铝合金铸件定向凝固过程的数值模拟

为了研究铝合金定向凝固组织的变化规律，采用有限元软件ProCAST对Al Si Cu合金定向凝固过程进行模拟,分析了不同浇注温度和抽拉速率对铸件定向凝固过程中的温度梯度、固液界面前沿、糊状区宽度、枝晶生长速率和二次枝晶臂间距的影响。结果表明，当浇注温度越高时，温度梯度越大，而固液界面前沿下凹越小，糊状区宽度也越窄，从而越有利于顺序凝固的发生；随着抽拉速率的增大，枝晶生长速率先增大后减小,当抽拉速率为200 μm/s时，最大生长速度达到0.093 mm/s，铸件凝固组织最佳；当抽拉速率大于300或小于200 μm/s时，都会导致枝晶生长速率缓慢，枝晶生长不平稳，二次枝晶臂粗大。对模拟得到较优的工艺参数进行试验验证，可以制备出具有较好力学性能的铸件。     

抽拉速率对Co-Al-W高温合金定向凝固生长取向的影响

对Co-9Al-9W-0.1B合金在不同抽拉速率下进行定向凝固,观察其凝固显微组织,并利用电子背散射衍射检测其晶粒生长取向。当抽拉速率为20mm/h和60mm/h时,合金凝固界面前沿分别为平面状和胞状,晶粒生长取向均接近〈101〉方向。随着抽拉速率增大,合金凝固界面前沿转变为枝晶状;当抽拉速率为180mm/h时,晶粒生长取向为〈013〉方向;当抽拉速率为360mm/h时,晶粒生长取向偏离〈101〉方向约30°。Co-9Al-9W合金在抽拉速率180mm/h的定向凝固中,经过一段竞争生长后择优取向为〈001〉。由于缺少硼化物强化晶界,Co-9Al-9W合金蠕变强度相比同速率下定向凝固的Co-9Al-9W-0.1B合金较差。经过抽拉速率为180mm/h的定向凝固后Co-9Al-9W-0.1B合金具有柱状晶组织,其蠕变强度高于具有等轴晶组织的Co-9Al-9W-0.1B合金。     

铌硅基高温合金定向凝固铸造温度场模拟计算

以铌硅基高温合金定向凝固铸造过程为对象，通过实验测试和反求法确定了铌硅基高温合金和型壳的热物性参数，以及凝固过程各界面换热系数等边界条件；利用ProCAST软件对不同抽拉速率下铌硅基高温合金凝固过程温度场进行了模拟。结果表明，随着抽拉速率由5 mm·min?1增加到10 mm·min?1，固/液界面离液态金属锡表面的距离由12.1 mm下降到8.2 mm；平均糊状区宽度逐渐变窄，由11.5 mm减小到10.4 mm。针对抽拉速率为5 mm·min?1的实验结果表明，数值模拟结果与实际定向凝固实验获得的一次枝晶间距差异在6%以内，从一个方面验证了温度场模拟结果的正确性，相关结果可为铌硅基高温合金叶片定向凝固铸造参数的确定提供参考。      

交变磁场作用下特种合金的凝固特性

以高温合金(K403)为实验材料,对中、小尺寸特种合金在交变磁场作用下成形过程的凝固特性进行研究,以期加深对凝固组织细化机理的认识,进而实现对凝固组织的优化控制。在研究过程中首先试验、研究了高温合金无接触和软接触电磁成形的凝固特性,探讨了电磁致流、磁化套以及抽拉速度对凝固组织的影响,进而分析了该特种合金电磁成形凝固组织的细化机理。结果表明:使用磁化套可以获得平直、细化的定向枝晶组织;在该文实验条件下,当抽拉速度为9.8mm/min时,一次枝晶间距能减小到80μm;电磁致流导致二次枝晶臂脱落是无接触电磁成形凝固组织细化的主要机理,而枝晶尖端开裂是软接触电磁成形凝固组织细化的主要机理。     

BaZrO3复合型壳定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的微观组织研究

采用BaZrO_3复合型壳定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金。通过扫描显微镜、金相显微镜和XRD等手段分析了BaZrO_3耐火材料与金属熔体之间的界面情况、熔体通过螺旋选晶器后的晶粒数目和片层变化、晶臂与枝晶干的夹角以及凝固后Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的组织形貌。结果表明,BaZrO_3复合型壳与Ti-46Al-8Nb合金之间存在约为10μm的扩散层;在抽拉速度7.7 mm/min、温度1 550℃条件下,Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的初生相为α相以及β相,经过定向凝固后的微观组织为γ+α_2片层、γ相以及B2相;在定向凝固过程中,螺旋选晶可以明显使晶粒数目减少,但是对片层间距的大小无影响。     

