真空退火温度对冷加工态铪棒组织和力学性能的影响

高纯铪锭经过锻造、挤压等加工手段制备成13 mm的棒材,在600~760℃进行了不同制度的真空热处理,通过对比分析热处理前后棒材的低倍组织、显微组织及室温、320℃高温拉伸性能,研究了热处理对棒材组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:热处理后铪棒的低倍组织没有明显变化;随退火温度的升高,晶粒有明显的长大趋势,在600~760℃退火,晶粒度处于9.5~11级。铪棒室温和320℃拉伸强度随着退火温度的提高而降低,室温塑性则随着退火温度提高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而高温塑性随着退火温度的提高而增加。     

热处理温度对TC20钛合金细晶棒材组织和性能的影响

TC20钛合金具有较低的密度、合适的强度以及优良的生物相容性、耐腐蚀性、可加工性等特点,被广泛用作生物医用材料。细小均匀且稳定的显微组织是保障和提高TC20钛合金产品使用寿命的关键,因而研究相同加工条件下,热处理制度对棒材组织及性能的影响具有重要意义。为此,对TC20钛合金细晶棒材进行了不同温度下的热处理实验,分析了经不同温度热处理后棒材的显微组织和力学性能变化。结果表明:热处理温度对T20钛合金棒材显微组织的影响较显著,随着热处理温度的升高,细晶棒材强度持续降低,在800℃处理时强度降低幅度最大,而塑性基本不变。     

固溶时效对TC19钛合金棒材组织及性能的影响

对TC19钛合金棒材进行固溶时效热处理,利用SEM及力学性能测试研究固溶温度、时效温度对其组织及室温力学性能的影响,并对不同固溶冷却方式及时效时间下的组织和力学性能差异进行对比研究。结果表明:固溶处理后棒材组织为初生α相和亚稳态β相基;再经时效处理后组织转变为分布在β相基体间的条状初生α及弥散在β相中的细小α析出相。当时效温度一定时,随固溶温度的升高,强度增加,塑性下降;当固溶温度一定时,随时效温度的升高,强度先略微升高后降低,塑性升高;固溶后冷却速度较快及延长时效处理时间时,试样均呈现强度升高,塑性下降的规律。热处理工艺为860℃/1 h,空冷+570℃/4 h,空冷时,棒材强塑性匹配最佳。     

热处理对Ti-8V-8Cr-2Zr-3A1合金丝材组织和性能的影响

分别选用不同的固溶温度、固溶冷却方式和时效保温时间对Ti-8V-8Cr-2Zr-3A1合金丝材进行热处理,研究了热处理制度对丝材室温拉伸性能及金相显微组织的影响。结果表明：固溶处理温度在740～820℃范围内,力学性能及显微组织对温度不敏感,固溶温度继续提高时,材料晶粒明显变大,强度降低,塑性下降;固溶温度为740℃,分别以水淬、空冷方式冷却,材料的组织、性能无明显变化,以炉冷方式冷却,强度提高,塑性下降。眼镜架用Ti-8V-8Cr-2Zr-3A1合金丝材较为理想的热处理工艺为740℃×10min／AC＋550℃×（4～6）h／AC,经该工艺处理后,材料的抗拉强度约1120MPa,延伸率大于12％,能够满足用户要求。     

热处理对TC21合金大规格棒材组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理制度对TC21合金380 mm大规格棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,固溶温度影响初生α相含量以及形貌尺寸,固溶时间对显微组织没有显著的影响;冷却速度影响次生α相含量及尺寸,且对合金强度和塑性产生较大的影响。在890℃×2 h+FC固溶处理后进行610℃×4 h+AC时效处理,可使合金的强度和塑性得到良好的匹配。     

不同热处理工艺对TC20钛合金棒材组织和力学性能的影响

研究了不同热处理工艺对TC20钛合金棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：TC20钛合金经过两相区固溶+时效处理后得到双态组织,通过控制固溶冷却方式以及时效温度可调整初生α相含量以及次生α相含量和尺寸,改善其强度和塑性的匹配。采用940℃/1 h/WQ+700℃/30 min/AC+550℃/6 h/AC三重热处理工艺,在保证强塑性较佳匹配的同时,可以有效解决棒材直线度问题。     

热处理工艺对BT25钛合金锻件的组织与性能的影响

研究了不同固溶温度及冷却方式对BT25钛合金锻件组织与性能的影响。结果表明：同一固溶温度下,空冷的比炉冷的显微组织细小。固溶温度在相变温度以上,空冷的比炉冷的室温强度高,但塑性指标及冲击韧性变化不大。固溶温度在相变温度以下,同一固溶温度下空冷的比炉冷的室温强度稍高、断面收缩率和冲击韧性要高的多、延伸率变化不大,但屈服强度略有下降。高温强度随着冷却速度的提高而呈现略有提高趋势,塑性指标变化不明显。选用固溶温度为相变点以下30-40℃,保温2h空冷＋550℃,6h空冷热处理制度,可以保证合金强度和塑性的最佳配合。     

