz is shown. A bandwidth tuning at a fixed center frequency is also demonstrated. Simulation results are verified experimentally by fabricating prototypes of the design at $S$-band loaded with lumped capacitors. To demonstrate the tunability, different pairs of fixed-valued capacitors, as opposed to varactors, are used in a waveguide measurement setup to avoid difficulties associated with biasing varactors in the waveguide.      

Design of Economic PCM Arrays with a Prescribed Grade of Service

This paper deals with the design of economically structured PCM switching arrays for traffic distribution. The presented switching arrays are symmetrically structured, and have one up to six stages and use different combinations of time stagesTand space stagesS, respectively. It is shown how such arrays can be designed for a required grade of service having a prescribed number of terminations and a prescribed carried traffic per time slot. Their relative costs per termination equal to that per time slot are calculated. These are costs for the gates and costs for memory bits, i.e., speech memories and all control memories. All presented PCM switching arrays are mapped into the corresponding space division multiplex (SDM) arrays. This allows a simple comparison with SDM link systems and an easy calculation of the point-to-point loss. The paper concludes comparing the traffic behavior and costs of the various PCM switching arrays. Finally, new "PCM charts" are developed as useful means for the design of economic PCM switching arrays. A second paper of this congress [14] compares traffic equivalent PCM and SDM switching arrays, respectively, with regard to their economic design, their traffic behavior, and their costs per termination.     

Liquid Crystal Tunable mm Wave Frequency Selective Surface

A frequency selective surface (FSS) which exploits the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystals to generate an electronically tunable bandpass filter response at D Band (110-170 GHz) is presented. The device consists of two printed arrays of slot elements which are separated by a 130-mum thick layer of liquid crystals. A 3% shift in the filter passband occurs when the substrate permittivity is increased by applying a control signal of 10 V. Measured results show that the insertion loss increases from -3.7 dB to -10.4 dB at resonance (134 GHz), thus demonstrating the potential to create a FSS which can be switched between a transmitting and a reflecting structure.     

太赫兹波段复合型FSS带通滤波器的分析与设计

利用谱域法对频率选择表面 (frequency selective surface,FSS) 结构进行理论分析,设计了中心频率为0.338 THz工作在大气通信窗口的复合型FSS带通滤波器。该滤波器是对圆环槽单元滤波器进行改进,增加了三极子单元,通过研究结构参数对滤波性能的影响关系,进行结构优化。实验表明,该滤波器综合滤波性能更好,3 dB带宽可以达到69.5 GHz,回波损耗小于-13.46 dB,带内插入损耗小于0.45 dB,带内纹波低到0.1 dB,且通带平坦,有较好的带外抑制和矩形系数,边带比较陡峭。同时该滤波器在不同极化波和相同极化波不同入射角度入射时都有很好的频率稳定性,能有效地用于太赫兹通信。     

Analytic design of conformal slot arrays

A completely analytic design process has been developed for small slot arrays which accounts for the varying effect of mutual coupling as a function of element position. A previously developed theory for the design of small arrays has been extended to include conformal dielectric-filled waveguide slot arrays. Computer software has been assembled which enables calculation of the slot geometries required to implement a specified aperture distribution and input impedance condition. The slot self- and mutual admittances are calculated numerically, thus eliminating the traditional measured slot data from the design process. This design technique has been applied to conformalX-band slot arrays on cylinders of a few wavelengths diameter. The arrays consist of multiple dielectric-filled waveguides, each of which is a narrow-band standing-wave linear array of longitudinal shunt slots. The computerized design process adjusts the length and offset of each slot in the total array until the desired aperture distribution and impedance match are achieved. A flow diagram of the design program and test results from experimental arrays are presented.     

毫米波／红外频率选择表面研究

毫米波与红外相复合的遥、近感系统中，天线的复用是一个关键问题。本文提出用频率选择表面来设计复用副面，实现透过毫米波而反射红外的双工性能。理论分析和实验结果都证明了该方案的有效性，样品对毫米波的透过率和对红外的反射率均可大于９０％。该复用面还具有适用于双色红外系统的优点，克服了光学结构仅可用于单色红外的不足。     

基于电容加载的圆环缝隙频率选择表面研究

 介绍了一种新型小型化频率选择表面（FSS）,在圆环缝隙周期单元表面加载电容以缩小FSS尺寸,并引入法拉第笼结构以消除单元间的干扰. 对这种加载FSS进行了数值仿真和分析,提出了一种适用于1~4GHz频段的电容加载FSS谐振频率经验计算式,并在此基础上设计研制了谐振频率为2.45GHz的加载FSS,其物理尺寸仅为传统FSS的百分之三十四,仿真和实测结果表明该FSS具有谐振频率稳定、对入射波入射角不敏感、对TE、TM极化一致性好等优点.     

A Frequency Selective Surface With Miniaturized Elements

We demonstrate a new class of bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS), the building block of which, unlike the traditional FSSs, makes use of resonant dipole and slot structures that have dimensions much smaller than the operating wavelength. This design allows localization of bandpass characteristics to within a small area on the surface which in turn facilitates flexible spatial filtering for an arbitrary wave phasefront. The proposed FSS is made up of periodic array of metallic patches separated by thin air-gaps backed by a wire mesh having the same periodicity (Ltlambda). The array of metallic patches constitute a capacitive surface and the wire mesh a coupled inductive surface, which together act as a resonant structure in the path of an incident plane wave. Like traditional FSSs, the capacitive and inductive surfaces of the proposed FSS can easily be fabricated using printed circuit technology on both sides of microwave substrates. It is shown that by cascading such bandpass surfaces in a proper fashion, any arbitrary multipole filter or non-commensurate multiband response can be obtained. The frequency response of the proposed miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (MEFSS) is demonstrated for various incident angles and it is shown that one-pole designs are less sensitive than two-pole designs to the angle of incidence. Dual band designs are also possible based on two-pole designs, but are more sensitive to incident angle than single band designs because of their larger (in terms of wavelengths) spacing. Prototypes of single-pole and dual-pole MEFSSs are fabricated and tested in a waveguide environment at X-band frequencies and excellent agreements between the measured and simulated results are demonstrated     

Small periodicity FSS screens with enhanced bandwidth performance

A novel approach for obtaining small periodicity frequency selective surface (FSS) screens with enhanced bandwidth performance is proposed. The issue of miniaturising FSS unit cells has gained extreme importance in recent metamaterials applications. To this end several procedures have been suggested in the literature. However, such procedures usually result in a bandwidth degradation as long as miniaturisation is improved. On the contrary, the bandwidth performance of the structures here presented is enhanced as the FSS periodicity gets smaller. Application of such structures to the synthesis of artificial magnetic conductors are also presented.