Mg-Y-Gd三元系723K等温截面的研究

应用三元扩散偶技术测定了Mg-Y-Gd三元系723 K的等温截面,借助电子探针微区成分分析了Mg-Y-Gd三元扩散偶的相区成分。测得该温度下的三相平衡有:Mg3Gd+Mg2Y+Mg5Gd,MgGd+Mg2Gd+MgY,MgGd+MgY+Y,Mg5Gd+Mg2Y+Mg24Y5,Mg24Y5+Mg+Mg5Gd,Mg2Gd+MgY+Mg2Y和Mg3Gd+Mg2Gd+Mg2Y。     

Regulation of cellular Mg2+ by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Regulation of cellular Mg2+ by S. cerevisiae was investigated. The minimal concentration of Mg2+ that results in optimal growth of S. cerevisiae is about 30 microM and a half-maximum growth rate is attained at about 5 microM Mg2+. Since the plasma membrane has an electrical potential greater than 100 mV, passive equilibration of Mg2+ across the plasma membrane would provide sufficient cytosolic Mg2+ (0.1-1 mM). The total cellular Mg2+ of cells grown in synthetic medium containing 1 mM Mg2+ is about 400 nmol/mg protein, most of which is bound to polyphosphate, nucleic acids, and ATP. Total cellular Mg2+ decreases to about 80 nmol/mg protein as the Mg2+ in synthetic growth medium is reduced to 0.02 mM, but remains relatively constant in growth medium containing 1 to 100 mM Mg2+. Cells shifted into Mg(2+)-free medium continue to grow by utilizing the vacuolar Mg2+ stores. Mg(2+)-starved cells replenish vacuolar Mg2+ stores with a halftime of 30 min. following the addition of 1 mM Mg2+ to the growth medium. The data indicate that cytosolic Mg2+ is maintained by the regulation of Mg2+ fluxes across both the vacuolar and plasma membranes.     

Effect of Yttrium on Microstructures and Preparation and Structure of Mg2-xRExNi (RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Y) Ternary Alloys

A series of Mg2-xNdxNi(x=0.05,0.1,0.2,0.3)alloys and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni(RE= La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Y)ternary alloys were prepared by ball milling of mixted powder of Mg,Ni,RE and sintering under the protection of argon.XRD analysis shows that Mg2-xNdxNi(x=0.05,0.1)and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni consist of single phase with the same crystal structure as Mg2Ni.While three-phase alloys including Mg2Ni,NdNi and NdMgNi4 were formed in Mg1.8Nd0.2Ni and Mg1.7Nd0.3Ni alloys respectively.The lattice constants of Mg2Ni in those ternary alloys were calculated.The decomposition of Mg2Ni occurs in the milling process of Mg2Ni and Mg1.95RE0.05 Ni alloys respectively.For the latter,another earlier reaction occurs in milling process,which means that atoms of RE are separated from crystal structure of Mg2Ni and form relevant oxides by combination with oxygen existed in argon atmosphere.     

The site of magnesium absorption from the ruminant stomach

1. A low-magnesium diet was fed to four sheep, each of which had been surgically prepared with a rumen fistula, a tube into the cranial one-third of the omasum, a tube to the cranial one-third of the abomasum and a re-entrant duodenal cannula. Mg, as gluconate or acate or acetate, was continuously infused for 12-14 d in turn into (1) the caudal duodenal cannula, (2) the abomasum, (3) the omasum, (4) the rumen. A continuous infusion of the chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex (CrEDTA) was maintained to the rumen. The abomasal effluent which flowed through the cranial duodenal cannula was continually sampled and the flow of Mg calculated from the concentrations of Mg and CrEDTA. Blood and rumen fluid samples were taken and urine and faeces collected during each period of Mg infusion. 2. The Mg infused to either the abomasum or omasum was completely recovered at the duodenum, indicating a lack of net absorption of Mg from these stomach compartments. In contrast, 13-7-18-7 mmol (36-61%) of the Mg infused to the rumen was not recovered at the duodenum which suggested that a substantial net absorption of the infused Mg occurred from the reticulo-rumen. Absorption of Mg caudal to the pylorus was not related to the site of Mg infusion and averaged 3-28 +/- 0-56 (SEM) mmol/d. 3. Compared with the intraruminal infusion, the post-ruminal infusion of Mg was associated with decreased plasma and rumen fluid Mg concentrations, decreased urinary Mg exretion, decreased Mg balance and increased faecal Mg excretion. 4. It is concluded that no significant absorption of Mg occurs from either the omasum or abomasum in sheep and that the reticulo-rumen is the principal site of Mg absorption before the pylorus. Absorption of Mg post-ruminally is insufficient to maintain normal Mg status in the animal.     

