1955～2009年张掖市甘州区日照时数气候变化特征分析

利用张掖站的日照观测资料,对张掖市甘州区日照时数的年、季、月变化特征进行了分析,并运用气候突变理论对日照时数的变化进行了检测.结果表明:1955～2009年甘州区年、季、月日照时数均呈略增加趋势,其气候变化率为每10年增加3.67 h,日照时数年代际变化幅度较大,20世纪50年代最小,60年代最大,差值205.8 h.各季日照时数为春夏增加,秋冬减少,气候变化率分别为0.742 5、0.448 4、-0.121 5、-0.722 9 h/a.各月日照时数4、6月增加明显,9月减少明显.年日照时数在1976和1992年附近发生突变.甘州区太阳能可利用天数近39年为298 d/a,近半年时间超过26 d/月.     

大连市近59年日照时数变化特征分析

[目的]分析大连市的日照时数变化特征.[方法]利用大连市1951～2009年日照观测资料,采用线性倾向估计法和累积距平法,对大连市日照时数的年代际、年、季、月变化特征进行全面分析.[结果]近59年大连市年代际、年、季、月日照时数均呈减少趋势.20世纪50年代年平均日照时数最多,21世纪以来最少;年平均日照时数最多为1978年,最少为2003年;1989年之前为日照偏多期,之后呈快速减少趋势;四季中,秋季日照时数减少最快,春季减少最慢;月平均日照时数最多的是5月份,12月份最少;各月日照时数减少最快的是6月,仅3月份日照时数呈现增加趋势.[结论]该研究为合理利用光能资源、调整农业生产结构和促进农业经济可持续发展提供科学依据.     

塔城市近47年气候变化特征

利用塔城市1961～2007年地面气象资料,分析了47年来温度、降水、日照和风速的变化特征,结果显示,气温呈明显上升趋势,气温变化速率迭0.50℃/10a.47年平均气温上升了约2.4℃.四季季平均气温整体上都呈上升趋势,冬季气温最为明显,线性增长率达0.85℃/10a;秋季次之,线性增温速率为0.58℃/10a;夏季线性增长速率为0.39℃/10a;春季线性增温速率最小为0.34℃/10a,年平均最高气温的年代际变化呈波动式上升特征,增温卒为0.37℃/10a.春、夏、秋、冬的线性增温率分别为0.217、0.266、0.488和0.540℃/10a.平均最低气温年代际变化与平均最高气温年代际变化比较相似.近47年来,年降水量呈增加趋势,降水量倾向率3.49 mm/10a,年降水量变化的波动较为明显,春、夏季降水量变化不太明显,秋季降水量有明显的减少趋势,冬季降水量上升趋势最明显,对全年降水量上升趋势贡献最大,其次为春季.近47年来,平均日照时数有明显的下降趋势,其变化速率为-21.1 h/10a.年平均风速呈较小的减弱趋势,减少速率仅为-0.08 m/s·10a.     

桓仁地区近56年来日照变化特征分析

利用桓仁县近56年日照时数实测资料,分析了桓仁地区日照时数年代际、年际、各季和各月的气候变化特征以及与日照百分率、总云量、低云量和水汽压之间的关系.结果表明:桓仁地区年、季、月日照时数皆呈减少趋势,春季减少最快,冬季减幅最慢.桓仁地区各月的日照时数均呈减少趋势,其中5月减少的趋势较为显著,2月减少的趋势较弱.日照时数与日照百分率的年际变化基本保持一致.年日照时数在1992年附近发生突变.年低云量、水汽压略呈增加趋势,低云量、总云量和水汽压与日照时数变化呈显著的负相关,是桓仁地区日照时数减少的主要因素.     

沈阳沈北新区蔬菜大棚生产期气候变化及气象灾害对策

[目的]研究沈阳沈北新区蔬菜大棚生产期气候变化及气象灾害对策.[方法]利用沈阳沈北新区近38年气象观测资料,采用常规数理统计方法,分析沈北新区蔬菜大棚生产期气候变化,并探讨气象灾害天气的应对措施.[结果]近38年来,沈北新区光照条件一般,冬季平均日照时数较短(551 h),呈缓慢减少趋势,但降幅并不明显;沈北新区蔬菜大棚生产期气温倾向率0.371 ℃/10 a,冬季气温倾向率0.313℃/10 a,气温虽呈升高趋势,但波动幅度较大,让生产管理难以控制;较寒冷期(11～3月)历年降水量、阴天日数呈增加趋势,对蔬菜大棚生产影响较大;低温寡照阴天是该区冬季气候特点,对发展蔬菜大棚产业不利,冬季增加取暖措施有望正常发展.[结论]研究结果可为当地设施农业的发展提供科学依据.     

