相控阵雷达多目标跟踪原理及数据关联算法研究

介绍了目标跟踪原理,并以多功能相控阵雷达为背景,研究了多目标跟踪数据关联过程.针对数据关联过程中量测起源的不确定性问题及概率数据关联算法(PDA)和联合概率数据关联算法(JPDA)的不足,给出了一种改进的概率数据关联算法(MPDA),该算法既不像PDA算法那样不考虑公共测量值对航迹的影响,也不像JPDA算法对所用的关联解进行搜索,而是重点分析了跟踪门交叠区域中的公共测量值对航迹更新的影响.蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,该算法具有较小计算量及较好的实时跟踪性能,适于相控阵雷达的数据处理.     

A novel all-neighbor fuzzy association approach for multitarget tracking in a cluttered environment

This paper proposes a novel all-neighbor fuzzy association approach for multitarget tracking in a cluttered environment. It performs data association with a little prior knowledge and updates the predicted target state estimate using a fuzzy weighted sum of innovations. Unlike the joint probabilistic data association filter, in which the similarity measures are determined in terms of the conditional probability for all feasible data association hypothesis, the proposed fuzzy association approach determines the similarity measures between measurements and tracks in terms of possibility weights based on a partition matrix. The possibility weights are determined according to the fuzzy clustering algorithm. The proposed approach is able to perform all-neighbor association with a lower computational complexity in the expense of a little lower performance compared to the standard joint probabilistic data association filter. Computer simulation shows the feasibility and the efficiency of the proposed all-neighbor fuzzy association approach.     

多传感器多目标联合概率数据关联研究

联合概率数据关联(JPDA)算法对单传感器多目标跟踪是一种良好的算法,但对于多传感器密集多目标跟踪,则计算量剧增,数据关联成功率下降。因此,改进联合概率数据关联(AJPDA)算法对多传感器多目标量测进行同源划分及单一传感器测量数据转换,然后采用JPDA算法求解空间目标轨迹交叉时的数据关联。仿真结果表明,AJPDA算法提高了成功关联概率,降低了求解数据关联概率的难度,可以解决密集目标的正确跟踪问题。     

Evolutionary algorithm for data association and IMM-based target tracking in IR image sequences

Simultaneous tracking of multiple maneuvering and non-maneuvering targets in the presence of dense clutter and in the absence of any a priori information about target dynamics is a challenging problem. A successful solution to this problem is to assign an observation to track for state update known as data association. In this paper, we have investigated tracking algorithms based on interacting multiple model to track an arbitrary trajectory in the presence of dense clutter. The novelty of the proposed tracking algorithms is the use of genetic algorithm for data association, i.e., observation to track fusion. For data association, we examined two novel approaches: (i) first approach was based on nearest neighbor approach and (ii) second approach used all observations to update target state by calculating the assignment weights for each validated observation and for a given target. Munkres’ optimal data association, most widely used algorithm, is based on nearest neighbor approach. First approach provides an alternative to Munkres’ optimal data association method with much reduced computational complexity while second one overcomes the uncertainty about an observation’s source. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches for real-time tracking in infrared image sequences.     

一种基于模糊推理的JPDAF新方法

多目标跟踪中的数据关联一直是信息融合领域的难点和热点问题,针对杂波环境下多目标跟踪中的数据关联问题,提出了一种基于模糊推理的JPDAF新方法。该方法中,首先详细分析了杂波环境多目标观测数据的特点,定义了多目标环境下的标准化新息变量及新息的一阶微分变量;然后将其作为模糊推理的两个输入变量,通过设计合适的模糊隶属度函数和模糊推理规则,自适应计算目标观测的关联概率来代替传统联合概率数据关联滤波器（JPDAF）中的关联概率,实现对多个目标的有效跟踪。实验结果表明,提出方法的目标跟踪性能要好于传统的JPDAF和Fitzgerald’s方法,在实时性方面,提出方法也要远好于传统的JPDAF方法,接近Fitzgerald’s方法,能够有效对多目标进行关联跟踪。      

Improved adaptive joint probabilistic data association filter formultiple targets angles tracking

The joint probabilistic data association filter that uses a modified algorithm for update time selection is presented. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness, in terms of data association, of the proposed algorithm for multiple targets angles tracking     

融合热释电红外传感器与视频监控器的多目标跟踪算法

现有基于热释电红外传感器的多目标跟踪系统在目标之间距离较近或者轨迹相交的情况下存在着误差较大的缺点.针对此缺点,提出了一种新型的基于热释电红外传感器与视频监测器协同工作的多目标跟踪方案.该方案可以充分利用两种传感器的优势,弥补在目标跟踪中的不足.算法采用最小二乘法利用热释电信息进行定位,并通过从图像或热释电传感器信号的幅频特性中提取特征信息来校正联合概率数据关联算法的关联矩阵,有效避免了错误关联.实验表明,该方案在多目标交叉情况下跟踪误差仅为其它算法的八分之一到四分之一.     