添加钕对Mg2Ni储氢合金的结构和电极性能的影响

利用两步法制备了一系列添加Nd的三元Mg2-xNdxNi合金。XRD分析证实，当x=0．05，0．1时，制得的三元Mg2-xNdxNi合金均为Mg2Ni单相合金；三元Mg18Nd0．2Ni(x=0．2，0．3)合金为三相合金，三相分别为Mg2Ni，NdNi，NdMgNi4。模拟电池测试结果表明，同Mg2Ni合金相比，球磨10h的三元Mg1．8Nd0．2Ni合金和Mg17Nd03Ni合金电极的放电容量提高明显，且Mg17Nd03Ni合金电极的循环性能有明显改善。这极有可能与合金中NdMgNi4相的存在以及球磨形成的微结构有关。     

镁及镁合金材料加工技术的现代化进展

简要介绍了镁及镁合金材料加工业与技术发展现状，重点论述了新型镁合金及其特种性能的研发、镁合金熔铸及铸造成型技术、挤压技术、锻压技术、轧制技术及其产品生产的现代化进展与前景，认为镁材加工工业与技术近年来取得了重大突破，但尚存在许多难题有待攻破。     

机械球磨对烧结形成Mg2Ni相的影响

本文分析了球磨处理对烧结时Mg2Ni相形成的影响。试验结果表明，球磨处理后的Mg、Ni混合粉晶粒细化，并形成了有利于原子扩散的微结构(如界面密度、晶格缺陷密度增加等)，从而使烧结时MgaNi相更易形成。X衍射和DSC分析也证实，烧结形成Mg2Ni相的过程中无中间相的产生，适当的球磨处理会影响Mg2Ni相形成的温度和焓变(△H)，可使Mg2Ni相形成在较低温度范围(770K左右)下进行。     

Temporal and spatial regulation of a putative transcriptional repressor implicates it as playing a role in thyroid hormone-dependent organ transformation

97 patients (25 per cent males, ages ranging from 14 to 73 years, median 38 years) with complaints of chronic fatigue (chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia or/and spasmophilia) have been enrolled in a prospective study to evaluate the Mg status and the dietary intake of Mg. An IV loading test (performed following the Ryzen protocol) showed a Mg deficit in 44 patients. After Mg supplementation in 24 patients, the loading test showed a significant decrease (p = 0.0018) in Mg retention. Mean values of serum Mg, red blood cell Mg and magnesuria showed no significant difference between patients with or without Mg deficiency. No association was found between Mg deficiency, CFS or FM. However serum Mg level was significantly lower in the patients with spasmophilia than in the other patients.     

Daily magnesium supplementation effect on magnesium deficiency in rats during prolonged restriction of motor activity

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of magnesium (Mg) supplements in rats during prolonged restriction of motor activity (hypokinesia [HK]) and in the presence of Mg deficiency, which is characterized by increased rather than decreased plasma Mg concentration, as occurs in ambulatory conditions. The studies were performed during 98 days of HK on 100 13-week-old Sprague-Dawlay male rats weighing 360 to 390 g. They were equally divided into four groups: (1) unsupplemented control animals (UCA), (2) unsupplemented hypokinetic animals (UHA), (3) supplemented control animals (SCA), and (4) supplemented hypokinetic animals (SHA). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, SHA and UHA were kept for 98 days in small individual wood cages that restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intake. The SCA and SHA took daily with their food an additional 0.35 mg of Mg. Before and during the hypokinetic period of 98 days, Mg in plasma, urine, and feces, balance of Mg, food intake of Mg, and body weight were determined at different intervals. In SHA and UHA, plasma Mg concentration and excretion of Mg in urine and feces increased significantly compared with SCA and UCA. Magnesium balance was negative in UHA and AHA throughout the hypokinetic period. Body weight and a food intake decreased significantly in SHA and UHA when compared with SCA and UCA. Significant losses of Mg in SHA and UHA occurred in the presence of Mg deficiency and suggest that prolonged HK induces another factor that influences Mg metabolism. We conclude that prolonged HK causes significant changes in Mg values of plasma, urine, and feces and a negative Mg balance in rats, despite Mg supplements leading to Mg deficiency.     

