放电等离子烧结Bi2O3/Cu复合梯度靶材

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了Bi2O3/Cu复合梯度靶材，利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析仪对材料的微观组织形貌及成分进行了分析。结果表明，合成的复合梯度靶材具有宏观组织不均匀性和微观组织连续性的特征，显微组织中不存在微裂纹，减小了热应力的影响。与单一成分靶材相比，复合梯度靶材的热导率显著提高，解决了靶材在溅射过程中因散热不良而碎裂的问题，提高了其使用率。     

钇对Ti-43Al-9V合金组织性能的影响

采用OM，XRD，SEM和TEM等测试方法，分析了稀土元素(Y)对Ti—43Al—9V合金显微组织以及力学形能的影响。实验结果表明，Ti—43Al—9V—0．3Y合金由γ相、α2相、B2相和YAl2相组成；添加稀土可以细化Ti—43Al—9V合金的晶粒尺寸，并促进细小的α2／γ层片形成以及细化粗大的α2／γ／B2层片。对TiAl合金力学性能测试表明，适量添加稀土Y(0．3％，原子分数)可明显改善合金的室温强度和塑性，但过量添加将会造成材料性能降低；断口分析表明过量添加稀土导致沿晶断裂比例增加将损害TiAl合金的性能。     

W/Ti合金靶材及其制备技术

介绍了W/Ti合金扩散阻挡层在集成电路布线技术中的作用及应用情况。阐述了W/Ti合金靶材的特性参数一相对密度、微观结构、金属纯度，与W/Ti合金薄膜性能之间的关系，指出高密度、高纯度、富Ti相含量少的合金靶材是制备优良W/Ti合金扩散阻挡层薄膜的基本条件。介绍了制备W/Ti合金靶材的3种方法一真空热压、惰性气体热压、热等静压，并概述了不同方法制备的靶材性能上的差异，给出制备高性能W/Ti合金靶材的工艺条件。     

RE-Mg-Ti复合变质高碳高速钢轧辊的组织和性能

研究了RE—Mg—Ti复合变质对高碳高速钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明，复合变质能细化高速钢基体，并且使共晶碳化物由层片状变成球状。变质处理后，高碳高速钢的硬度、红硬性和强度变化不大，断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值有所提高，冲击韧性提高一倍以上，抗热疲劳性能和高温耐磨性也明显改善。     

铝合金/纳米碳管/钛复合层激光合金化组织

使用真空镀的方法在铝合金表面形成CNTs／Ti/Al/…多层复合，经激光合金化形成复合涂层。利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对复合层的相构成及微观组织进行了分析。结果表明：铝合金表面复合层在激光合金化后存在着TiC颗粒和CNTs，TiC的含量随着激光功率的增加而增加；CNTs仍保留其原有的管状结构，且在复合层中相互缠绕呈网状均匀弥散分布；反应原位合成的TiC颗粒尺寸均匀细小，附着于CNTs上．从而改善了CNTs与基体之间的结合性能。     

时效转变与Ti/(Ti,Zr)2Si复合材料的制备

通过真空自耗电极炉熔炼得到硅锆比为1，2的Ti—Zr—Si合金材料，对合金材料进行了1200℃，3．5h的固溶处理和850℃不同时间的时效处理，通过时效析出反应制备Ti／(Ti，Zr）2Si复合材料。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、EDX分析了Ti—Zr—Si合金的铸造、固溶和不同时效阶段的显微组织及其相组成。分析结果表明，硅锆比为1／2(重量百分比)的Ti—Zr—Si合金，铸造组织为块状β—Ti、晶界由块状β—Ti和条状的5—3型硅化物组成；Ti—Zr—Si合金经过850℃，480min的时效处理，5—3型硅化物转变为2—1型硅化物；尺寸细小、分布均匀的2—1型硅化物使制备高性能的Ti／(Ti，Zr)2Si复合材料成为可能。     

