100t转炉用炼钢四孔氧枪射流数值模拟研究

利用Fluent软件对100t转炉超音速氧枪射流流场的速度进行模拟,模拟了普通超音速氧枪的炼钢氧气和钢液两相流动,包括氧气射流对钢水熔池的冲击面积和冲击深度,对实际炼钢生产有重要的指导意义。     

环境温度对超音速氧气射流特性影响的数值模拟

通过数值模拟的方法研究了不同环境温度条件下超音速氧气射流的特性,并与前人的实验结果进行了对比分析.研究结果表明:与低温环境条件相比,高温环境条件下超音速氧气射流的速度衰减受到抑制,射流核心段长度得到延长;不同环境温度条件下,氧气射流的温度随着氧气射流的扩散不断升高,最终趋于环境温度;射流的压力分布趋势与射流速度分布趋势一致.数值模拟得到的射流速度、温度和压力结果与实测值吻合度较高.      

100t转炉供氧优化数值模拟与应用

利用CFD软件对首钢水城钢铁(集团)有限责任公司100 t转炉进行了三维三相流数值模拟。模拟结果表明由于新氧枪产生氧气射流的冲击,熔池中的冲击面积和冲击深度比原氧枪有所提高。新氧枪搅拌能力好,可以促进钢液中的传质、传热,加快冶炼节奏。为检验模拟结果,将新氧枪应用于水钢转炉冶炼,结果表明新氧枪搅拌能力强,脱碳速度快,而且吨钢氧耗、供氧时间和供氧强度都能满足炼钢生产需求。     

板坯连铸浸入式水口控流的物理和数值模拟

浸入式水口结构从根本上决定了结晶器内的钢液流动形式，采用物理模拟和数值模拟方法研究了水口结构及铸坯断面尺寸对板坯结晶器流动行为的影响。通过解析速度云图、表面流速、液面波动、冲击深度及保护渣覆盖情况等特征参数，对结晶器内钢液流动行为进行多角度定量表征。结果表明，水口侧孔倾角向上对1 600 mm×220 mm断面结晶器流场液面扰动较大，其倾角向下15°时射流冲击深度较大，倾角向下8°时最为适宜。水口底部形状会影响钢液的湍动能耗散及流场对称性，对比后得出凹底水口为最佳水口形状。侧孔形状对表面流速影响较小，但对自由液面波动有显著影响，可能导致钢液裸露；当水口侧孔面积一致时，矩形侧孔水口条件下的结晶器液面裸露面积小于跑道形侧孔和方形侧孔情况。而在浇注不同断面尺寸时，仅通过改变水口结构和使用工艺难以获得合理的结晶器流场，还需要借助其他控制流动的手段来推动未来板坯多元化生产的发展。本研究可为改善板坯质量提供理论与工艺指导。     

转炉氧枪喷头参数的数值模拟研究

为解决某厂转炉冶炼时出现操作氧压高、化渣困难、喷溅严重等问题,对其转炉氧枪喷头进行了结构优化改进,并建立起描述该喷头射流特性的数学模型,利用FLUENT软件对原喷头和改进后喷头的氧气射流进行了冷态数值模拟.结果表明:在距喷头相等距离上,改进后喷头的氧气射流速度明显降低,冲击面积增大.研究结果为下一步进行工业实验提供了坚实的理论基础.     

圆形喷口紊流冲击射流流动与传热过程数值模拟

中厚板无约束淬火主要采用上下集管圆形射流冲击冷却方式，使淬火钢板在向前行进的过程中得到冷却。本文通过建立单股圆形喷口紊流冲击射流流动与传热过程数学模型，对单股射流冲击热钢板的射流流场、温度场、压力场和自由液面进行了数值模拟，得到了冲击射流各物理场的变化规律及钢板表面的换热特性。数值计算结果不仅为钢板淬火过程的温度场模拟、热应力应变场模拟提供了较为准确的换热边界条件，也为优化钢板淬火控冷工艺、保证钢板淬火质量提供了坚实的理论基础。     

南钢150t转炉供氧优化研究

利用CFD软件对南京钢铁股份有限公司150t转炉进行了三维超音速射流数值模拟。模拟结果表明:由于新氧枪产生氧气射流的高速射流段,射流半径和射流交汇情况比原氧枪有所改善;新氧枪的搅拌能力好,可以促进钢液中的传质、传热,加快冶炼节奏。     