Metabolism of magnesium in health and disease

Magnesium (Mg) is an intracellular cation. It is an essential element which catalyses more than 300 enzymatic reactions, in particular those involving ATP. Approximately half of the total Mg in the body is present intracellularly in soft tissues, and the other half is present in bone. Serum Mg determination represents only 1% of total body's Mg concentration. Modern instruments will soon be available to determine physiologically active intracellular ionised Mg. Despite the ubiquitous nature of Mg, low serum Mg occurs either from decreased absorption or due to increased excretion. Hypomagnesaemia is surprisingly common in hospital populations and is more prevalent in acute than in chronic cases but often remains undetected or overlooked. Magnesium deficiency may result in hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia. Myocardial Mg depletion may result in influx of Na+ and Ca+2 into the mitochondria which may lead to myocardial cell death. Hence, low Mg concentration may be a factor for a wide variety of clinical conditions.     

Indications for the use of magnesium in anesthesia and intensive care

Magnesium (Mg), a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, is often ignored by clinicians, as the symptomatology of Mg depletion is not specific and usually associated with that of the cause of the depletion. Furthermore, the plasma Mg concentration (0.8 to 1.1 mmol.L-1) is only equivalent to one percent of the total body content. A Mg deficit may exist while plasma Mg concentration is normal. Therefore other techniques for Mg assessment, such as the repletion test, as well as red blood cell and lymphocyte concentrations have been used. A renewed interest for Mg occurred as numerous studies have shown the therapeutic efficiency of Mg and as the mechanisms of its haemodynamic effects have been recognized. Mg regulates Na-K-ATPase activity, K channels activity and, most of all, it is a natural calcium channel blocking agent. These properties explain its important place in electrophysiology of myocardial cells and the effects on the tension of smooth muscles, resulting in a vasodilation and a bronchodilation respectively. The antagonistic effect of Mg on calcium decreases the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and the release of epinephrine at the peripheral sympathetic nerves and the adrenals. Mg potentiates the effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. A Mg deficiency occurs often in ICU patients, in alcoholics and during use of diuretics. Simultaneous administration of Mg is often required for treatment of potassium deficiency. Mg has an anti-arrhythmic effect towards digoxin-mediated dysrhythmias and torsades de pointes, and can be efficient in other arrhythmias. Systematic use of Mg seems to decrease mortality of acute myocardial infarction and is justified during cardiac surgery, often associated with hypomagnesemia, because of vasodilation of coronary arteries and in order to prevent occurrence of arrhythmias. Mg, because of its calcium channel blocking properties and as it lowers the release of epinephrine, is indicated for surgery of pheochromocytoma. In eclamptic and pre-eclamptic patients, the use of Mg is valuable, but not as an anti-epileptic agent. Other clinical uses of Mg have been proposed, but they are either anecdotal or of uncertain efficiency.     

Respiration-dependent efflux of magnesium ions from heart mitochondria

Energy-linked respiration causes a net movement of Mg2+ between rat heart mitochondria and the ambient medium. When the extramitochondrial concontration of Mg2+ is less that about 2.5 mM the net movement of Mg2+ constitutes an efflux, whereas a net influx of Mg2+ occurs when the external concentration of Mg2+ is greater than this. Both the efflux and the influx are induced to only a very small degree by externally added ATP. Evidence suggests that Pi may be required for the respiration-induced efflux of Mg2+.     

镁离子对低品位硫化镍矿氧化浸出电化学行为的影响

低品位硫化镍矿中含镁硅酸矿物易被酸溶解出Mg^2+而影响其有价金属提取。采用不同氧化浸出体系研究了Mg^2+对硫化镍矿中Ni、Cu、Mg、Fe浸出的影响,利用循环伏安、动电位极化、交流阻抗等方法研究了Mg^2+影响硫化镍矿中硫化矿物氧化溶解电化学行为。结果表明,试验范围内,低品位硫化镍矿中硫化矿物氧化浸出受氧化产物扩散影响控制,含镁矿物被酸溶解释放出Mg^2+进入溶液,游离的Mg^2+受硫化矿物表面负电性离子吸引而吸附在矿石表面,降低矿物表面氧化溶解双电层电荷转移内阻,加速电荷转移过程;另一方面,由于Mg^2+吸附影响,使得硫化镍矿表面氧化产物膜致密生长而显著负影响硫化矿物浸出,致使硫化矿物自腐蚀速率随Mg^2+浓度增加而降低。Mg^2+对含S物种电对间转化不利,与Fe^3+协同影响硫化矿物氧化浸出效率,低Mg^2+浓度促进Fe^3+/Fe^2+循环,而高Mg^2+浓度引起硫化矿物腐蚀产物层致密生长而降低矿物被溶解的速率。硫化镍矿在不同体系氧化浸出时,初始含Mg^2+条件下,Ni、Cu、Fe浸出效率低于无Mg^2+体系。     