Al2O3/Cr3C2/(W,Ti)C陶瓷模具材料研究

应用热压技术制备了添加不同含量Cr3C2和（W，Ti）C的Al2O3／Cr3C2／（W，Ti）C复合陶瓷材料。利用光学显微镜、环境扫描电镜、透射电镜和能谱分析仪等对～203／30％Cr3C2、Al2O3／30％（W，Ti）C、Al2O3／20％Cr3C2／10％（W，Ti）C三种复合陶瓷材料的显微组织结构进行了观察分析。研究表明：同其它两种材料相比，Al2O3／20％Cr3C2／10％（W，Ti）C陶瓷复合材料组织细化均匀，有连续骨架结构生成。Cr3G和（W，Ti）C颗粒的共同加入有利于晶粒生长的制约，裂纹分枝与偏转、晶粒拔出、以及纳米相等等，有效提高了氧化铝陶瓷材料的力学性能。     

W/Mo/石墨复合靶材的制备与研究

通过粉末冶金技术,采用真空高温热压烧结工艺,制备了W/Mo/石墨复合靶材,并对其显微组织、结合状态、密度和硬度等性能进行了测试,结果表明在1700℃,保温4 h,采用Zr,Ni,Tj混合粉作为粘结剂,热压条件下制备的W/Mo/石墨复合靶材,组织致密均匀,W,Mo层过渡平缓,结合界面良好,结合强度高.Mo层的硬度达到Hv250左右.     

热轧复合Cu－Al太阳能材料的复合界面分析

分析了经二次热轧复合太阳能材料的界面组织。Ａｌ—Ａｌ复合断面已找不到复合界面。Ｃｕ—Ａ１界面有一条（４．４～６）×１０￣（－３）毫米的ＡｌＣｕ化合物带，其显微硬度为４６４．４５，ｋｇｆ／ｍｍ￣２，化合物带两侧各有不小于０．１２毫米的扩散层。两种复合界面获得了较高的强度和韧性。     

机械球磨与反应烧结制备TiAl基合金

研究了机械球磨与反应烧结制备TiAl基合金的工艺,结果表明,Ti、Al单质混合粉末经机械球磨可得到具有Ti、Al相间层片结构的复合粉,且球磨时间越长,Ti/Al复合粉的层片结构越薄越均匀。将Ti/Al复合粉压坯在固相下进行扩散反应,Ti/Al之间的扩散反应随机械球磨时间的延长而加快,且球磨所得到的Ti/Al复合粉在固相下能够完全转变成Ti-Al金属间化合物。反应后得到的Ti-Al金属间化合物经过进一步的高温烧结,可以得到近全致密TiAl基合金,且得到了晶粒尺寸和层片厚度都比较小的典型的TiAl基合金组织。     

Heat and mass transport between the powder layers in graded materials obtained by the SHS method

The laws of heat transfer and eutectic liquid mixtures redistribution between layers of bimetallic powder materials in the process of consolidation while self-propagating high temperature synthesis mode were investigated. It was determined that temperature gradients exist on both sides of the interface between layers of porous nickel and an exothermal mixture of 15% Al–85% Ni. The temperature decreased from the interface to the centers of the layers. Inhomogeneous temperature distribution was the cause of liquid phase transfer from the combustion zone (near the interface) to the cold peripheral zones of the inert powder layers. The observed laws were confirmed by the results of physical metallurgy investigation.     

Production Conditions and Properties of Layered Materials Type of Composite Based on a Stainless Steel ― Steel

Fabrication conditions and some properties of wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant layered materials type of composite based on a stainless steel steel were investigated. The materials were produced by joint pressing and sintering of the layers. The working layer was based on stainless steel Kh18N15 with additions of Cr₃C₂ and MoS₂, and the substrates were unalloyed iron, low-alloy chromium steel, and stainless steel. The quality of layer bonding was evaluated by metallographic investigation and electron-probe microanalysis of the interface between layers, and also determination of the strength properties. It was established that the most favorable conditions for structure and property formation in the layered composites are obtained by using a stainless steel substrate and a working layer with an intermediate sublayer.     