近50年建昌县霜期设施农业生产中光热气候资源变化特征

[目的]研究近50年建昌县霜期设施农业生产中光热气候资源变化特征.[方法]利用近50年建昌县气候资料,采用常规数理统计方法,分析了1960～2009年建昌县霜期光照、气温变化趋势.[结果]1960～2009年建昌县霜期日照时数、日照百分率呈减少趋势,气候倾向率分别为-55.556 h/10 a、-2.39%/10 a,近50年分别减少了278 h和12%;1981、1982年发生了气候跃变,跃变前后日照时数、日照百分率分别减少161 h和7%.霜期气温总体呈升高趋势,平均气温、平均最高、最低气温气候倾向率分别为0.386、0.392和0.567℃/10 a.近50年分别上升了1.93、1.96和2.84℃;1987、1988年发生气温跃变,跃变前后霜期平均气温、平均最高、最低气温分别升高了1.3、1.2和1.7℃.近50年来,建昌霜期光照资源减少,而热量资源增加,形成光热互补.[结论]该研究为当地霜期设施农业的发展提供了气候依据.     

近50年塔城盆地日照时数变化特征分析

[目的]研究近50年塔城盆地日照时数变化特征.[方法]利用塔城盆地4个气象观测站1960～2009年实测年、季、月日照时数资料,采用一元线性回归分析方法,研究了近50年塔城盆地日照时数年、季、月变化的基本特征[结果]近50年塔城盆地年均日照时数均在2 800.0 h以上.其中塔城、裕民最多,分别为2936.1、2921.3 h,额敏最少,为2 814.2 h.各站7、8月日照时数最多,6、5月次之,9、4月居第3,12月为全年最少.四季中以秋季、夏季日照时数最多,其次为冬季,春季最少;生长季日照时数以塔城、裕民最多,额敏次之,托里最少.2月4站日照时数线性倾向率均为负值,但仅塔城、额敏以-4.7、-6.0 h/10a的速率显著减少;5、6、10月4站日照时数线性倾向率均为正值,但仅裕民站以14.5、12.6、11.2 h/10a的速率显著增多.年、生长季日照时数线性倾向率仅裕民以74.9、60.5h/10a的速率显著增多.四季中仅冬季4站日照时数线性倾向率均为负值,其中塔城、额敏、托里以-5.5、-6.7、-4.9 h/10a的速率显著减少;其他三季仅裕民以9.7、7.7、7.0 h/10a的速率显著增多.[结论]该研究为农牧业产业结构的调整与优化、太阳能资源的合理开发与利用提供科学依据.     

近57年来本溪地区干湿程度演变分析

[目的]分析近57年来本溪地区干湿程度的演变情况.[方法]采用1953～2009年本溪地区的年、季、月气温和降水资料,分析了温度、降水和干湿指标的年代际变化.[结果]本溪地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,其线性倾向率为0.29℃/10 a;而降水量呈明显减少趋势,其线性倾向率为-29.Ol mm/lOa.干湿指数呈波动性减少趋势,其线性倾向率为-33.61 mm/lOa,这与20世纪80年代后温度升高、降水减少是密切相关的.[结论]本溪地区呈暖干化发展趋势.     

山西万荣县近52a气候特征及其与参考作物蒸散量和土壤湿度的关系

利用山西省万荣县气象观测资料,分析了1957～2008年气候变化特征.结果表明:万荣县年平均气温呈上升趋势,其上升速率为0.22℃/10 a.平均气温冬季升高最大;年平均最高、最低温度与年平均温度的整体变化一致,呈明显升高趋势.万荣县降水量总体呈减少趋势,其减少速率为22.1 mm/10 a.年日照时数、年小型蒸发皿蒸发量、年平均风速呈下降趋势.年参考作物蒸散量下降速率为21.8 mm/10 a,这与年日照时数减少、年平均风速变小、年平均水汽压增长、年平均最低温度增大有关.麦田年平均土壤湿度呈下降趋势,特别是进入21世纪以来,土壤湿度在小麦生育期下降较为明显.麦田土壤湿度下降的主要原因是降水量的减少.     

