热等静压及其加锻造和热挤压粉末高温合金FGH95的组织和性能

本工作的目的在于研究不同成型工艺对粉末高温合金FGH95组织和性能的影响,以确定合适的成型工艺。采用了氩气雾化的FGH95合金粉,用热等静压(HIP)、及其加锻造和热挤压三种工艺使之致密化。对各种压坯的显微组织和机械性能进行了研究。扫描电镜和透射电镜的研究结果说明,经过锻造或挤压的合金,其显微组织有明显的改善。热等静压合金的断口是沿粉末颗粒间断裂的,这是由于显微组织中存在着原始颗粒边界(PPB),降低了合金的力学性能。在热等静压加锻造或热挤压的合金中,由于消除了原始颗粒边界,断口是穿晶断裂的,因而改善了合金的强度和塑性。采用热挤压或热等静压加锻造成型工艺比较有效。     

热变形对FGH96高温合金原始颗粒边界的影响

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对热等静压成形FGH96高温合金进行热压缩试验,其中温度为1075℃,变形速率为0.001 s-1,变形量为70%。利用场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜和电子能谱研究了合金原始颗粒边界（prior particle boundary,PPB）的组成,讨论了原始颗粒边界在FGH96高温合金再结晶过程中的作用,并分析了合金热变形对原始颗粒边界的影响。结果表明:热等静压成形FGH96高温合金中的原始颗粒边界主要由Ti的碳化物和γˊ相共同组成;原始颗粒边界对合金热变形再结晶形核起促进作用,对晶粒长大起阻碍作用;合金热变形可以改善原始颗粒边界在组织中的分布,从而使晶粒长大过程顺利进行。     

多向整体锻造在变形FGH96合金涡轮盘制备中的应用

获得成分、组织均匀和优异综合力学性能的涡轮盘一直是航空发动机材料研究者们关注的热点,多向整体锻造是一种获得均匀超细晶组织的大塑性变形技术,能有效改善合金坯料的组织均匀性及材料的各项性能。以低偏析、高纯净的电渣重熔定向凝固和变形FGH96合金为研究对象,研究了多向整体锻造在制备该合金涡轮盘锻坯过程中的组织演变机制。研究结果表明,在亚固溶温度线下采用多向整体锻造可以获得均匀的细晶组织,随着锻造温度的增加动态再结晶晶粒尺寸增加,同时获得均匀、完全再结晶的组织所需临界累积变形量减小;通过控制多向整体锻造的温度、变形速率和变形量可以有效控制晶粒度和第二相的尺寸和分布;相比传统锭坯的单一轴向镦拔技术,多向整体锻造可消除锻造流线组织、变形剪切带、冷模组织、粗晶和混晶等问题,大幅度提高合金坯料组织均匀性。最后借助透射电镜(TEM)对合金变形过程中的微观组织进行了观察,阐述了变形FGH96合金多向整体锻造过程的动态再结晶机制。     

镍基变形高温合金CDS&W FGH96热变形行为研究

随着新一代低油耗和高推重比航空发动机的发展,对新型涡轮盘合金提出了更高的要求。FGH4096是典型第二代高强和高损伤容限型涡轮盘合金,长期使用温度为700~750℃,采用粉末冶金(P/M)工艺制备。本文采用电渣重熔连续定向凝固(ESR-CDS)技术和多向锻造技术制备了低偏析的FGH96合金(命名为CDSW FGH96)锻坯,通过等温热压缩实验研究了锻态合金在温度范围为1060~1140℃,应变速率范围为0.001~0.100 s-1的热变形特点。结果表明,随着温度的增加,再结晶(DRX)分数先减小后增加;弥散细小的γ'相颗粒阻碍动态再结晶形核,而尺寸较大的相颗粒在一定程度上可大大降低对动态再结晶的这种阻碍作用;动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的降低而降低。通过流变行为计算得到热变形激活能为1289 k J·mol-1,并提出了合金CDSW FGH96高温变形本构方程。借助于场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和透射电镜(TEM)阐述了动态再结晶机制为应变诱导原始晶界形核和第二相位错塞积形核。     