四孔氧枪顶吹转炉的三相流流场数值模拟

采用数值模拟软件Fluent建立了一个瞬态的三维数学模型,对100 t氧气顶吹转炉流场进行数值模拟。通过改变氧枪枪位和氧枪喷孔夹角,得出相应的冲击深度和冲击面积以及熔池内部速度分布。结果表明,在相同的条件下,随喷吹枪位的升高,射流形成的钢液凹坑直径变大,而冲击深度变小;随喷孔夹角的增大,射流冲击直径变大,而冲击深度减小。低枪位有利于增大熔池上层钢液流速,高枪位利于促进熔池下部钢液流动;喷孔夹角增大利于增大熔池表层高速区面积,但熔池中心底部低速区面积也随之增大。     

高马赫数氧枪枪位对100 t转炉自动炼钢熔池流速的影响

通过采用数值模拟与冷态水模拟相互印证的手段,以北方某钢厂100 t炼钢转炉为原型,建立了四孔拉瓦尔氧枪喷头与转炉炉体的三维模型,模拟研究了高马赫数氧枪枪位变化对熔池内钢液流速的变化状况以及射流的冲击效果的影响。结果表明:随着氧枪枪位从1.7 m提高到2.5 m,对熔池钢液的冲击能力不断减弱,导致冲击深度不断减小。但是,随着枪位的提高,氧气射流对钢液的作用面积却不断增大。高马赫数氧枪位在1.6～2.2 m冲击深度适中,熔池混匀效果最好,此时钢液流速在熔池径向方向上的分布更加均匀,且高速区域占比更大,混匀时间较短,对熔池底部钢液的搅拌效果最好。     

攀钢炼钢转炉氧枪的数值模拟及优化实践

根据攀钢集团攀枝花钢钒有限公司120 t转炉的具体实际条件,通过计算机对氧枪喷头和转炉内的氧气和钢水流动过程进行数值模拟。模拟了不同支管角度下的主射流流场的速度衰减规律,不同角度氧气射流及转炉内各种流体的流动情况;利用计算机对转炉钢水的混匀时间进行了定量描述。通过数值模拟,最终确定了氧枪喷头支管的具体角度参数为16°。采用数值模拟结果,将优化后的536-16氧枪应用于工业实践,得到了很好的效果。     

水口类型对大方坯结晶器内钢水流动与凝固行为的影响

采用数值计算方法对比研究了直通式、4分径向以及新型4分切向水口对大方坯连铸结晶器内钢水流动与凝固行为的影响.结果表明,当前常用的直通式水口对坯壳无冲击,利于坯壳均匀生长,但钢水冲击深度大,易在弯月面处形成死区,不利于大方坯内部及表面质量的提高;改用4分水口浇铸时,结晶器宽、窄面冲击区附近都会出现不同程度的坯壳厚度零增长...     

Modeling of an Impinging Oxygen Jet on Molten Bath Surface in 150 t EAF

 A transient three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to analyze the three-phase flow in a 150 t EAF (electric arc furnace) using oxygen. VOF (multiphase volume of fluid) method is used to simulate the behaviors of molten steel and slag. Numerical simulation was conducted to clarify the transient phenomena of oxygen impingement on molten bath. When oxygen jet impinges on the surface of molten bath, the slag layer is broken and the penetrated cavity in molten steel is created. Simultaneously, the wave is formed at the surface of uncovered steel on which the slag layer is pushed away by jet. The result of numerical simulations shows that the area and velocity of uncovered steel created by impingement, jet penetration depth change from 0.10 m2, 0.0125 m/s, 3.58 cm to 0.72 m2, 0.1445 m/s, 11.21 cm, when the flow rate of an oxygen lance varies from 500 to 2000 m3/h. The results have been validated against water model experiments. More specially, the relation between the penetration depth and oxygen flow rate predicted by numerical simulation has been found to agree well with that concluded by water model.     

