曝气混凝土生物膜法污水处理效果的主要影响因素分析

[目的]为寻求高效低成本生活污水处理新技术,研究该系统的净水效果及其主要影响因素,确定最佳运行参数:[方法]在连续进排水条件下,利用该系统进行生活污水处理试验,试验流量为2-3 m3/d.[结果]该系统具有较高的污染物去除率和较强的抗冲击负荷的能力;水力停留时间直接影响污染基质和溶解氧同生物膜表面微生物的接触时间和方式;曝气量影响反应槽DO和生物膜的更新速率;水温可改变参与净化的微生物的种属与活性;适宜的C/N比有利于硝化菌的生长繁衍.[结论]影响该系统处理效果的主要因素为水力停留时间、水力负荷、水温、C/N比等;该系统最佳运行工艺参数为水力表面负荷2.4 m3/(m2·h)、水力停留时间2 h、C/N比5～6、水温25～35℃、污泥回流比30%、曝气量为10 m3/(m3·h).该系统适用于乡镇中小型污水处理工程.     

陶粒-海绵铁混合填料BAF深度处理酱油废水研究

[目的]减少酱油废水给环境带来的污染,降低酱油废水深度处理的费用.[方法]采用曝气生物滤池对酱油废水2级好氧处理出水进行深度处理,研究其性能特点和影响因素.[结果]不同气水比对废水COD去除效果的影响要大于对色度、浊度去除的影响;不同水力负荷对COD、色度的去除均有一定影响,色度的去除随水力负荷的增加去除率有所下降,当水力负荷为0.51 m3/(m2·h)时对污染物的去除效果最为理想;废水色度和COD去除率与填料层高度的关系为随高度增加而升高,在100 cm处对废水色度和COD去除率达到64.4%和58.4%.[结论]曝气生物滤池以陶粒-海绵铁混合填料可以很好地去除酱油废水2级好氧出水中的色度和浊度,进一步降低废水COD,在气水比为2∶ 1、水力负荷为0.51 m3/(m2·h)时对各种污染物的效果最好.     

内循环撞击流生物膜反应器处理高氨氮废水试验研究

[目的]研究内循环撞击流生物膜反应器处理高浓度氧氯废水的性能.[方法]采用内循环撞击流生物膜反应器,以玉米芯为生物栽体处理模拟高氨氮废水,探讨了C/N比、溶解氧(DO)对COD和NH4+-N去除效果的影响.[结果]在进水NH4+-N 200 mg/L、DO 2mg/L、C/N比分别为1.0和1.5时,对COD的去除效果没有明显影响,均高达92%以上;C/N为1.5时,COD和NH4+-N平均去除率最高,分别达92.7%和41.2%;在C/N为2.0时,去除率显著降低,COD和NH4+-N平均去除率分别降至20%和10%左右;在C/N为1.5、NH4+-N 200 mg/L时,DO对COD的去除影响不大,但对NH4+-N的去除影响较大,DO浓度从4 mg/L降到1 mg/L时,NH4+-N去除率从46.4%降至17.1%.[结论]该研究为高氨氮废水处理提供了理论依据.     

HMBR法处理某黄金矿山氨氮废水试验研究

针对某黄金矿山外排水氨氮浓度较高的特点,采用复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)系统进行处理。研究了在好氧区pH为弱酸性及中性条件下,HMBR法对氨氮和COD等典型污染物的去除特征。试验确定了HMBR法最佳工艺参数:好氧区pH值控制为6.80~7.20,DO为2~3 mg/L,动态曝气运行周期6 min(运行-间歇时间4 min^-2 min),在线化学清洗措施为“柠檬酸+水-次氯酸钠”,水力停留时间为2.34 d,HMBR出水中氨氮和COD均达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级要求。该研究为HMBR法处理氨氮废水的工业化应用提供数据支持。     

尾矿库氰渣淋溶废水深度处理工艺研究

针对黄金矿山尾矿库氰渣淋溶的低质量浓度含氰废水,采用OOT/OCT—BAF联合工艺进行处理。其试验结果表明,在进水总氰化合物为64.45 mg/L、硫氰酸盐为22.74 mg/L、COD为76.58 mg/L、铜为72.48 mg/L的条件下,当臭氧投加量为250 mg/L、臭氧投加量分流比为2∶1、BAF的废水停留时间为20 min、气水比为3∶1时,出水总氰化合物为0.02 mg/L、硫氰酸盐完全去除、COD为5.43 mg/L、铜为0.32 mg/L、氨氮为0.79 mg/L,出水达到《GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质。     

