Q700D热影响粗晶区疲劳寿命与小裂纹扩展分析

为提高焊接构件的动载疲劳寿命,以热模拟为试验手段,对Q700D高强钢进行了焊接热模拟,研究了粗晶热影响区的疲劳寿命、小裂纹扩展行为以及组织软化特征。利用Paris方程和轴向拉伸疲劳试验数据,建立了ΔK_(th)值与模拟粗晶区疲劳寿命的对应关系,利用ΔK_(th)值实现了快速预估粗晶区疲劳寿命。研究表明:相同应力幅值下的lgN值与ΔK_(th)值存在一定的线性拟合关系,即ΔK_(th)值越大,则疲劳寿命N越长。小裂纹扩展微观机理在于所形成的大角度晶界(不小于15°)对小裂纹尖端的止裂性较强,可迫使小裂纹尖端转向耗能。CGHAZ的软化与第二相粒子回熔与粗化有关,粗化的第二相粒子易萌生小裂纹,可通过提高大角度晶界抑制裂纹扩展。     

高强管线钢焊接裂纹产生的原因及控制

高强管线钢焊接热影响区(HAZ)受焊接热循环影响,韧性降低,成为焊接接头的薄弱位置.由于焊接粗晶区粗大晶粒及焊趾处产生的应力集中,裂纹通常起源于焊趾处靠近熔合线的热影响区粗晶区.夹杂物与基体界面处、MA岛与基体界面处、存在MA岛的晶界以及MA岛内部是裂纹形核的主要位置.裂纹沿着晶界扩展,或从晶粒内部穿过,或沿着基体与夹杂物之间的缝隙扩展.控制焊接热输入减少MA岛数量、细化奥氏体晶粒及利用氧化物冶金的方法促进晶内形核铁素体的生成,有助于提高焊接热影响区粗晶区韧性.     

09MnNiDR钢焊接临界粗晶区冲击脆断行为及焊后热处理工艺

用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机模拟了09MnNiDR低温压力容器钢焊接临界粗晶区(intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone),并对其进行了焊后热处理(post-welding heat treatment)工艺研究。采用力学性能检测及结构表征方法研究了热处理前后焊接临界粗晶区的力学性能及影响机制。试验分析表明,尺寸较大的MA岛(martensite-austenite island)是材料受力时裂纹的启裂源,是引起试验钢焊接临界粗晶区冲击韧性较差的主要原因。经过焊后热处理,临界粗晶区的冲击韧性明显改善,并且热处理温度工艺窗口(560~640℃)较宽。热处理后M-A岛的分解、碳化物的球化及大角度晶界对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用是韧性提高的主要原因。     

具有不同梯度晶粒组织的粉末高温合金疲劳小裂纹扩展原位观察

采用扫描电子显微镜原位观察的方法对某第三代粉末高温合金不同微观组织的疲劳裂纹萌生和小裂纹扩展行为进行了研究，揭示了双性能粉末涡轮盘轮缘（粗晶组织）、轮心（细晶组织）及晶粒过渡区（梯度结构组织）的微观组织对疲劳小裂纹扩展的影响规律。结果表明：缺口处的一次强化相易成为裂纹萌生位置，其中梯度结构组织呈现出从晶界处开裂的多裂纹萌生特征。对于梯度结构试样，室温下的小裂纹扩展行为受微观结构影响显著，疲劳裂纹扩展速率波动较大。在应力强度因子范围较低时，粗晶试样的裂纹扩展速率高于细晶；随着应力强度因子范围逐渐增大，细晶试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增加更快，并高于粗晶试样；这与较长的滑移路径、增强的滑移可逆性和较少的晶界阻碍、减弱的不连续度之间的竞争机制相关。     

V-N微合金钢焊接热影响区组织与力学性能研究

为解决V-N微合金钢焊接热影响区晶粒异常粗化导致局部脆性的问题,采用OM、SEM、TEM、EBSD等手段分析了不同焊接热循环条件下焊接热影响区的显微组织、析出行为和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明,单道次焊接试验中随着线能量的增大,组织中贝氏体数量减少,针状和多边形铁素体数量增多,原奥氏体尺寸和晶界铁素体的尺寸逐渐增大,表现出较差的冲击韧性;双道次焊接试验中随着峰值温度的提高,粗晶热影响区的冲击韧性逐渐提高,铁素体外侧大角度晶界增多。微观组织分析表明,小尺寸的多边形铁素体增加了大角度晶界的比例,提供了较大的解理断裂的阻力,可抑制裂纹的扩展。奥氏体中的V(C,N)可细化M-A岛,改善冲击韧性。     

X80管线钢焊接热影响区组织和性能分析

采用焊接热模拟技术和金相显微组织分析技术，对首钢研制开发的X80热轧板卷在不同焊接热循环下的组织和力学性能变化规律进行了深入分析。结果表明，粗晶热影响区是X80管线钢焊接热影响区中冲击韧性较差的区域，脆化严重。粗晶热影响区脆化是由晶粒的粗化以及粒状贝氏体、上贝氏体和M—A组元等非平衡中温和低温转变产物增多所致，且其冲击韧性随着f8/5的增加而降低。细晶热影响区是X80管线钢焊接热影响区的软化区域，软化程度随着焊接热输入的增加而提高。     