大连市作物生长季降水变化及农业旱涝程度分析

[目的]研究近60年大连市作物生长季降水变化及农业旱涝程度.[方法]选取大连市观象台1951～2010年4～10月逐月降水量和平均气温资料,采用线性回归、气候倾向率和干湿指数等方法,仅从作物生长季自然降水趋势变化与农业需水满足程度方面,分析大连市近60年作物生长季降水变化和农业旱涝程度.[结果]近60年来,大连市作物生长季降水量呈下降趋势,倾向率为-15.888mm/10a,60年来降水量减少95.3mm;春季降水略有增加,夏季明显减少,秋季减少幅度较小;各月平均降水量分布非常不均,7、8月降水量明显较多,共占作物生长季降水量的53.8%;4、5、10月平均降水量均低于作物生长季降水量的10.0%.近60年来大连市作物生长季内干湿指数K值平均为0.90,总体属于轻旱气候类型;干湿指数呈下降趋势,气候正朝着偏旱的方向发展;干旱发生频率为59%;春、秋季属于中旱气候类型,夏季总体属于偏湿气候类型;从历年平均看,除7、8月偏湿以上外,其他各月均达到中旱程度.[结论]该研究为地方农业生产、农业结构调整和旱涝灾害防御提供参考.     

重庆高校推进产学研合作的案例分析

以重庆大学、重庆邮电大学和重庆理工大学为例,剖析重庆高校推进产学研合作的基本模式,已经取得的突出成绩,分析总结其基本经验.从完善政策法规体系、强化经济调控、建立组织机构、加强中介建设及开展国际产学研合作等方面,提出了深入推进重庆高校产学研合作的对策建议.     

Benzimidazole resistance in cyathostomes in horses in the Ukraine

The efficacy of treatment with cambendazole was tested in 1-year-old horses on a farm in Dubrovka, Ukraine. Thirty-five horses were treated. Their egg output was compared on the day of treatment and 14 days later with that of 33 untreated horses. Before treatment the mean number of eggs g-1 faeces was 614 in the controls and 766 in horses that had been treated. After 14 days the mean egg output in the controls was 580 and in the treated horses 369. This means a reduction of 54.5%. Only cyathostome larvae could be cultured from faeces collected after treatment. It can be concluded that benzimidazole resistance in cyathostomes is present in the Ukraine.     

Fractures in childhood in Khartoum

A prospective study of fractures in 231 children received at Khartoum North Teaching Hospital(KNTH) was carried out for a period of six months. The incidence of child fracture rated as one per day, then it increased from the age of 5 years onwards in boys and between 6 and 8 years in girls. Most injuries were sustained during the day time, especially between late afternoon and sunset. 82% of injured children presented to a medical facility, while 18% were taken to native healers first. Non-road traffic accidents accounted for 84% of the fractures mainly due to sports, domestic injuries and falls; whereas road traffic accidents were 16% and occurred mainly in pedestrians. Forty three percent of the fractures needed only first aid and splintage while 42% needed closed reduction. Thirty one percent of all patients were treated as inpatients. The long bones were affected in 91% of all fractures, the commonest site being the distal end of the forearm (26%), followed by supracondylar fracture of the humerus (15.6%). In the upper limb, left-sided fractures predominated. The epiphyseal injuries were 3.5% of all fractures, mainly at the distal radial epiphysis. Boys were commonly affected between 13-15 years of age. Open fractures constituted 9.8% of the series and were mainly due to traffic accidents in town dwellers, the most vulnerable bones were those of the leg and foot. Pathological fractures accounted for 2.2% and were due to bone cysts and osteogenesis imperfecta. The problem of child safety and the preventive measures need to be more stressed.     

Heatstroke in runners in Oklahoma

It is a common opinion that general surgery is the first step for whoever approaches a surgical discipline, and that whoever practices training in general surgery should learn the rudiments of each surgical branch. The role of microsurgery in the training of the general surgeon has not been well-established. Clinical applications of microsurgery in general surgery are few and are rarely required, and have been connected strictly to restricted indications. However, we think that microsurgery could be very useful to the general surgeon because it allows the execution of experimental research on rats, the only possibility permitted by law. In these studies the microsurgeon can perform many times and in a short time the same surgical operation, thus improving his skill, and easily getting familiarity with surgical instruments and sutures.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.