Non‐Circular Hydraulic Jump on a Moving Surface due to an Impinging Circular Free Surface Jet of Water

Liquid jet impingement has many industrial cooling applications such as metal manufacturing and steel cooling on run‐out tables (ROT). The development of the wetting front around the impingement point of a jet is central in jet impingement cooling. In this paper, the effects of moving target surface and jet Reynolds number on wetted zone and on the formation and location of hydraulic jump (HJ) are explored through a series of industrial‐scale experiments of an impinging circular free surface long water jet with high Reynolds number of 11 000–50 000 and industrial jet parameters. The moving test surface impacts the radial evolution of circular wetted zone in all directions and alter the circular HJ at the wetting front into a non‐circular contour that depends on the jet Re number. The limited relations in the literature do not represent these measured shapes and do not appropriately predict radii of HJ in industrial scale. A new correlation for radius of non‐circular HJ has been derived in this study that compared more accurately to the experimental data. Numerical simulations of radial impingement flow on moving surface were performed using a variant of k–ε turbulent model and results are compared to the experimental data. The computational results for the wetting front were found to be close to the experimental data indicating the appropriate performance of the turbulent model.     

Three-phase Fluid Numerical Simulation and Water Modeling Experiment of Supersonic Oxygen Jet Impingement on Molten Bath in EAF

By means of the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 6.3, a mathematical model of three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow field in the molten bath of electric arc furnace （EAF） with side accessorial oxygen lances was developed to study the transient phenomena of oxygen jet impingement on the molten steel and the molten slag. The water modeling experiment was carried out to verify the simulation results. The impingement of the supersonic oxygen jet caused impact dent on the molten steel surface accordingly. The area of impact dent changed almost in linear relationship to flow rate of oxygen jet, which can be expressed by a deduced mathematical equation. And the relationship between the impact force of oxygen iet and the correspondingly formed apparent static pressure on molten bath was obtained, which was in linear relationship and a direct proportion, and can also be expressed by a deduced mathematical equation.     

Investigation of Fluid Flow and Steel Cleanliness in the Continuous Casting Strand

Fluid flow in the mold region of the continuous slab caster at Panzhihua Steel is investigated with 0.6-scale water model experiments, industrial measurements, and numerical simulations. In the water model, multiphase fluid flow in the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and the mold with gas injection is investigated. Top surface level fluctuations, pressure at the jet impingement point, and the flow pattern in the mold are measured with changing submergence depth, SEN geometry, mold width, water flow rate, and argon gas flow rate. In the industrial investigation, the top surface shape and slag thickness are measured, and steel cleanliness including inclusions and the total oxygen (TO) content are quantified and analyzed, comparing the old and new nozzle designs. Three kinds of fluid flow pattern are observed in the SEN: “bubbly flow,” “annular flow,” and an intermediate critical flow structure. The annular flow structure induces detrimental asymmetrical flow and worse level fluctuations in the mold. The SEN flow structure depends on the liquid flow rate, the gas flow rate, and the liquid height in the tundish. The gas flow rate should be decreased at low casting speed in order to maintain stable bubbly flow, which produces desirable symmetrical flow. Two main flow patterns are observed in the mold: single roll and double roll. The single-roll flow pattern is generated by large gas injection, small SEN submergence depth, and low casting speed. To maintain a stable double-roll flow pattern, which is often optimal, the argon should be kept safely below a critical level. The chosen optimal nozzle had 45-mm inner bore diameter, downward 15 deg port angle, 2.27 port-to-bore area ratio, and a recessed bottom. The pointed-bottom SEN generates smaller level fluctuations at the meniscus, larger impingement pressure, deeper impingement, and more inclusion entrapment in the strand than the recess-bottom SEN. Mass balances of inclusions in the steel slag from slag and slab measurements show that around 20 pct of the alumina inclusions are removed from the steel into the mold slag. However, entrainment of the mold slag itself is a critical problem. Inclusions in the steel slabs increase twofold during ladle changes and tenfold during the start and end of a sequence. All of the findings in the current study are important for controlling slag entrainment.     