FGH95合金等温锻造工艺研究

对FGH95合金细晶制备和超塑性等温变形工艺进行了研究。结果表明，双冷速缓冷处理可以有效细化FGH95合金晶粒，改变γ′相的尺寸和分布，并且通过粗化的γ′相对再结晶晶粒的钉扎作用，使FGH95合金细晶组织保持很高的热稳定性；具有细晶组织的GH95合金进行高、低应变速率组合的等温压缩变形时，在低应变速率条件下，可实现超塑性变形。双冷速缓冷处理 超塑性等温锻造工艺具有较强的适应性，可推广至大尺寸粉末高温合金盘件的等温成形，采用该技术研制的等温锻造FGH95合金盘件具有良好的综合力学性能。     

FGH96合金在等温变形条件下的变形及微观组织演化

通过热模拟试验,深入分析了FGH96合金在高温变形条件下的动态再结晶行为,研究其发生动态再结晶的临界条件及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的影响因素.深入研究了加工硬化率-应力曲线、加工硬化率-应变曲线和动态再结晶的RTT曲线,确定了FGH96合金热变形时动态再结晶的特征应变、峰值应变、临界应变以及最大软化率应变,同时,采用该方法,还准确地判断了动态再结晶的类型.采用定量金相分析方法,测定了再结晶晶粒尺寸,利用数学回归的方法建立了FGH96合金热变形时的动态再结晶数学模型.     

喷射成形高温合金FGH4096的热变形行为

采用THERMECMASTOR_Z型热模拟试验机,研究了喷射成形高温合金FGH4096在变形温度为1 060～1 180℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s-1的等温热压缩变形行为.试验表明,在1 120℃以上变形的试样发生了动态再结晶;1 090℃以下变形的试样发生了动态回复.喷射成形FGH4096高温合金最佳热变形温度为1 120～1 180℃,最佳应变速率为0.1～5 s-1.通过表观激活能的计算讨论了喷射成形FGH4096高温合金热变形机制.     

镦粗工艺对GH4169合金φ508锭铸态组织的影响

针对铸态组织粗大的特点,在GH4169合金φ508 VAR锭R/2处切取大尺寸热顶锻试样进行镦粗试验,以考察合金锭的抗镦粗能力,以及变形温度、变形量对铸态组织动态再结晶的影响。结果表明,1 060和1 120℃,10%～60%变形量时,均未发现裂纹萌生和扩展的迹象。随着变形量增大,原始组织中的显微裂纹和显微疏松明显减少或缩小;同一变形温度时,变形量增加,动态再结晶的比例迅速提高;相同变形量时,较高的变形温度能够有效地促进动态再结晶,降低动态再结晶的临界变形量。     

预变形对FGH97粉末高温合金热处理组织的影响

FGH97粉末高温合金制品在生产加工过程中由于操作不当会出现局部表面凹坑,对存在该缺陷的合金制品进行检测分析,发现受外力影响的区域经热处理后晶粒异常粗大;采用热模拟实验验证了局部变形对FGH97合金热处理组织的影响。结果表明:FGH97合金在受外力作用后的合金变形量达到临界变形量时,热处理过程中会发生晶粒异常长大,造成组织不均匀,进而影响合金的性能与应用。合金在制备过程应严格遵守操作规程,避免局部发生变形。     

时效温度对粉末FGH96合金的PPB和力学性能的影响

采用等离子旋转电极工艺(PREP)制粉,热等静压工艺制备粉末FGH96合金,研究不同时效温度对其显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效温度的提高,粉末FGH96合金的晶粒大小和孪晶组织无明显变化,原始颗粒边界(PPB)明显增多;合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度下降,断后伸长率、断面收缩率和蠕变延伸率提高;拉伸断口沿粉末颗粒开裂的形貌明显增多。     

Research on novel cast and wrought superalloy FGH4096 for aircraft turbine disk applications

