中锰马氏体NM500钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为

 中锰马氏体耐磨钢是一种新型的低成本高性能耐磨钢,揭示钢中奥氏体晶粒长大行为,并建立精确的预测模型,对其组织和性能的调控至关重要。利用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机、金相显微镜和透射电子显微镜等设备,系统研究了中锰马氏体NM500钢在不同加热温度和保温时间下的奥氏体晶粒长大行为,探讨了微合金第二相对奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响。研究结果表明,加热温度对试验钢中奥氏体晶粒长大的影响明显大于保温时间,且试验钢中奥氏体晶粒长大行为受基体中V(C,N)粒子析出行为的影响,其可分为两个阶段。当加热温度小于950 ℃时,试验钢中存在大量未溶的纳米级球状和短棒状V(C,N)粒子,能够有效地钉扎奥氏体晶界,奥氏体晶粒长大缓慢;但当加热温度不低于950 ℃时,试验钢中V(C,N)粒子大量溶解和粗化。其中,加热温度为950 ℃、保温时间为60 min时,试验钢中V(C,N)粒子的体积分数仅为0.041%,平均粒径增大至45.78 nm。其对奥氏体晶粒的钉扎作用显著减低,且随着温度升高,原子扩散速度加快,奥氏体晶粒快速长大。基于Beck模型,建立了试验钢中奥氏体晶粒等温长大动力学模型,计算得到低温及高温阶段试验钢中奥氏体晶粒长大表观激活能分别为66.561 kg/mol和170.416 kJ/mol,且奥氏体晶粒的理论计算值与实测结果吻合较好。     

二次硬化超高强度钢AF1410奥氏体晶粒长大行为

研究了二次硬化超高强度AF1410钢(%:0.165C、14.10Co、9.83Ni、1.92Cr、1.05Mo)在800～1200℃ 5～180 min加热的奥氏体晶粒长大行为。结果表明,AF1410钢奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸随加热温度的升高和保温时间延长而增大,加热温度超过1100℃后,奥氏体晶粒发生严重粗化;不同加热温度下,该钢的奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸与保温时间符合Beck关系;建立了AF1410钢的奥氏体晶粒长大数学模型,800～1200℃加热时,该钢奥氏体晶粒长大平均激活能为220.2 kJ/mol,其奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸与加热温度之间符合Arrhenius关系。     

加热温度对钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过将钛微合金化钢在箱式电炉中加热至850~1 250℃保温30 min,观察其奥氏体晶粒组织及Ti的析出粒子分布情况,研究钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为及Ti的固溶规律。结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,试验钢存在两个奥氏体晶粒粗化温度,分别为1 050℃和1 250℃,与Ti两种析出粒子的固溶温度相对应,但数值比固溶温度低。分析奥氏体晶粒两个阶段的长大过程发现,随着TiC析出粒子的溶解,晶粒长大激活能从265.6 k J/mol降低至239.8 k J/mol。     

34CrNi3MoV钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型验证与应用

通过热处理试验并采用金相法分析研究了加热温度和保温时间对34CrNi3MoV钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响。结果表明，加热温度对34CrNi3MoV钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响尤为显著，随加热温度（900～1 200℃）的升高，晶粒尺寸逐步增大。在初始晶粒尺寸情况下，900℃保温30 min(12.1μm)和950℃保温10 min(15.1μm)都与原始晶粒尺寸级别相差不大，1 050℃保温30 min(37.8μm)时，晶粒尺寸达到原始晶粒尺寸的3.35倍，得到34CrNi3MoV钢晶粒长大的激活能Q=176.6 kJ/mol。随保温时间的延长，加热温度对奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响越来越弱。950℃保温时，晶粒长大的临界保温时间大约为90 min左右。1 050℃保温时，其临界保温时间大约为30 min。加热温度越高，达到临界保温时间后，晶粒长大就越缓慢。加热温度为850～950℃，保温时间60～180 min，可使34CrNi3MoV钢平均晶粒尺寸控制在22.5～44.9μm（国标8.0～6.0级）而满足要求。     