高铌高强管线钢焊接热影响区的组织与性能

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机模拟研究了两种典型的焊接热输入条件下高铌高强管线钢焊接热影响区的组织和性能分布,结果表明:高铌高强管线钢焊接热影响区的硬度高于母材的硬度,没有明显的软化现象;但临界两相区及焊接粗晶区的韧性显著恶化。临界两相区韧性降低是原奥氏体晶界处形成尺寸较大的链状M/A岛所致;而焊接粗晶区则是由于原奥氏体晶粒粗化及混晶,以及冷却后形成粗大的贝氏体及贝氏体边界处尺寸较大的M/A岛所致。在高铌钢中,高的合金含量所引起碳当量的升高是导致韧性降低的主要原因。     

WEL-TEN780A高强钢及焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率

依据GB6398-86采用紧凑拉伸试样（CT），对WEL-TEN780A钢及其用L-80SN焊条手工电孤焊焊接接头的焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了研究，结果表明：在相同的疲劳循环载荷作用下，热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率高于母材和焊缝，焊缝金属具有最低裂纹扩展速率。焊缝金属中的针状铁素体细小且被大角度晶界所分割，疲劳裂纹扩展时要消耗更大的能量，从而降低裂纹扩展速率，成为止裂型焊缝。     

中碳车轮钢复合型裂纹疲劳扩展行为

为了准确评估含缺陷车轮轮辋的安全性,通过对I型裂纹、II型裂纹及不同加载条件下的I+II复合型裂纹的疲劳试验,对中碳车轮钢疲劳裂纹扩展方向及门槛值进行了研究,得到了车轮钢复合型裂纹疲劳扩展的门槛值,验证了适合中碳车轮钢材料的复合型裂纹疲劳扩展预测准则。结果表明,在I+II复合型裂纹疲劳扩展试验中,裂纹扩展方向与最大切向应力(MTS)裂纹扩展准则预测值基本吻合。不同加载状态下I+II复合型裂纹疲劳扩展等效门槛值ΔKth,equ(力值比R=0.5)为3.0～3.8 MPa·m1/2。II型裂纹疲劳扩展时,微裂纹主要在主裂纹尖端剪应力作用下形核,受到拉-剪应力的一侧裂纹持续扩展,而受到压-剪应力的一侧裂纹可以形成,但扩展几十微米后停止扩展。     

TMCP特厚E500钢板模拟焊接热影响区的组织与性能

 测试了特厚（80 mm）TMCP海工钢板E500模拟焊接粗晶区（coarse grained heat affected zone, CGHAZ）连续冷却相变曲线;采用扫描电镜（SEM）、示波冲击试验、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）等技术,研究CGHAZ以及后续再加热峰值温度[t2p]对其组织性能的影响。结果表明,CGHAZ的显微硬度值（HV10）、冲击功及大角度晶界（大于15°）分数均随着焊接热输入量[E]的增大而减小;[E]≤50 kJ/cm,组织以细密板条贝氏体（LB）为主,不同位向的板条束之间存在大角度晶界,对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用强;随着[E]增大,组织逐渐转变成粗大粒状贝氏体（GB）,GB中的亚晶界取向差为3°～15°,对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用减弱。[t2p]为750 ℃时,各种热输入条件的临界加热粗晶区（IRCGHAZ）均呈现脆性断裂,显微组织出现网状MA组元。[E]≤50 kJ/cm,[t2p]高于850 ℃时,再加热粗晶区大角度晶界分数增加,冲击韧性得到显著改善,呈现韧性断裂。     

Simulation of Microstructurally Controlled Short Crack Propagation

A model for the simulation of stage I fatigue crack propagation is presented. The model considers the barrier effect of grain boundaries and phase boundaries on short crack propagation rate and the crack path deflection due to the microstructure. The plastic zones in front of the crack tip are modelled as yield strips. The mechanical boundary value problem is solved numerically by a boundary element method. The method was applied based on a statistical model of duplex microstructures, generated by a special Voronoi‐algorithm, so that the influence of the distribution of phases on crack propagation can be analysed.     

镁处理对CGHAZ冲击韧性及裂纹扩展的影响

通过镁处理Q345GJ钢引入含镁的复合夹杂物，研究其对大线能量焊接(线能量为100 kJ/cm)粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)组织和断裂韧性的影响。结果显示，试验钢经镁处理后CGHAZ韧性值明显提高(冲击功由56 J提高到108 J)。主要原因为，镁处理钢在CGHAZ焊接热循环冷却过程中优先形成含镁的复合夹杂物，作为高表面能的惰性基体，其周围形成的贫锰区和高能应变场共同促进针状铁素体(AF)形核，AF体积分数为(82.9±2.0)%,宽度为(0.96±0.1)μm(无镁处理钢对应为(32.4±1.5)%、(3.13±0.2)μm);研究了大线能量焊接后CGHAZ冲击试样中微孔的形成及裂纹扩展，两种试验钢夹杂物附近均存在大量位错，变形过程中位错通过夹杂物时形成位错环堆积引起局部应力集中；当应力积累到无法使相邻晶粒的位错源开启时，不利于滑移取向上的应力达到临界值导致微孔的产生，相邻微孔在外力作用下连接形成裂纹。无镁处理钢CGHAZ区域微孔更为密集，受力后更易形成微裂纹。镁处理钢CGHAZ区域大角度晶界比例为80.2%、几何必要位错密度(GND)为0.806、局部取向差分布值(KAM)为0.91...     

