Na和Al双掺杂P型Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料的制备及性能研究

采用真空熔炼及热压烧结技术制备了Na和Al双掺杂P型Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3热电材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的物相结构和表面形貌进行了表征。XRD分析结果表明,Na0.04Bi0.5Sb1.46-x Al x Te3块体材料的XRD图谱与块体材料Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3的图谱完全对应,所有块体材料的衍射峰均与衍射卡JCPDS 49-1713对应,这表明Na和Al元素已经完全固溶到Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3晶体结构中,形成了单相固溶体合金。SEM形貌表明材料组织致密且有层状结构特征。Na和Al双掺杂提高了Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3在室温附近的Seebeck系数。在Na掺杂量为0.04时,同时Al掺杂量由x=0.04增加至0.12,电导率逐渐降低,在实验掺杂浓度范围内,Na和Al双掺杂会使P型Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3材料的电导率受到较大的损失。在300~500 K时,通过Na和Al部分替代Sb,Na0.04Bi0.5Sb1.42Al0.04Te3和Na0.04Bi0.5Sb1.38Al0.08Te3样品的热导率均有不同程度地减小,在300K时双掺杂样品Na0.04Bi0.5Sb1.42Al0.04Te3的最大ZT值达到1.45。     

热压烧结P型碲化铋基热电材料的显微组织与性能

为克服目前市售单晶产品加工性能差、取向性高等问题,以高纯单质Te、Bi和Sb为原料,采用熔炼-冷淬-粉碎-热压工艺制备P型碲化铋基热电材料;用氧氮分析仪、粒度分析仪对热压烧结前粉料的氧含量和粒度进行了测定,用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对烧结块体沿不同方向的微观形貌、物相结构进行了表征。不同方向的热电性能测试结果显示,热压工艺制备的P型碲化铋基热电材料在不同方向上的塞贝克系数和ZT值基本相同,但电阻率和热导率有不同程度的取向;与市售区熔单晶相比,取向度明显降低,最终样品的相对密度高达99%,且最高ZT值为1.02。该热压烧结工艺的生产设备简单、生产成本低、工作效率高,适合推广至工业化规模生产。     

n型碲化铋基材料的制备及其热电性能研究

以Bi_2Te_(2.7)Se_(0.3)为基础配比,99.99%的高纯Te、Bi、Se为原料,通过高温真空熔炼合金化-无氧环境机械粉碎-精密筛分制粉-独创热压装置快速热压工艺,制备出块体n型碲化铋基热电材料。采用粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、氧氮分析仪对合金粉末的粒度和氧含量进行了测定,用X射线衍射仪对合金粉末的物相结构进行了表征,并对热压块体样品的抗弯强度进行测试。热电性能测试结果显示,所制备热压块体样品不同方向的Seebeck系数和ZT值(热电优值系数)基本相同,但电阻率和热导率有不同程度的取向,但与市购区熔热电材料相比取向度明显降低。热压块体样品的相对密度高达99%,抗弯强度达到87 MPa,最高ZT值约为0.7。该工艺的生产设备简单可靠,生产成本低,工作效率高,适合产业化。     

N型(Bi_2Te_3)_(0.9)(Ag_xBi_(2-x)Se_3)_(0.1)热电材料的快速热压法制备及性能表征

采用水热法制备平均粒度约300 nm的六方相Bi2Te3纳米粉末.再以Bi2Te3粉末为原料,采用封管熔炼法制备N型(Bi2Te3)0.9(AgxBi2-xSe3)0.1(x为Ag的摩尔分数.x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4)合金粉体材料,通过快速热压制备N型(Bi2Te3)0.9(AgxBi2-xSe3)0.1块状热电材料.在300～550 K温度范围内研究该材料的热电性能与Ag掺杂量之间的关系,以及热压工艺对材料热电性能的影响.结果表明在775 K,40 MPa条件下烧结20 min后材料的相对密度达到97%以上,晶粒大小在3岬左右.当Ag掺杂量x=0.2时,在300 K温度下热导率达到最小值0.71 W/mK,同时获得最高的热电优值(ZT值)1.07.     