Identification of Mg2+-binding sites and the role of Mg2+ on target recognition by calmodulin

The binding of Mg2+ to calmodulin (CaM) and the effect of Mg2+ on the binding of Ca2+-CaM to target peptides were examined using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. We found that Mg2+ preferentially binds to Ca2+-binding sites I and IV of CaM in the absence of Ca2+ and that Ca2+-binding site III displays the lowest affinity for Mg2+. In contrast to the marked structural transitions induced by Ca2+ binding, Mg2+ binding causes only localized conformational changes within the four Ca2+-binding loops of CaM. Therefore, Mg2+ does not seem to be able to cause significant structural effects required for the interaction of CaM with target proteins. The presence of excess Mg2+ (up to 10 mM) does not change the order and cooperativity of Ca2+ binding to CaM, and as expected, the structure of Ca2+-saturated CaM is not affected by the presence of Mg2+. However, we found that the binding of Ca2+-saturated CaM to target peptides is affected by Mg2+ with the binding affinity decreasing as the Mg2+ concentration increases. Three different peptides, corresponding to the CaM binding domain of skeletal muscle myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), CaM-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), and smooth muscle caldesmon (CaD), were examined and show different reductions in their affinities toward CaM. The CaM-binding affinity of the MLCK peptide in the presence of 50 mM Mg2+ is approximately 40-fold lower than that seen in the absence of Mg2+, and a similar response was observed for the PDE peptide. The affinity of the CaD peptide for CaM also shows a Mg2+ dependence, though to a much lower magnitude. The Mg2+-dependent decrease in the affinities between CaM and its target peptides is an intrinsic property of Mg2+ rather than a nonspecific ionic effect, as other metal ions such as Na+ do not completely replicate the effect of Mg2+. The inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on the formation of complexes between CaM and its targets may contribute to the specificity of CaM in target activation in response to cellular Ca2+ concentration fluctuations.     

Falsely high ionized magnesium results by an ion-selective electrode method in severe hypomagnesemia

Changes in serum total and ionized magnesium (Mg and Mg2+) and calcium (Ca and Ca2+) were monitored in three patients who transiently developed severe (total Mg < 0.50 mmol/l) to profound hypomagnesemia (total Mg < 0.35 mmol/l) due to cisplatin or interleukin-2 therapies. Mg2+ and Ca2+ were measured with the Nova ion-selective electrodes at 37 degrees C and all results were normalized to pH 7.40. Independent of the etiology, the Mg2+ fraction (Mg2+/total Mg) increased as the concentration of the serum total Mg decreased in all three patients. When the total Mg was around or below 0.35 mmol/l the Mg2+ approached or exceeded total Mg, suggesting an error in the measurement of Mg2+. The findings were extended by including a group of 31 additional patients whose serum total Mg, Mg2+, total Ca, and Ca2+ concentrations varied from abnormally low to above normal. The serum total and ionized concentrations strongly correlated for both Mg (r2 = 0.88) and Ca (r2 = 0.92). The Mg2+ fraction rapidly increased with a fall in the total Mg concentration (r2 = 0.76) and total Mg/total Ca ratio (r2 = 0.71). In fact, with decreasing total Mg concentrations or total Mg/total Ca ratios, the Mg2+ fraction progressively increased to 93-128% of the total, confirming an error in the Mg2+ determinations. The Ca2+ fraction showed a slight and insignificant decrease with falling total Ca concentrations and total Mg/total Ca ratios. The Mg2+ concentration was directly related (r2 = 0.62), whereas the Ca2+ concentration showed a complex relationship to the total Mg/total Ca ratio. Whether this latter relationship represents a technical artifact or a true biological phenomenon requires further study. The apparent overestimation of Mg2+ at very low total Mg concentrations, and in the presence of a very low total Mg/total Ca ratio, could be due to improper chemometric correction of the Ca effect on the Mg electrode, non-linearity, and inadequate calibration. Whatever the mechanism, the failure of this method to correctly measure very low serum Mg2+ concentrations in the sera of patients with severe hypomagnesemia, or likely in any patient with an unusually low total Mg/total Ca ratio, erodes its diagnostic usefulness.     