Distributed fusion architectures and algorithms for target tracking

Modern surveillance systems often utilize multiple physically distributed sensors of different types to provide complementary and overlapping coverage on targets. In order to generate target tracks and estimates, the sensor data need to be fused. While a centralized processing approach is theoretically optimal, there are significant advantages in distributing the fusion operations over multiple processing nodes. This paper discusses architectures for distributed fusion, whereby each node processes the data from its own set of sensors and communicates with other nodes to improve on the estimates, The information graph is introduced as a way of modeling information flow in distributed fusion systems and for developing algorithms. Fusion for target tracking involves two main operations: estimation and association. Distributed estimation algorithms based on the information graph are presented for arbitrary fusion architectures and related to linear and nonlinear distributed estimation results. The distributed data association problem is discussed in terms of track-to-track association likelihoods. Distributed versions of two popular tracking approaches (joint probabilistic data association and multiple hypothesis tracking) are then presented, and examples of applications are given.     

基于非正交多址接入的网络切片联合用户关联和功率分配算法

为了满足网络切片多样化需求,实现无线虚拟资源的动态分配,该文提出在C-RAN架构中基于非正交多址接入的联合用户关联和功率资源分配算法。首先,该算法考虑在不完美信道条件下,以切片和用户最小速率需求及时延QoS要求、系统中断概率、前传容量为约束,建立在C-RAN场景中最大化长时平均网络切片总吞吐量的联合用户关联和功率分配模型。其次,将概率混合优化问题转换为非概率优化问题,并利用Lyapunov优化理论设计一种基于当前时隙的联合用户调度和功率分配的算法。最后采用贪婪算法求得用户关联问题次优解;基于用户关联的策略,将功率分配的问题利用连续凸逼近方法将其转换为凸优化问题并采用拉格朗日对偶分解方法获得功率分配策略。仿真结果表明,该算法能满足各网络切片和用户需求的同时有效提升系统时间平均切片总吞吐量。     

基于红外和雷达数据融合的机动目标跟踪方法

文章基于并行多传感器联合概率数据关联算法,提出了一种杂波环境下的多传感器多机动目标跟踪算法,首先使用融合算法将红外和雷达的量测进行异步和同步融合,然后应用融合后的量测,采用IMM算法实现对机动目标的跟踪.在仿真实验中分别跟踪单个和多个目标,结果表明该算法可以解决两种传感器的量测不同步问题,同时可以消除漏检现象对目标跟踪的影响,并能保证一定的跟踪精度.     

改进的联合概率数据关联算法（JPDA）对红外目标与诱饵的辨别

红外诱饵干扰作为常见的影响红外跟踪能力的干扰手段发展的越来越先进,如何有效的排除红外诱饵的干扰一直是红外目标跟踪的难题。文中在研究了红外目标与诱饵干扰的特征差异的基础上,首次提出了将多目标跟踪策略应用于红外抗干扰跟踪中,建立了一种可以融合多个特征的改进型联合概率数据关联（JPDA）的数据关联算法。最后,利用该算法对抗干扰过程进行了仿真,仿真结果表明:与现有的抗干扰手段相比,该数据关联方法对解决红外干扰形成的假目标、目标遮挡等红外目标识别的难题,不仅实时性好,而且准确率高。     

A tracker-aware detector threshold optimization formulation for tracking maneuvering targets in clutter

In this paper, we consider a tracker-aware radar detector threshold optimization formulation for tracking maneuvering targets in clutter. The formulation results in an online method with improved transient performance. In our earlier works, the problem was considered in the context of the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) for non-maneuvering targets. In the present study, we extend the ideas in the PDAF formulation to the multiple model (MM) filtering structures which use PDAFs as modules. Although our results are general for the MM filters, our simulation experiments apply the proposed solution in particular for the interacting multiple model PDAF (IMM-PDAF) case. It is demonstrated that the suggested formulation and the resulting optimization method exhibits notable improvement in transient performance in the form of track loss immunity. We believe the method is promising as a detector-tracker jointly-optimal filter for the IMM-PDAF structure for tracking maneuvering targets in clutter.     