Nb30Ti35Co35合金定向凝固组织演化和显微硬度研究

三元以及多元合金凝固过程中,多组元间相互耦合和溶质再分配造成其凝固路径及其组织异常复杂,到目前为止尚未建立起完整统一的三元共晶凝固理论模型,凝固组织和机械性能的本质关系亟待研究。基于此,针对Nb₃₀Ti₃₅Co₃₅共晶合金(实测Nb₃₁Ti₃₄Co₃₅)开展了不同抽拉速率(v=3,5,15,30,70μm·s^-1)下的定向凝固实验研究,测量其显微硬度(H),旨在探索不同抽拉速率下合金的微观组织演化规律,并构建组织和性能之间的关系。结果表明：除极少量初生α-Nb外,常规铸态合金几乎完全由共晶(α-Nb+TiCo)组织构成,相类似地,定向凝固合金组织中也含有相同的组织类型(少量的Ti₂Co除外),即初生α-Nb和共晶(α-Nb+TiCo)组织;随着抽拉速率的逐渐增加,初生相α-Nb依次经历了“圆球状→团簇状→枝晶状”的转变,稳态生长区内共晶组织逐渐粗化,共晶排列不规则且相间距明显变大,淬火界面失稳并依次经历胞状界面到...     

Ni-7Al-27Mo定向凝固共晶合金组织和性能的研究

作为高温使用的新型合金,Ni-A1-Mo定向凝固共晶合金以其优异的强度和组织稳定性而引起人们的极大兴趣。本文作者叙述了合金的显微组织、相体积百分数、相组成和aMo纤维相的尺寸和分布,研究了拉晶速度对合金的显微组织和拉伸强度的影响,研究了在1100℃经100h等温处理对合金显微组织和持久性能的影响。     

一种镍基单晶高温合金的显微偏析行为

研究了一种新型镍基单晶高温合金DD98铸态组织的显微偏析行为.实验结果表明,当合金以枝晶凝固时,组织中存在显微偏析.其中元素Mo、Cr、Ti、Ta、Al在枝晶间富集,Ti、Mo、Ta、Cr的偏析较为严重,Al的偏析程度相对小一些,Ni、Co、W为枝晶干偏析元素,其中W的偏析最为严重;共晶中富集Al、Ta、Ti、Ni,贫Co、W、Cr、Mo.凝固速率对枝晶偏析有显著的影响.随着抽拉速率的增加,元素Al、Mo、Co、Ti的偏析程度增加,而Ta的偏析程度降低,其它元素的偏析程度变化不大.     

M951合金的热疲劳行为

测试了3种镍基合金和1种定向钴基高温合金矩形缺口试样的热疲劳行为.试样缺口处萌生裂纹的扩展长度作为热循环次数的函数.实验结果表明新型镍基导向叶片材料M951合金的热疲劳裂纹萌生速率和裂纹扩展速率最低.M951合金的热疲劳裂纹主要沿晶内枝晶间扩展,主裂纹生长以裂纹尖端连续开裂的形式进行.     

铸型温度对单晶高温合金叶片凝固组织的影响

在高温度梯度真空定向凝固炉中,采用螺旋选晶法通过3种不同铸型温度分别制备了[001]取向的DD6单晶高温合金叶片,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了不同工艺条件下合金的铸态组织,研究了铸型温度对单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明,随着铸型温度的升高,合金的一次枝晶间距和二次枝晶间距变小,合金元素的偏析程度降低,枝晶干和枝晶间的铸态γ′相尺寸减小,共晶的尺寸和含量稍有减小,显微疏松的尺寸和体积分数稍有减小。     

高铬铸铁叶片局部定向凝固组织与性能研究

对高铬铸铁叶片的局部定向凝固组织与性能关系进行了实验室研究和工业性装机试验，确定了定向凝固对组织、硬度、密度和耐磨性能的影响，得出了适合的局部定向凝固工艺，所研制的高铬铸铁叶片耐用性获得明显提高。     

Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Directional Solidification Process of Turbine Blade Casting with MCA Method

Nickel-based superalloy turbine blade castings are widely used as a key part in aero engines. However, due to the complex manufacturing processes, the complicated internal structure, and the interaction between different parts of the turbine blade, casting defects, such as stray grains, often happen during the directional solidification of turbine blade castings, which causes low production yield and high production cost. To improve the quality of the directionally solidified turbine blade castings, modeling and simulation technique has been employed to study the microstructure evolution as well as to optimize the casting process. In this article, a modified cellular automaton (MCA) method was used to simulate the directional solidification of turbine blade casting. The MCA method was coupled with macro heat transfer and micro grain growth kinetics to simulate the microstructure evolution during the directional solidification. In addition, a ray tracing method was proposed to calculate the heat transfer, especially the heat radiation of multiple blade castings in a Bridgman furnace. A competitive mechanism was incorporated into the grain growth model to describe the grain selection behavior phenomena of multiple columnar grains in the grain selector. With the proposed models, the microstructure evolution and related defects could be simulated, while the processing parameters optimized and the blade casting quality guaranteed as well. Several experiments were carried out to validate the proposed models, and good agreement between the simulated and experimental results was achieved.     