轧制温度和热处理对TB9钛合金棒材组织和性能的影响

研究了轧制温度和热处理制度对TB9钛合金棒材显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:在800、850、930℃下轧制的TB9钛合金棒材经810℃×30 min/WQ固溶后,显微组织均为等轴β组织,930℃下轧制的棒材组织更加均匀,轧制温度对棒材固溶后的力学性能影响较小。经510℃×12 h/AC时效处理后,棒材的强度和塑性等综合性能随轧制温度的升高变化不大,抗拉强度全部大于1 300 MPa,屈服强度大于1 200 MPa,延伸率大于10%,能够满足某零件对材料的要求。此外,TB9钛合金的强度随时效温度的上升而减小,而塑性逐渐增加。     

固溶热处理对TC17棒材组织与性能的影响

针对TC17钛合金Φ500mm棒材进行固溶热处理实验,研究不同固溶热处理时间对TC17钛合金大规格棒材组织和性能的影响,结果表明:高温固溶热处理的保温时间与固溶热处理的温度高低对TC17钛合金棒材的组织与性能都有较为明显的影响。当高温固溶时间大于1h时,随着保温时间的增加,TC17钛合金棒材强度降低,塑性提高;随着固溶温度的升高,棒材显微组织中初生α相含量减少,生成的β转变组织逐渐增多,其拉伸强度提升,塑性下降。     

热处理工艺对TA5钛合金棒材显微组织及性能的影响

经过多火次锻造得到具有均匀细小等轴组织的TA5钛合金棒材,在600~800℃范围内对其进行不同温度和不同保温时间的退火热处理,研究不同热处理工艺对其显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,热处理温度在700~750℃,保温时间在60~90 min之间时,得到的组织为更加均匀的等轴组织;棒材的抗拉强度为740 MPa左右,屈服强度在595 MPa左右,延伸率在14%左右,强度和塑性达到较好的匹配。     

热处理工艺对TC16钛合金棒材性能的影响

TC16钛合金是马氏体型α+β两相高强钛合金,能够通过热处理改善其组织与性能。研究了退火温度与固溶加时效工艺对TC16钛合金棒材性能的影响。结果表明:TC16钛合金采用800～820℃保温2 h,以2～4℃/min冷速随炉冷却至550℃后空冷的退火工艺,能够获得所需的强度和满足冷镦要求的工艺性能;降低固溶温度、延长时效时间与提高时效温度,有利于改善TC16钛合金的塑性,反之,有利于提高TC16钛合金的强度。     

Effect of Cyclic Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel

The microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel after cyclic heat treatment were in-vestigated.The effects of cyclic numbers and long time annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the experimental steel were compared.A short-duration (5 min)holding at 1 023 K (above A1 temperature)and a short-duration (3 min)holding at 893 K are adopted in each cyclic heat treatment.The spheroidization is accelerated during cyclic heat treatment,and the spheroidizing ratio grows with cyclic numbers.After 1 2-cycle heat treatments, there are few incompletely spheroidized regions in the specimens,and cementite lamellae mostly change into cement-ite particles.The morphological character of cementite for 12 cycles is similar to that undergoing annealing for 10 h at 973 K.The strength of the experimental steel after 5-cycle heat treatment is the lowest in the following cyclic heat treatment,but it is still higher than that of specimens with subcritical annealing over a long period (10 h).After 12-cycle heat treatment,the strength of the experimental steel is close to that of the normalized steel,and the plasticity is the best in all heat-treated specimens.     

退火后冷却方式对冷轧中锰钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜、X射线衍射等手段,研究了冷轧中锰钢(0.2C-5Mn)退火后不同冷却方式下的微观组织特点和拉伸性能.实验钢冷轧退火后为铁素体加逆转变奥氏体的双相组织.退火后空冷可以获得稳定性较高的逆转变奥氏体,且其体积分数也明显高于退火后炉冷.退火后空冷实验钢中的逆转变奥氏体在变形过程中产生持续的TRIP效应,提高强度的同时获得了较高的塑性,强塑积可达到26.5 GPa·%。      

热处理工艺对12%Cr铁素体不锈钢组织性能的影响

以12%Cr铁素体不锈钢为研究对象,研究了不同退火方式、退火工艺对12%Cr铁素体不锈钢热轧板和冷轧板组织、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、成形性能的影响。结果显示,12%Cr铁素体不锈钢高温下存在铁素体—奥氏体相变过程,在双相区退火快冷后有马氏体组织生成。通过在热退过程中引入奥氏体相变和马氏体相变,可以显著细化最终产品晶粒,提高最终冷轧产品的强度、硬度,同时保持材料耐腐蚀性能不变。该工艺生产的产品可以适用于高强度的应用场合,打破了传统12%Cr铁素体不锈钢热轧后只能采用罩式炉退火的束缚,针对产品的最终用途可以采用不同的退火方式和退火工艺进行生产。     