The ingot metallurgy of electro- slag remelting continuous directional solidification(ESR- CDS) followed by multiple forging and isothermal forging, a novel cast and wrought(C&W) routes for preparation of FGH4096 turbine disk, was developed to solve the difficulties of microstructure controlling, the macro- segregation, poor processing of ingot with high alloying element used for the turbine disk of advanced aircraft engine. From aspects of ingot microstructure characteristics, hot working plasticity, microstructure controlling, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms, the preparing processes of C & W superalloy FGH96 turbine disk were studied. The formation of bulk ?? phase, borides phase and carbonitride strips can be avoided by the directionally solidified ingot, which resulted in excellent hot working plasticity. Multiple forging was applied to achieve the homogeneity of microstructure. The grains are fine in different parts of the billet, and the deformation dead zone can be eliminated. The mean grain size for alloy billet is close to ASTM 9-10. Because of the fine grains and the homogeneity of microstructure, the ultra- inspection capability for disk forging can be significantly improved. With the increase of solution temperature, the yield strength decreases. Under sub- solvus temperatures, the creep resistance decreases with the increase of solution cooling rate. The micro- twining shearing is the main creep deformation mechanism for the samples from disk rim.     

FGH4102粉末高温合金等温热模拟压缩试验及动态再结晶组织研究

本文研究了新型第四代粉末高温合金FGH4102在等温热模拟压缩过程中的组织演变,对γ′相在动态再结晶过程中的作用进行了探讨。结果表明,热等静压态合金在1060~1120℃温度范围变形时,热加工性能较好。1140℃变形后试样容易发生开裂,合金热加工性能较差。合金在γ+γ′两相区变形时均发生了不同程度的动态再结晶,再结晶晶粒尺寸远小于热等静压态的晶粒尺寸。变形过程中,尺寸较大的γ′相起到促进动态再结晶的作用。变形参数对动态再结晶的影响非常显著。低温高应变速率变形时,γ′相促进动态再结晶形核占主导地位,再结晶晶粒比较细小;高温低应变速率变形时,晶粒长大逐渐占据主导地位,再结晶晶粒尺寸较大。     

新型粉末高温合金多火次等温锻造过程中晶粒细化机制

为探索多火次等温锻造对新型粉末高温合金晶粒细化的影响, 本文对实验合金进行了每火次变形量40%左右的三火次等温锻造, 采用商用有限元软件DEFORM 2D模拟锻造过程中的等效应变分布图, 采用电子背散射衍射技术对各火次后的锻坯进行显微组织观察和分析.研究表明: 等温锻造过程中, 锻坯轴向剖面大致分为三个区域, 位于上、下两端面附近的Ⅰ区变形量最小, 位于两侧附近的Ⅱ区次之, 位于剖面中心的Ⅲ区变形程度最大.经过三火次等温锻造后, 锻坯Ⅱ、Ⅲ区再结晶充分, 获得等轴细晶组织, 平均晶粒尺寸2~3 μm.然而Ⅰ区形成再结晶不完全的"项链"组织, 在变形晶粒周围分布大量细小的再结晶晶粒, 变形晶粒内小角度晶界含量较多, 位错密度较高.通过对三火次后的锻坯进行合适的热处理, Ⅰ区"项链"组织得到细化, Ⅱ、Ⅲ区组织发生晶粒长大, 整个盘坯为较均匀的细晶组织, 平均晶粒尺寸为6~8 μm.      

Effect of hot working on structure and strength of type 304L austenitic stainless steel

The development of microstructure and strength during forging in a single-phase austenitic stainless steel, 304L, was investigated by means of forward extrusion of cylindrical specimens. The temperature, strain, and strain rate of deformation were varied. A low strain rate was imparted by press forging (PF), and a high strain rate by high-energy-rate forging (HERF). Low forging temperatures produced dynamically recovered microstructures and monotonic increases in strength with increasing strain for low and high strain rates. At higher forging temperatures, the high-energy-rate-forged material exhibited softening, after the application of a critical amount of strain, as a result of static recrystallization which occurred within a few seconds after cessation of deformation. Analysis of isothermal compression test data, specifically the strain-to-peak stress associated with the onset of dynamic recrystallization, confirmed that dynamic recrystallization would not be expected for the deformation conditions imposed during forward extrusion in this study. Recrystallized grain size was found to vary uniquely with strain, initial grain size, and the Zener-Hollomon parameter. Recrystallization was much less prevalent in press-forged material and may have been affected by die chilling as well as the predominance of dynamic recovery. The variation of strength, recrystallized grain size, and extent of recrystallization with the deformation parameters, temperature and strain, are presented as a set of processing-property maps for each forging technique (έ). The findings are discussed in the context of developing process design criteria for forging alloy 304L.     