焦化废水臭氧催化氧化深度处理及应用

为适应新的环保要求,进一步提升焦化废水的处理水平,对攀枝花某厂焦化废水处理系统进行了升级优化改造,采用臭氧催化氧化工艺技术对废水进行深度净化处理,通过对进水悬浮物、硫氰化物影响和水力停留时间的优化,系统运行处理能力得到大幅提高,出水水质优于《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB16171—2012)直接排放标准,其中氨氮≤1 mg/L,COD≤70 mg/L,多环芳烃和苯并芘去除效果明显,色度明显改善且无异味,工业运行效果良好。     

生物接触氧化法深度处理氯碱废水的中试研究

试验以氯碱化工企业污水处理站的二沉池出水为对象,研究了生物接触氧化法深度处理二沉池出水的作用效果,以及去除COD和氨氮的规律,并考察了气水比、水力负荷和温度对处理效果的影响.结果表明,COD和氨氮平均去除率分别为30%和70%,试验得到的最佳气水比和水力负荷分别为5∶1和2.5m3/h;温度在30℃时,处理效果相对较好,从而为工程应用提供了数据参考.     

Carrousel氧化沟同步硝化反硝化的影响因素研究

[目的]为城市污水处理厂的优化脱氮和节能运行提供参考.[方法]采用有效容积为 240 L 的中试 Carrousel 氧化沟处理模拟生活污水,研究溶解氧、进水 COD 负荷和进水氨氮负荷对 Carrousel 氧化沟同步硝化反硝化的影响.(结果]综合氨氮和总氮的去除率,能够满足同步硝化反硝化的最佳溶解氧浓度为 1.0 mg/L,最佳进水 COD 负荷为 0.25 kg COD/(kgMLSS·d).较小的进水氨氮负荷有利于同步硝化反硝化过程的进行.[结论]溶解氧是控制氧化沟内发生同步硝化反硝化过程的最关键的因素.进水 COD 负荷对同步硝化反硝化过程的影响主要是体现在进水 COD 负荷对实现较好硝化效果的限制.     

移动床膜生物反应器在废水处理回用工程中的应用研究

介绍了移动床膜生物反应器（MBBR）的工作原理、特点以及在钢厂综合废水治理中的首次应用情况。运行实践表明,MBBR具有较强的抗负荷冲击能力,水质水量的剧烈波动不会引起出水水质的较大变化。软化处理后的钢厂综合废水经MBBR处理后,出水COD保持在10 mg/L左右,氨氮低于1 mg/L,pH值稳定在7～8,SS〈5 mg/L,且对碱度的贡献约30 mg/L,保证了回用水水质。     

内循环厌氧反应器处理果汁废水的启动试验研究

[目的]为果汁废水的有效处理提供参考.[方法]采用内循环(IC)厌氧反应器处理苹果汁废水,研究反应器的启动过程及其对废水的处理效果.[结果]启动第1 d容器内有少量沼气产生,第4 d COD去除率达77.72%;增加进水COD浓度至3 500 mg/L时,容器的容积负荷提高到7 kg COD/(m3·d).在逐渐提高容积负荷的情况下,随着反应器的运行,污泥床区逐渐充满沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥,其中反应器底部颗粒污泥的粒径多为2～3 mm,且污泥床区下部颗粒污泥的粒径大于上部颗粒污泥;当进水COD浓度为7 000 mg/L左右,水力停留时间(HRT)保持12 h不变,容积负荷为14.15 kg COD/(m3·d)时,COD去除率保持在90%以上,出水挥发酸(VFA)稳定在4 mmol/L以下.[结论] IC厌氧反应器对果汁废水具有高效稳定的处理效果.     

Aerated Rock Filters for Enhanced Ammonia and Fecal Coliform Removal from Facultative Pond Effluents

Rock filters used to treat effluents from waste stabilization ponds do not remove ammonia as they are anoxic. A pilot-scale aerated rock filter was investigated, in parallel with an unaerated control, over an 18-month period to determine whether aeration provided conditions within the rock filter for nitrification to occur. Facultative pond effluent containing ～ 10?mg NH4–N/L was applied to the filters at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.15?m3/m3?day during the first 8?months and at 0.3?m3/m3?day thereafter. The results show that the ammonia and nitrate concentrations in the effluent from the aerated filter were <3 and ～ 5?mg?N/L, respectively, whereas the ammonia concentration in the effluent from the control filter was ～ 7?mg?N/L. Fecal coliforms were reduced in the aerated filter to a geometric mean count of 65?per?100?mL; in contrast the effluent from the control filter contained 103–104 fecal coliforms per 100?mL. Aerated rock filters are thus a useful land-saving alternative to aerobic maturation ponds.     