25Cr2Mo1VA钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律探讨

 为了研究不同加热温度和保温时间下25Cr2Mo1VA钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律,利用金相显微镜、TEM、EDS以及截距法分析了不同状态下奥氏体晶粒大小、形貌,析出相类型及其大小分布等。结果表明,当加热温度在900 ℃以下,试验钢的奥氏体晶粒长大缓慢且细小;随着温度加热至950 ℃,奥氏体晶粒出现了“混晶”现象,再加热超过1 000 ℃后,奥氏体晶粒异常长大。随保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒也会长大,但保温时间对奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响没有加热温度显著。试验钢中出现近似球形状的析出相,即为富钒的非计量化合物M₈C₇析出相。根据Anelli改进模型和回归分析,建立了试验钢奥氏体晶粒长大的热力学模型,并结合析出相粒子对奥氏体晶粒钉扎作用,探讨了25Cr2Mo1VA钢的奥氏体晶粒长大规律及成因。     

矿用高强度链环钢23MnNiMoCr54奥氏体晶粒长大行为的研究

研究结果表明:链环钢23MnNiMoCr54奥氏体晶粒的粗化温度为900 ℃,为避免“混晶现象”的发生, 最佳奥氏体化工艺在850℃下保温30 min。在相同保温时间下,奥氏体晶粒随着加热温度在850-1100℃内升高 呈指数关系长大。在相同加热温度下,平均奥氏体晶粒尺寸与保温时间的关系符合Beck模型,晶粒长大指数n随 着加热温度的升高先降低后升高。依据Arrhenius公式拟合得到了链环钢23MnNiMoCr54在950 - 1250℃内的奥氏体晶粒长大模型 D=2. 105 xl0³ t^0.138exp( -5.18 x 10⁴/RT)。     

35CrMo钢控温模锻加热过程中奥氏体晶粒长大行为

将35CrMo钢试样在不同的加热温度和保温时间下进行等温奥氏体化处理,采用正较实验法研究加热温度与保温时间对奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸的影响,并对奥氏体晶粒长大行为进行研究。结果表明:当保温时间一定时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高而增大,奥氏体晶粒的粗化温度为950℃;当加热温度一定时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随保温时间延长而增大,保温初期晶粒快速长大,随保温时间延长,晶粒长大速率放缓。综合考虑加热温度、保温时间和初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响,推导出35CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型,用该模型计算的晶粒尺寸与实验结果基本吻合。     

高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大的规律

 利用光学显微镜和H 800透射电镜研究了不同加热温度和不同保温时间下高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,该钢在高温加热时具有较好的抗晶粒粗化能力,奥氏体晶粒粗化温度在1250 ℃左右;在1100 ℃和1200 ℃保温时,奥氏体晶粒等温长大规律较好地服从抛物线型经验表达式;随着温度的升高,钢中的第二相质点逐渐减少,当加热至1250 ℃时,钢中仅存TiN颗粒。     

SCr420H钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学

试验研究了SCr420H钢的晶粒长大动力学行为,并根据第二相的固溶积公式和晶粒长大驱动力的定理,通过奥氏体晶粒尺寸进行分析。结果表明,SCr420H钢随着保温温度的升高和保温时间的延长,第二相颗粒逐渐减少,钉扎效果较弱,试验中的晶粒长大较为明显,晶粒逐渐粗化。结合实际晶粒尺寸和第二相的熟化长大原理,SCr420H在保温4 h条件下,随着温度升高,第二相溶解较少,晶粒长大速率趋于由慢到快;在5、6 h保温条件下,随着温度升高,晶粒尺寸稳定增长,最后趋向停止;当保温温度在1 020℃以上时,混晶现象较为明显。初始晶粒尺寸为24μm,晶粒长大符合Beck方程和Hillert晶粒长大规律,奥氏体晶粒长大的平均激活能为564.6 k J/mol。     

20MnSi、20MnSiV、20MnSiNb高温奥氏体化晶粒长大情况

利用高温金相显微镜研究了昆钢生产的20MnSi、20MnSiV、20MnSiNb三种带肋钢筋在高温奥氏体化后晶粒长大情况。结果表明：850℃=～1150℃之间缓慢加热时，1000℃左右三种钢的奥氏体晶粒均明显粗化，晶粒开始呈跳跃性长大；在1250℃保温40分钟后，奥氏体晶粒长大趋于缓慢，晶粒大小变化不大；高温下长时间保温20MnSiNb的奥氏体晶粒明显细于20MnSi，这是因为固溶铌通过溶质拖拽机制阻碍了奥氏体晶粒长大。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.