High magnesium concentration inhibits ligand-stimulated calcium influx and hormone secretion in rat pituitary lactotropes with involvement of intracellular free magnesium

The effects of extracellular magnesium concentration ([Mg2+]ex) on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated intracellular free calcium mobilization and prolactin secretion were investigated concomitantly with measurement of the intracellular free magnesium concentration ([Mg2+]i). TRH-stimulated intracellular free calcium mobilization was significantly inhibited when the medium was replaced by high Mg2+ medium ([Mg2+]ex = 10 mM) in normal Ca2+ medium. The inhibitory effects of high Mg2+ became apparent concomitantly with an increase in [Mg2+]i from 0.7 to 1.3 mM. High Mg2+ significantly inhibited TRH-induced PRL secretion in a dose-dependent manner in normal Ca2+ medium. TRH-stimulated inositol triphosphate (IP3) production was rather augmented by the replacement with high Mg2+ medium. In summary, high Mg2+ inhibits Ca2+ influx stimulated by TRH in the rat pituitary lactotropes, possibly with the involvement of [Mg2+]i increase. These results have general importance in relation to high Mg(2+)-induced suppression of the biological functions of cells.     

Mg对M2高速工具钢中碳化物的影响

摘要：在实验室条件下，向M2高速钢中加入Ni-Mg合金，对M2高速钢进行变质处理，研究其对高速钢一次碳化物的影响。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法检测高速钢中的Mg含量，采取电解萃取的方法分析碳化物类型及相对含量的变化，在SEM-EDS扫描电镜下观察碳化物分布、尺寸、形貌的变化。结果表明，向M2高速钢中加入Mg能降低二次枝晶间距，细化碳化物的尺寸。Mg细化碳化物的效果随Mg含量的变化而变化。当Mg质量分数为8×10-6时效果最好，之后随着Mg含量的上升，效果变差。微量Mg细化碳化物的原因是Mg会向晶界偏聚，阻碍合金元素的扩散，从而抑制了碳化物的长大；同时Mg能对高速钢中的夹杂物改性，形成的大量细小、弥散的含Mg夹杂物可以诱导碳化物的析出，从而达到细化碳化物尺寸的效果。     

Effect of Ni/（La＋Mg） Ratio on Structure and Electrochemical Performance of La-Mg-Ni Alloy System

As the alloy with the most suitable Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio has higher capacity and good cycle stability,theeffects of Ni/(La+Mg) ratios on the electrochemical performances of the La0.80 Mg0.20 Nix (x= 3.5 to 5.0) alloys have been investigated to find the most suitable Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio.The results of XRD and SEM observations show that the phase composition of the alloys varies with different Ni/(La+Mg) ratios.When Ni/(La+Mg) is notmore than 4.25,all the alloys contain LaNi5 and (La,Mg)2Ni7 phases,in addition,the LaMg and (La,Mg)Ni3 phases exist in the x=3.5 and 3.75 alloys,respectively.The LaMg2Ni9 phase exists in the x=4.25 alloy.There are the LaNi5 and LaMg2 Ni9 phases in the x= 4.5,4.75,and 5.0 alloys.The phase abundance and cell volume change with different Ni content.When the Ni/(La+Mg) ratio is not more than 4.25,the alloys possess excellent activation capability,however,the activation capabilities of the alloys decrease with a further increase in the Ni/(La+Mg)ratio.With increasing the Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio,the maximum discharge capacities,the medium voltages,and the cycle stabilities of the alloys first increase and then decrease.When the Ni/(La+Mg) ratio is 3.75,the corresponding alloyhas the maximum discharge capacity among all the alloys.However,the cycle stability of the Ni/(La+ Mg)= 4.0 alloy is better than that of the others.     

氢化燃烧合成Mg2NiH4中镁氢化反应的影响及利用

通过改变氢化燃烧合成Mg2NiH4时镁氢化保温时间，研究在不同合成压力下，中间反应一镁氢化反应对氢化燃烧合成产物的影响，并初步探讨了镁氢化反应与Mg-Ni燃烧合成反应及Mg2Ni氢化反应的内在联系。研究结果表明，镁的充分氢化在促进Mg-Ni燃烧合成反应的同时也有效地提高了Mg2Ni的氢化活性，利用镁氢化反应可以在低的合成氢压和粗的镁粉原料下制备出纯度很高的Mg2NiH4。