掺杂PbTe基热电材料的粉末冶金法制备及其性能研究

通过溶剂热法制备出立方相PbTe纳米粉末,采用真空封管熔炼法得到PbTe基热电材料Ag0.5Pb8-xSnxSb0.5Te10的合金锭。通过高能球磨得到合金粉末,采用粉末冶金快速热压工艺制备该材料的块体材料。研究了不同Pb/Sn比在300～700K范围内对材料热电性能的影响。研究结果表明,当x=4,电导率在300K时达到1 300S/cm,在600K时达到340S/cm。当x=2,Seebeck系数在625K时达到261μV/K的最大值。功率因子达到15.9×10-4 Wm-1 K-2。     

In掺杂Ag_(0.8)Pb_(18)SbTe_(20)热电材料的快速热压制备及性能表征

研究了快速热压工艺和In掺杂对Ag0.8Pb18SbTe20基热电材料微结构和热电性能的影响。采用真空封管熔炼法成功制备n型Ag0.8Pb18InxSb1-xTe20(x=0.25,0.5,0.75,1)合金粉末材料,同时结合高能球磨使合金粉末粒度达到微米量级。利用快速热压烧结工艺,在693 K温度、15 MPa压力下烧结30 min,制备块体热电材料。研究结果表明,In对Sb的取代增加了热电材料的电导率,改善了材料的热电性能。当In掺杂量x=1时,材料于623 K的电导率达到最大值239 S/cm;当x=0.5时,材料于623 K的功率因子达到最大值3.1×10-3W/(m.K2)。     

溶剂热法合成碲化铋纳米粉末及其热电性能研究

采用溶剂热法合成碲化铋纳米粉末,随后进行热压烧结制备热电材料,并对粉末的物相和粒度及烧结材料的热电性能进行检测和分析。分析结果表明,采用TeO2为碲源比采用Te粉为碲源所制备碲化铋粉末的相纯度更高、结晶性能更好、晶粒度更小。当溶剂热反应温度为130、140℃时,所制备粉末中还残留有少量Bi、Te单质相和BiTe相;当反应温度为150、160℃时,得到的粉末为Bi2Te3纯相,而150℃下反应所得粉末的晶粒度更小,结晶性能良好。溶剂热-热压烧结法所制备碲化铋热电材料比传统区域熔炼-热压烧结法所制备材料具有更低的热导率及更优的综合热电性能。     

急冷甩带对Bi2Te2.7Se0.3热电材料微观结构与电性能的影响

采用急冷甩带法和放电等离子体烧结(SPS)制备得到了块体Bi2Te2.7Se0.3热电材料,在室温下测量其热电性能,Seebeck系数最高达到-139.33μV·K-1,功率因子也有所提高,最大值1.71×103w·m-1·K-2,计算得到最大热电优值0.421.材料经急冷甩带后,微观组织结构发生变化,内部缺陷增多,晶粒细化,改变了载流子的散射机制,增强了声子散射.虽然电导率有一定程度减小,但Seebeck系数增大,热导率减小,提高了热电性能.     

纳米颗粒Ag2Te掺杂p-(Ag2Te)x(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)1-x的快速热压制备和热电性能表征

通过溶剂热法制备出六方相Bi2 Te3纳米粉体,采用真空封管熔炼法得到Sb掺杂的Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3合金.采用溶剂热法合成粒度为40 nm的Ag2 Te纳米粉体,并通过高能球磨工艺将其掺入Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3合金,从而得到p-(Ag2 Te)x(Bi0.5 Sb1.5 Te3)1-x合金(x为Ag2 Te摩...     

粉末冶金法制取热电材料

热电材料碲化铋 (Bi2Te3)合金 ,工作温度接近 4 5 0℃ ,可用于制造家用冰箱、空调机、小型探测仪及传感器等。碲化铋可与少量碲化锑 (Sb2 Te3)合金化形成P型半导体固溶体 ,与少量硒化铋(Bi2 Se3)合金化形成N型半导体固溶体。碲化铋、它与其它组分形成的合金都具有高度各向异性的六方结构。拉制碲化铋合金单晶最常用的方法是定向结晶法。可是这种方法生产率低 ,组织偏析 ,且力学性能差。加拿大经过三年研制 ,开发出一种通过粉末冶金途径制造碲化铋合金的方法。它是将直径为 2～ 5mm的粒状纯元素 (Bi,Te ,Se ,Sb等 )粉在球磨机中进行机械…     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.