热处理对激光选区熔化TC4钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了激光选区熔化(SLM) TC4钛合金沉积态和退火态显微组织的特征及其对力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:合金组织沿激光选区熔化成形高度方向呈现外延生长,形成柱状晶,晶内存在大量的针状马氏体α’相。退火后,晶内的针状α’相转变为α+β板条组织。随着退火温度的升高,组织中α相含量逐渐降低,α片层逐渐粗化,β相含量逐渐升高;室温拉伸强度逐渐降低,塑性逐渐升高,显微硬度逐渐降低。经过800℃×2 h/FC退火热处理后,激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金具有最佳的强度与塑性匹配。     

Modeling of Strip Temperature in Rapid Cooling Section of Vertical Continuous Annealing Furnace

 The strip temperature is affected by many factors in rapid cooling section (RCS) of the vertical continuous annealing furnace (VCAF). They can be divided into four types: the physical properties of cooling gas, the geometry characteristics of configuration of cooling equipment, the heat transfer between the strip and the cooling gas, and the conductivity of the strip. It aims to model the strip temperature in the cooling section based on the fundamental heat transfer theory and the four aspects factors. The model for transient Nusselt number is obtained by considering Reynolds number, Prandtl number and geometry characteristics of RCS. Then cooling model of the strip transient temperature is built by Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient and heat conductivity of the strip. The results are compared with the data from production line. The comparisons indicate that the model can well predict cooling temperature of the strip. It is hoped that the proposed model can be used for design and control of the vertical continuous annealing furnace.     

双相区热处理对430铁素体不锈钢热轧板组织和性能的影响

研究了α+γ双相区热处理对430铁素体不锈钢热轧板显微组织和力学性能的影响,并与工业罩式炉退火后的热轧板显微组织和力学性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:在双相温度区间对430不锈钢热轧板进行热处理,分割了热轧板轧向的条带状组织,抑制了聚集组织的形成。与常规罩式炉退火工艺相比,双相区热处理显著提高了430不锈钢热轧板的伸长率,降低了屈服强度和硬度,有利于改善最终冷轧产品的冲压性能和抗起皱性。     

Modeling of Strip Heating Process in Vertical Continuous Annealing Furnace

 The mechanism for heat transfer of radiation is usually adopted to heat strip in vertical continuous annealing furnace. The rate of heat transfer among strip and other objects can be hugely affected by the parameters of strip speed, geometry factors and radiating characteristic of surfaces of strip, radiating tubes and walls of furnace. A model including all parameters is proposed for calculating the heat transfer coefficient, predicting the strip temperature and boundary temperature of strip through analyzing these parameters. The boundary temperature is a important datum and different from average arithmetic value of temperature of strip and temperature in furnace. Also, the model can be used to analyze the relation for temperature of strip and heat transfer coefficient, total heat transfer quantity and heating time. The model is built by using the radiating heat transfer rate, the Newton′s law of cooling, and lumped system analysis. The results of calculation are compared to the data from production line. The comparisons indicate that the model can well predict the heating process. The model is already applied for process control in production line. Also, this research will provide a new method for analyzing the radiation heat transfer.     

Mathematical model of metallurgical thermal processes and application

There are lots of physical changes and chemical reactions in the processes of iron and steel making, these processes are quite complex in the aspect of heat transfer.The processes of iron and steel making can be approximately divided into three kinds.The first kinds are the processes of fusion metallurgy which involve enormous chemical reactions,such as blast furnace,converter,electric furnace and coke oven.The second kinds are the processes of heating and cooling which are mainly the physical changes,such as walking-beam reheating furnace,annular heating furnace and car-type furnace.The third kinds are the processes of heat treatment which mainly adjust metallurgical structure of metal,such as roller hearth heat treatment furnace, strip continuous heat treatment vertical/horizontal furnace and HPH bell-type annealing furnace.Every process can only be finished in particular thermal equipment.And all the physical and chemical processes mentioned above must obey first principles of engineering thermodynamics,heat & mass transfer,hydromechanics, combustion,metallurgy physical chemistry etc,and which can be summarized as principle of heat transfer,mass transfer,momentum transfer and chemistry reaction.In this paper,based on first principle of heat and mass transfer in iron and steel making processes,a series of mathematical models of thermal equipments and processes are presented.Such as the model of hot-blast stoves,coke oven,CDQ-boiler system,sintering, reheating furnace,soaking furnace,annular heating furnace,roller hearth heat treatment furnace,strip continuous heat treatment vertical/horizontal furnace,HPH bell-type annealing furnace,control cooling of medium plate,burner,heat exchanger and regenerative burner etc.The on-line application of the model is based on experimental certification of the mathematical model.And finally the computer optimization system of metallurgical thermal process is obtained.     

中厚板正火工艺的研究与应用

正火是中厚板生产中常用的热处理工艺,正火可以改善中厚板的塑性和韧性以及切削加工性能。通过研究不同正火温度下锅炉容器板Q345R和高强船板的强度、塑性、韧性指标的变化,以及正火后水冷工艺对高强船板力学性能指标的影响,得出Q345R最佳正火温度是910℃,高强船板的最佳热处理工艺是正火温度920℃加正火后一定速率的水冷。