多晶硅锭的制备及其形貌组织的研究

研究了采用定向凝固法制备多晶硅锭的凝固速率与表面形貌、晶粒尺寸以及显微组织缺陷的关系。找出了晶锭不出现细晶的临界生长速度 ,并对固液界面形状进行了探讨。多晶硅锭的制备工艺主要包括定向凝固法及浇铸法。采用定向凝固法制备多晶硅锭 ,通过改变降埚速率控制晶体生长速度 ,进而找出晶粒大小与降埚速率的关系 ;同时通过改变石英坩埚、石墨托厚度 ,冷源半径等几何参数来达到控制固 液界面形状的目的。     

Modeling of Cell/Dendrite Transition During Directional Solidification of Ti-AI Alloy Using Cellular Automaton Method

Solute diffusion controlled solidification model was used to simulate the initial stage cellular to dendrite transition of Ti44Al alloys during directional solidification at different velocities. The simulation results show that during this process, a mixed structure composed of cells and dendrites was observed, where secondary dendrites are absent at facing surface with parallel closely spaced dendrites, which agrees with the previous experimental observation. The dendrite spacings are larger than cellular spacings at a given rate, and the columnar grain spacing sharply increases to a maximum as solidification advance to coexistence zone. In addition, simulation also revealed that decreasing the numbers of the seed causes the trend of unstable dendrite transition to increase. Finally, the main influence factors affecting cell/dendrite transition were analyzed, which could be the change of growth rates resulting in slight fluctuations of liquid composition occurred at growth front. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the results of previous theoretical models and experimental observation at low cooling rates.     

Modeling of Cell/Dendrite Transition During Directional Solidification of TiAl Alloy Using Cellular Automaton Method

 Solute diffusion controlled solidification model was used to simulate the initial stage cellular to dendrite transition of Ti44Al alloys during directional solidification at different velocities. The simulation results show that during this process, a mixed structure composed of cells and dendrites was observed,where secondary dendrites are absent at facing surface with parallel closely spaced dendrites, which agrees with the previous experimental observation. The dendrite spacings are larger than cellular spacings at a given rate, and the columnar grain spacing sharply increases to a maximum as solidification advance to coexistence zone. In addition, simulation also revealed that decreasing the numbers of the seed causes the trend of unstable dendrite transition to increase. Finally, the main influence factors affecting cell/dendrite transition were analyzed, which could be the change of growth rates resulting in slight fluctuations of liquid composition occurred at growth front. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the results of previous theoretical models and experimental observation at low cooling rates.     

Liquid metal cooling: A new solidification technique

This paper describes a new and highly efficient directional solidification process using liquid metal as a coolant. A laboratory version of this process is reviewed in detail. The selection of a coolant is also discussed. Process thermal characteristics such as thermal gradient, growth rate and cooling rate are measured and compared with established directional solidification processing. Microstructural refinement of primary dendrites, secondary dendrite arms and MC carbides is demonstrated in the case of Ni-base super-alloys. Special advantages of the process, such as a lack of interdependence of growth rate and thermal gradient are discussed. Liquid Metal Cooling (LMC) offers a wide range of rate-gradient combinations and i therefore the most flexible directional solidification process discovered to date. The high levels of thermal gradient which are available make LMC a natural choice for the growth of eutectics. Alternatively, growth rates of dendritic materials can be substantially increased leading to significantly finer microstructures. Thus, LMC promises to be a highly useful process.     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Crack Propagation Behavior in High-Nb TiAl Alloys by Directional Solidification

Titanium aluminide (Ti-47Al-6Nb-0.1C) alloys were prepared using a cold crucible directional solidification technique with an input power range of 35 to 55 kW under a withdrawing velocity of 0.4 mm/min. The macro/microstructure was characterized, and the mechanical properties were evaluated. The results show that the directional solidification (DS) ingots exhibit β-solidification characteristics at an input power range of 35 to 55 kW, and a well-developed DS microstructure was acquired at an input power range of 40 and 45 kW. With the increasing input power, the lamellar spacing decreases, resulting in the increasing tendency in the average room-temperature yield strength. The steady-state creep rate strongly depends on the lamellar spacing, and the creep life depends on the DS microstructure. The well-developed DS alloy can significantly improve the creep properties but has little influence on the room-temperature tensile properties. Moreover, after testing the fracture toughness, the crack propagation showed interlamellar cracks, translamellar cracks, and intercolony boundary cracks that primarily propagated along the colony boundary after creep testing.