高温高压喷射条件下X70管线钢的CO2腐蚀形貌

利用自主研发的高温高压环路喷射装置并结合流体动力学模拟计算,研究了高温高压CO₂环境流体喷射条件下X70钢的腐蚀产物微观形貌、基体表面三维形貌、腐蚀减薄量及其统计规律,并探讨了与流体状态之间的关系.结果表明,高温高压流体喷射条件下,不同流态区域内流体传质速率和壁面切应力的差异是造成X70钢腐蚀产物、基体表面三维形貌及腐蚀减薄量差异的主要原因.按照层流区→壁面喷射区→过渡区的顺序,流体壁面切应力逐渐增加,不断减薄腐蚀产物膜直至其脱落,造成传质过程阻力减小,传质速率增大,腐蚀过程不断加剧.因此,按照层流区→壁面喷射区→过渡区的顺序,X70钢表面腐蚀产物膜由完整致密向疏松多孔变化,基体表面三维形貌呈现平坦→陡峭→非常陡峭的特征,三维表面高度偏差和均方根偏差、腐蚀减薄量平均值和标准差均呈现逐渐增大的趋势.在高温高压流体喷射条件下,X70钢的CO₂腐蚀速率与壁面切应力之间较好地满足指数关系.      

Experiments on Vertical Turbulent Plane Jets in Water of Finite Depth

Detailed experiments on vertical turbulent plane jets in water of finite depth were carried out in a two-dimensional water tank. The jet velocities were measured with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The LDV measurement covers the entire flow regime: the zone of flow establishment (ZFE), the zone of established flow (ZEF), the zone of surface impingement (ZSI), and the zone of horizontal jets (ZHJ). From the experimental results, the following conclusions are reached. First, the jet flow is independent of the Reynolds number if the Reynolds number is sufficiently large to produce a turbulent jet. Second, in the initial ZFE, the jet flow is nonsimilar and is characterized by the two free shear layers along the two edges of the jet orifice. Third, the jet flow in ZEF is self-similar. Both mean and fluctuation velocities are scaled with the mean jet centerline velocity. The turbulent shear stress is predictable by Prandtl's third eddy viscosity model. The spreading of the confined vertical jets is larger than that of a free jet, so is the faster decay of jet centerline velocity. Fourth, in ZSI the jet flow is nonsimilar and high turbulent intensities were found. The vertical turbulent jet transforms into two opposite horizontal surface jets after the impingement. And finally, the maximum velocity of the horizontal surface jet in ZHJ decays according to a power law.     

狭缝射流冲击柱状凸形表面流动换热特性

采用数值方法研究了狭缝射流冲击柱状凸形表面的流动换热特性,通过四种湍流模型计算结果与实验数据对比,确定了湍流模型适用性.以压力梯度分布为依据,重点分析了狭缝射流沿柱状凸形表面的流动结构和边界层分离特点及柱状凸形表面的强化换热特性.结果表明:RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε模型具有预测适应性;狭缝射流冲击至柱状凸形表面,气体沿表面运动,速度降低,并在流动下游发生边界层分离;量纲一的逆压梯度随量纲一的曲率半径(D/B)的减小而增大,使得边界层分离更早出现;驻点区域换热Nu随量纲一的曲率半径(D/B)的减小而获得增强,但流动进入下游后,D/B对换热基本无影响;压力梯度是影响狭缝射流冲击柱状凸形表面换热分布的重要因素.      

Application of Cooling Water in Controlled Runout Table Cooling on Hot Strip Mill

The controlled runout table cooling is essential in determining the final mechanical properties and flatness of steel strip. The heat of a hot steel strip is mainly extracted by cooling water during runout. In order to study the heat transfer by water jet impingement boiling during runout, a pilot facility was constructed at the University of British Columbia. On this pilotfacility, the water jet impingement tests were carried out under various cooling conditions to investigate the effect of processing parameters, such as cooling water temperature, water jet impingement velocity, initial strip temperature, water flow rate, water nozzle diameter and array of water nozzles, on the heat transfer of heated strip. The results obtained contribute to the optimization of cooling water during runout.     

多排气雾冲击射流换热过程的试验研究

气雾冷却是带钢连续镀锌后的一种强化冷却方式。气雾冷却装置的设计和运行的关键是掌握气雾换热系数。采用试验方法研究了多排气雾射流冷却高温钢板的换热系数,考察了喷气流量和喷水流量对换热系数的影响。试验结果表明：喷气流量对气雾换热系数影响可以忽略;喷水流量对换热系数影响显著,在喷水流量为0.96～1.59 m^3/h时,换热系数随喷水流量的增加而明显上升,最大可达5 650 W/（m^2.K）;喷雾冷却的换热系数远大于常规喷气冷却,能有效地强化镀后冷却。