Thermal residual stresses in functionally graded and layered 6061 Al/SiC materials

The thermal residual stresses that develop in spray atomized and codeposited functionally graded and layered 6061 Al/SiC metal-matrix composites (MMCs) during cooling from the codeposition temperature to ambient temperature were studied using thermo-elastoplastic finite element analysis. In an effort to investigate the effect of layered and graded structures on the residual stress distribution, the composites with homogeneous distribution of SiC particulates were also analyzed. The effect of SiC volume fraction in the SiC-rich layers and the effect of SiC-rich layer thickness on the residual stresses were investigated. Based on the present study, it was found that the residual stress distribution is very distinct for the aluminum and the SiC-rich layers in the layered materials. As the volume fraction of SiC increases in the SiC-rich layer, the magnitude of residual stresses also increases. The radial stress was found to be tensile in the aluminum layers and compressive in the SiC-rich layers. It was also found that, as the thickness of the SiC-rich layer increases, the magnitude of radial stress in the aluminum layers increases, and that in the SiC-rich layers decreases. In the graded material, the lower region of each layer exhibits tensile radial stress, and the upper region of each layer shows compressive radial stress in order to maintain continuity between layers during cooldown. In general, the layered and the graded materials have greater residual stresses and more complicated stress distribution, as compared with those in the composite materials with homogeneous distribution of SiC particulates.     

Coatings Remelted by Carbon Arc

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等离子喷涂技术在溅射靶材制备中的应用

镀膜行业的快速发展对溅射靶材的大型化、利用率等提出了更高要求。但传统的靶材制备方法在靶材大型化方面存在很大局限。等离子喷涂技术可喷涂几乎所有的陶瓷、金属、金属化合物,在靶材制备领域有着巨大的应用潜力。本文重点介绍了目前溅射靶材主要制备方法及存在问题,并对等离子喷涂制备溅射靶材的特点及设备现状及发展方向进行了阐述。     

Optical probes and transducers

Biosensors are by definition a combination of a biological receptor compound and a physical or physicochemical transducer. Therefore, the transducing structure is a critical part of every biosensor. In the development of new and improved biosensing layers the importance of the transducing structure is not restricted to the substrate to which biological structures have to be coupled. A field of even greater importance is the use of transducers as probes providing information on the structure and function of biosensing layers, and their relation to a transducer surface. The aim of this paper is to give an overview on optical transducer principles and optical (surface) analytical techniques relevant as part of biosensing structures as well as probes in the development and optimisation of biosensing layers. Categories discussed are basic optical effects, materials involved, surface chemistry, the principal and technological limits of spatial resolution, and sensitivity. The intimate relation between the spatial resolution of a probe, the resulting size of interaction areas, and the feasibility of array structures is pointed out. Two interferometric methods are presented in principle, and their application to biosensing and some results are discussed in detail. The necessity to characterise receptor layers to get detailed information about the interaction process is pointed out. The close relationship between optimal characterisation of layers by selection of adequate probe technologies and improvement of probe performance, and the development of new biosensing layers is discussed. Finally, an outlook is given for future aspects of improved spatial resolution and multianalyte detection.     

塑料-青铜-钢背三层复合自润滑材料的应用

本文简扼地介绍了英国Glacier金属公司首创的"DU"材料和国内七十年代末期不少单位相继研制的类"Du"塑料-青铜-钢背三层复合自润滑材料的发展概况;对该材料的结构、性能作了一般性的介绍;较为详细地讨论了利用该材料的优异特性于实际中所取得的良好效果。     

ITO靶材的断口分析

对国产与日本产两种ITO靶材进行全面的分析对比,并对ITO靶材的断口形貌与靶材黑化结瘤之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,国产靶材与日本靶材的相对密度、电阻率、失氧率等参数比较接近,二者均为单一晶相的固溶体。国产靶材的断面为"解理+韧窝"的脆—韧混合断裂,断裂面晶界上出现了粒径较大的无规则颗粒物;而日本靶材断面为解理脆性断裂,断裂面晶界清晰,无颗粒物出现。     

The future of clinical engineering practice: ACCE''s Vision 2000

The rocking-angle ion-milling technique has been employed to produce optimum Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si, W/TiN/SiO2/Si, and (Pb,La)TiO3/Pt/MgO samples for cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because of the different ion-milling rates between film layers and substrate materials, no satisfactory cross-sectional TEM samples could be obtained when they were made by the conventional ion-milling method. The differential thinning problems could be effectively solved by optimizing both ion-milling rocking-angle and ion-beam incidence angle without the increase of overall milling time. It was found that the rocking-angle of around 40 degrees is good when the multilayer structure is composed of materials with great ion-milling rate differences, while the rocking angle of around 80 degrees is good when the ion-milling rate differences are relatively small.