铜矿区含低浓度NH4+-N、Cu2+污水的处理

针对铜矿区含低浓度NH₄+-N、Cu2+污水的特征,采用吸附法+曝气生物滤池（BAF）联合工艺处理此类污水。研究了改性铜渣基陶粒对模拟污水中Cu2+的去除规律,考查了铜渣基陶粒填料的BAF对模拟污水吸附脱铜后液中NH₄+-N的去除效果。结果表明:在Cu2+初始浓度为50 mg/L、溶液初始pH值约为5.00,陶粒添加量20 g/L,温度35 ℃,时间120 min的条件下,改性陶粒对模拟污水中Cu2+的吸附效果较佳,其平衡吸附量可达0.936 mg/g; 在陶粒添加量为40 g/L,温度35 ℃条件下,对含Cu2+,NH₄+-N初始浓度分别为20、100 mg/L的模拟污水进行同步吸附处理时,改性陶粒对Cu2+的去除率达80%,污水中剩余Cu2+的浓度仅为4.0 mg/L,但对NH₄+-N的去除效果不明显; 在水力停留时间HRT=6 h、碳氮比m（C/N）=4/1、pH=8.00左右、曝气量为1.2 L/min的较优工艺下,BAF对模拟污水脱铜后液中NH₄+-N的去除率达96%;吸附法与BAF联合工艺可有效处理铜矿区含低浓度NH₄+-N,Cu2+污水,处理后Cu2+,NH₄+-N浓度达国家排放标准要求。      

含氨氮有机物和重金属离子的废水处理试验与设计

通过对某科技园含高氨氮、有机物、重金属离子废水的现场试验,确定了该类型工业废水处理工艺流程。采用两段吹脱NH3-N;两级重金属絮凝沉淀回收金属Co^2＋、Ni^2＋;缺氧、好氧组合生化、生物滤池、沸石过滤器处理工艺。处理后出水COD、NH3-N浓度分别小于100和15mg／L;重金属Co^2＋、Ni^2＋离子浓度均小于1mg／L。     

Fe(Ⅱ)-H_2O_2不同温度浸润改性活性炭吸附去除水中砷(Ⅴ)

Fe(Ⅱ)-H2O2不同温度浸润改性活性炭是采用FeSO4·7H2O添加H2O2在温度100℃下纯浸润24 h(Fe(Ⅱ)-24 h)和高温蒸发15 min(Fe(Ⅱ)-15 min)制备.对2类材料进行SEM表征并对其吸附1.1 mg/L砷(Ⅴ)的性能进行比较.SEM显示Fe(Ⅱ)(0.485%)-24 h(0.485%为Fe(Ⅱ)-24 h的铁含量,下同)表面覆盖厚的棒状纳米羟基铁,Fe(Ⅱ)(1.35%)-15 min表面覆盖薄而烧结扭曲羟基铁;高温蒸发15 min有利于铁负载;Fe(Ⅱ)-24 h(108~142 mg/gFe)对砷(Ⅴ)吸附的铁效率是Fe(Ⅱ)-15 min(57~63 mg/gFe)的2倍;Fe(Ⅱ)(0.485%)-24 h在2pH3.5或9pH12时对砷(Ⅴ)的吸附平衡容量高于Fe(Ⅱ)(1.35%)-15 min,同时Fe(Ⅱ)(0.485%)-24 h在不同pH值的条件下铁的溶出量低于Fe(Ⅱ)(1.35%)-15 min;SO42-、NO3-、ClO4-、PO43-抑制Fe(Ⅱ)(0.485%)-24 h对砷(Ⅴ)的去除,PO43-抑制效果更为明显,Cl-(100 mg/L)和BrO3-促进其对砷(Ⅴ)的去除.     