一种利用运动补偿的改进JPDA-UKF算法

在恒虚警条件下,针对传统的航海雷达模拟器目标跟踪采用的基于不敏卡尔曼滤波的联合概率数据互联算法( JPDA-UKF)发散、复杂度高和实时性差的问题,提出了一种利用运动补偿的笛卡尔坐标下改进的JPDA-UKF滤波方法。该算法引入相邻周期回波间运动补偿提取的目标量测可信度矩阵,限制进入跟踪门相交区域中的虚假量测数量,并将软跟踪门技术应用于滑窗逻辑法实现航迹管理。仿真结果表明,所提方法径向速度误差比传统的JPDA-UKF算法与自适应的α-β滤波算法分别降低10%和20%,目标获得稳定航迹后径向速度归一化均方根误差( RMSE)比上述两种方法分别具有约10 dB和15 dB的性能优势,算法的复杂度符合真实雷达的边扫描边跟踪的实时处理。     

一种新的联合概率数据互联算法

点迹与航迹数据互联是多目标跟踪中迫切需要解决的问题。分析了目前解决数据互联问题的方法与最新研究成果,建立了一个多目标数据互联模型,提出了一种新的联合概率数据互联算法,最后给出了计算机仿真结果。     

一种基于最大熵模糊聚类的数据关联算法

针对联合概率数据关联算法计算量上存在的组合爆炸问题,本文引入最大熵模糊聚类算法实现多目标的数据关联。使用最大熵模糊聚类得到的模糊隶属度表示目标与量测之间的联合互联概率;分析了公共回波对航迹更新的影响,对公共回波的权值进行衰减,对非公共回波的权值进行扩大,避免了航迹合并;此外根据差异因子的特性,给出剔除无效回波的方法,减少了计算量。仿真结果表明,与现有数据关联算法相比,新算法具有更优的跟踪效果。     

Cheap Joint Probabilistic Data Association with Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System State Filter for Tracking Multiple Targets in Cluttered Environment

The cheap joint probabilistic data association (CJPDA) with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system state filter (ANFISSF) is presented for tracking multiple targets in the presence of low and high cluttered environments. The state update step of the CJPDA filter (CJPDAF) is realized with the ANFISSF instead of Kalman filter. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has the advantages of expert knowledge of fuzzy inference system and learning capability of neural networks. A hybrid learning algorithm, which combines the least square method and the backpropagation algorithm, is used to identify the parameters of ANFIS. The tracks estimated by using the method proposed in this paper for different tracking scenarios are in very good agreement with the original tracks.     

Tracking highly maneuverable targets with unknown behavior

Tracking of highly maneuvering targets with unknown behavior is a difficult problem in sequential state estimation. The performance of predictive-model-based Bayesian state estimators deteriorates quickly when their models are no longer accurate or their process noise is large. A data-driven approach to tracking, the segmenting track identifier (STI), is presented as an algorithm that operates well in environments where the measurement system is well understood but target motion is either or both highly unpredictable or poorly characterized. The STI achieves improved state estimates by the least-squares fitting of a motion model to a segment of data that has been partitioned from the total track such that it represents a single maneuver. Real-world STI tracking performance is demonstrated using sonar data collected from free-swimming fish, where the STI is shown to be effective at tracking highly maneuvering targets while relatively insensitive to its tuning parameters. Additionally, an extension of the STI to allow its use in the most common multiple target and cluttered environment data association frameworks is presented, and an STI-based joint probabilistic data association filter (STIJPDAF) is derived as a specific example. The STIJPDAF is shown by simulation to be effective at tracking a single fish in clutter and through empirical results from video data to be effective at simultaneously tracking multiple free-swimming fish.     

基于杂波密度估计的联合概率数据互联算法

联合概率数据互联(JPDA)算法能很好地解决密集环境下的多目标跟踪问题。在该算法基础上,人们又提出了多传感器联合概率数据互联(MSJPDA)算法和一些基于JPDA的修正算法。在联合概率数据互联算法中,有一个很重要的参数就是杂波数密度(或波门内虚假量测期望数),然而在许多实际情况中,这个参数是很难获取的。针对这一问题,提出了一种修正的联合概率数据互联算法,该算法通过实时地调整这一参数来获得对目标较为准确的估计结果。最后,给出了算法的仿真分析。     

基于小波变换的快速多目标多帧多空间数据关联

该文提出一种基于小波变换的快速多目标多帧多空间数据关联算法。小波变换的引入把数据关联推广到多帧情况。该算法具有不依赖先验知识的特点,在复杂杂波环境下表现出较好的关联效果。算法的关联性能在多被动传感器多目标跟踪系统中进行了评估。仿真实验表明新算法在复杂杂波环境下表现出比联合概率数据关联等算法小的计算复杂度和好的关联效果。     

Robust adaptive array beamforming under steering vector errors

This paper considers adaptive array beamforming in the presence of random steering vector errors. We first formulate the problem of finding an optimal steering vector as an optimization problem. The cost function to be minimized consists of two terms which utilize a posteriori information due to the received signal data and a priori information due to the probabilistic distribution of steering errors, respectively. Two methods are then presented to find the optimal steering constraint vector. It is shown that each method yields a closed-form optimal solution if the steering error vector is an additive Gaussian random vector. We also investigate the performance for each method. Modification of the proposed methods and an implementation algorithm for dealing with the case of steering vector errors due to phase perturbation are also presented. Finally, several computer simulation examples are presented for illustration