Microstructural Characterization of Spray Formed FGH4095 Superalloy During Hot Deformation

 In order to study the hot workability and to optimize the processing parameters for spray formed FGH4095 superalloy, thermal compression tests for spray formed FGH4095 superalloy have been finished by using a Gleeble 1500 thermal simulated test machine at the strain rates of 0. 01-10. 0 s-1 and temperatures of 1050-1140 ℃. The effects of strain rate and deformation temperature on the true stress-true strain curves and microstructure evolution were investigated. The results show that the generation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) depends sensitively on deformation temperature. When the temperature was lower than 1080 ℃, long and narrow necklace grains were shown in the microstructure. When the temperature increased to 1140 ℃, new recrystallization grains were generated. The size and shape of γ′ precipitates in the grains have a very important effect as factors of hindering sufficient migration of dislocations on plastic deformation. The result of thermal processing map is in accord with the microstructure observation, and the best material thermal processing temperature is above 1128 ℃.     

FGH98合金的再结晶行为

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对热挤压态和退火态FGH98合金的相析出规律及组织特征进行了分析,并对其再结晶机制进行了深入研究.结果表明:热挤压态FGH98合金在空冷过程中已经发生了少量的再结晶现象,随着挤压温度的提高,体系内位错密度下降.退火态FGH98合金中再结晶机制主要与体系内未回溶的一次γ'相有关,在一次γ'相聚集区再结晶主要以依靠亚晶的聚合和亚晶的长大,或两者的混合机制进行形核;随着一次γ'相的减少,合金还可以通过应变诱发晶界迁移、多晶粒交汇区形核、孪晶叠加等多种方式形核.需要指出的是,FGH98合金中未回溶的一次γ'相在退火处理过程中也会通过部分的回复和再结晶发生软化效应.      

Modeling microstructural development during the forging of Waspaloy

A model for predicting the evolution of microstructure in Waspaloy during thermomechanical proc-essing was developed in terms of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), metadynamic recrystallization, and grain growth phenomena. Three sets of experiments were conducted to develop the model: (1) preheating tests to model grain growth prior to hot deformation; (2) compression tests in a Gleeble testing machine with different deformation and cooling conditions to model DRX, metadynamic recrystallization, and short time grain growth during the post deformation dwell period and cooling; and (3) pancake and closed die forging tests conducted in a manufacturing environment to verify and refine the model. The microstructural model was combined with finite element modeling (FEM) to predict microstructure development during forging of Waspaloy. Model predictions showed good agreement with microstructures obtained in actual isothermal and hammer forgings carried out at a forging shop. Formerly Graduate Research Associate, Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, The Ohio State University     

径锻温度对GH4169合金棒材组织与性能的影响

研究了不同加热温度、终锻温度对GH4169合金Φ130mm径锻棒材组织和性能的影响。结果表明,加热温度和终锻温度过低时,棒材心部虽然获得了细于ASTM11级的晶粒,但表面甚至R/2处会因变形温度低于动态再结晶温度而残留部分原始拉长晶粒;同时δ相大量析出,不利于合金的综合性能。加热温度和终锻温度过高时,因原始晶粒在加热过程中过分长大,在变形过程中难以全部完成动态再结晶而残留部分原始拉长晶粒;同时δ相显著减少,合金的高温综合性能显著下降。在合适的加热温度和终锻温度下,棒材心部获得了均匀的10级晶粒,同时边缘获得了完全再结晶的11级晶粒,各部位δ相差异较小且基本呈颗粒状和短棒状在晶界均匀弥散分布,合金具有良好的低温、高温综合性能。     

粉末锻造TiAl基合金的显微组织

研究了粉末冶金TiAl基合金的高温锻造性能及显微组织的变化。结果表明 ,包套锻造是一种适合粉末冶金TiAl基合金高温塑性成形的工艺。锻造后样品的显微组织与变形量及变形区域有关 ,而在随后的热处理过程中 ,样品显微组织的演化存在组织遗传效应。