氮气、空气条件下炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

在MM-1000型摩擦试验机上,对炭/炭复合材料分别在氮气和空气中模拟正常着陆能量条件下的摩擦磨损行为进行测试。结果表明:在氮气中,炭/炭复合材料的摩擦因数较高,达到0.32～0.4,磨损率较低,质量磨损率为18 mg/次,线性磨损率为1.4μm/次;在空气中,材料的摩擦因数较低,为0.2～0.3,但磨损率较高,质量磨损率为48 mg/次,线性磨损率为3.8μm/次。磨损表面及磨屑的SEM形貌表明:在空气中,材料摩擦表面易形成炭纤维、基体炭相互脱离的磨屑,其主要磨损机制为氧化磨损;在氮气中,则有纤维与基体炭连接良好、大尺寸的磨屑出现,主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

Sorption extraction of cobalt ions from nitrate media by the iminodiacetate chelating resins Lewatit TR-207 and TR-260

Cobalt-ion sorption from nitrate media by the macroporous chelating resins Lewatit TR-207 and TR-260, which contain active functional groups based on iminodiacetic acid, is studied. Both resins are shown to sorb cobalt from nitrate solutions rather efficiently at pH 1.5–2.0, and the degree of cobalt extraction reaches ～100% for a solid to liquid ratio of ≥0.3. Under optimal conditions, the cobalt capacity of the resins is ～160 mg/g. The system under study is equilibrated within 240 min, and >70% Co is extracted during the first hour of sorption. On heating to 40–40°C, cobalt sorption enhances; however, upon further heating to 50–52°C, the extraction of cobalt decreases, which is probably caused by thermal destruction of the resin. The estimated change in the enthalpy of cobalt sorption in the temperature range 21–41°C is about +84 kJ/mol. The results obtained are employed to test the cobalt sorption under dynamic conditions in a laboratory column packed with Lewatit TR-207 resin in the H⁺ form (the working volume of the column is 100 ml) using the real mother liquor (24.5 mg Co/l) of cobalt oxalate precipitation. Quantitative desorption of cobalt is conducted with a solution of HNO₃ (400 g/l). During dynamic tests, about nine specific volumes of the initial mother liquor are passed through the column. After this, the cobalt content in the purified solution is lower than 0.4–0.5 mg/l; i.e., the total degree of cobalt extraction is >98%. In the desorption solution, the cobalt concentration increases to ～0.3 g/l, which corresponds to a more than tenfold degree of cobalt enrichment. Thus, the resins under study can be recommended for the extraction of cobalt microamounts (20–50 mg/l) from foul and reused waters.     

Combustion synthesis and stability of nanocrystalline La2O3 via ethanolamine-nitrate process

Pure nanocrystalline La2O3 powders were successfully prepared by the combustion method.The effect of ethanolamine-to-nitrate ratio on phase composition and crystallite size of the combustion products was systematically investigated.Pure hexagonal La2O3 powders were almost formed in stoichiometric reaction(ψ=1.15),while metallic La phase was obtained in fuel-rich conditions(ψ≥3.0).The as-synthesized hexagonal La2O3 was found to be chemically unstable in ambient air since a complete transformation to hexagonal La(OH)3 was detected after 24 h exposure to air.The resulting hexagonal La(OH)3 showed an excellent ability to remove water pollutant and could nearly remove 100% of the Congo red at room temperature with a removal capacity of 143.5 mg Congo red/g.The phosphate adsorption data on hexagonal La(OH)3 agreed well with the Langmuir model with the estimated maximum adsorption capacity of 57.8 mg/g.     

选矿厂破碎系统高效旋涡湿式除尘器的应用

西北某选矿厂碎矿车间将3台冲激式除尘器改造为2台高效旋涡湿式除尘器后,作业岗位的粉尘浓度由原来的14～22mg/m3降到现在的2mg/m3以下,装机总功率由111kW减少到44kW,一套除尘系统的耗水量仅1～2t/h,取得了显著的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。在矿山企业具有广泛的推广应用前景。     

Removal of Endosulfan from Water Using Wood Charcoal—Adsorption and Desorption

Endosulfan, one of the most widely used pesticides in various sectors including agriculture, has been reported posing a threat to the ecology as well as to the environment. Contamination of groundwater and surface water sources with various pesticides is well documented, and this problem is prominent, particularly in rural areas. In the present study, efforts are made to remove endosulfan from water using wood charcoal, a local and low cost adsorbent. It gave removal efficiency of more than 90%. Equilibrium time was found to be around 5?h. Wood charcoal showed an uptake capacity of 0.53?mg/g with initial endosulfan concentration in the range of 0.25–5?mg/L and 1.77?mg/g for the range of 2–50?mg/L. Langmuir isotherm gave a better prediction of adsorption capacity than the Freundlich. The Langmuir isotherm fit also gave a better correlation with the experimental data. In the desorption study carried out, 10% solutions of acetone, methanol, acetic acid, saturated EDTA solution, and distilled water were used as eluents. Ten percent methanol solution was found performing well with an adsorbent regeneration of more than 80% after four cycles of adsorption desorption. Desorption was found to follow a zero order equation in the case of 10% solutions of both acetone and methanol.