Zr微合金化HSLA钢粗晶热影响区的组织和性能

用焊接热模拟法研究了Zr处理对 (%):≤ 0.18C-1.2～1.6Mn低合金高强度(HSLA)钢焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)组织和性能的影响。试验结果表明,Zr含量在0.01%～0.03%时,经过30～100kJ/cm线能量焊接热模拟后,CGHAZ的强度、塑性和-50℃冲击韧性都高于没有经过Zr处理的试验钢;Zr钢显微硬度(HV10)177～251,具有优良的焊接性。焊接线能量相同时,没有经过Zr处理试验钢CGHAZ的晶粒比Zr处理钢粗大;焊接线能量为 30kJ/cm时 ,各试验钢CGHAZ的组织以贝氏体为主 ,随着焊接线能量提高 ,CGHAZ中出现针状铁素体和少量珠光体。     

X80级高强低合金管线钢组织与冲击韧性

 为了研究准多边形铁素体/板条贝氏体/粒状贝氏体显微组织的高强低合金X80管线钢的低温韧性与冲击裂纹扩展特点，用OM、SEM、EBSD和TEM等多尺度手段进行了表征。结果表明，与针状铁素体/粒状贝氏体相比，在－60 ℃以上时，准多边形铁素体/板条贝氏体/粒状贝氏体表现出更好的阻止裂纹扩展的能力，准多边形铁素体可以分割显微组织并细化有效晶粒尺寸，增加大角度晶界比例，协调约束冲击裂纹扩展，进而提高韧性；当温度在－60 ℃以下时，这种准多边形铁素体/板条贝氏体/粒状贝氏体对裂纹扩展的协调约束作用减弱，成为显微组织的“软区”，使得材料韧性下降。     

大线能量焊接用钢CGHAZ冲击韧性内在机理分析

针状铁素体(AF)一直被认为是提升大线能量焊接用钢粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)韧性最有效的组织之一，但在一些试验中，有时即使发现CGHAZ中有大量AF组织，韧性也并不好。为了研究大线能量焊接用钢CGHAZ中不同类型组织及夹杂物对其冲击韧性的影响作用，从CGHAZ冲击试验出发，借鉴前人研究经验，对影响CGHAZ韧性的主要因素进行深入分析。结果显示，CGHAZ中微米级夹杂物容易成为裂纹萌生点，而晶内位错效应、冲击触发的体积效应等可以抑制裂纹传播，CGHAZ中析出的少量纳米级碳氮化物可以提升AF形核能力，增强CGHAZ韧性和强度，但当析出粒子过多时，会降低CGHAZ韧性。     

The noncontinuum crack tip deformation behavior of surface microcracks

The crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of small surface fatigue cracks (lengths of the grain size) in Al 2219-T851 depends upon the location of a crack relative to the grain boundaries. Both CTOD and crack tip closure stress are greatest when the crack tip is a large distance from the next grain boundary in the direction of crack propagation. Contrary to behavioral trends predicted by continuum fracture mechanics, crack length has no detectable effect on the contribution of plastic deformation to CTOD. It is apparent from these observations that the region of significant plastic deformation is confined by the grain boundaries, resulting in a plastic zone size that is insensitive to crack length and to external load.     

Fatigue threshold and low-rate crack propagation properties for structural steels in 3 Pct sodium chloride aqueous solution

The fatigue threshold and low-rate crack propagation properties for a carbon steel, two high-strength steels, and two stainless steels were investigated in a 3 pct sodium chloride aqueous solution at frequencies between 0.03 and 30 Hz. Tests were conducted in a manner designed to avoid crack closure. Under freely corroding conditions, the effective values of the threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔK_th,eff, were lower than in air for all of the steels. In particular, the ΔK_th,eff values for the carbon and high-strength steels were almost equal to the theoretical ΔKth value of about 1 MPa m^1/2 calculated on the basis of the dislocation emission from the crack tip. At a given ΔK level higher than the threshold, the fatigue crack propagation rates accelerated with decreasing frequency for all of the steels. Under cathodic protection, the threshold and fatigue crack propagation properties were coincident with those in air regardless of material and frequency. The observed fatigue crack propagation behavior in a 3 pct NaCl solution was closely related to the corrosion reaction of the bare surface formed at the crack tip during each loading cycle.     

High temperature fatigue properties and crack initiation and its expansion mechanism of high nitrogen bearing steel

The flexural fatigue properties of 40Cr15Mo2VN high nitrogen bearing steel at 200?? was 883MPa, which was 17% lower than that at room temperature. The results show that the types of fatigue failure are surface failure initiation and internal non- metallic inclusion. Compared with room temperature, the threshold value of fatigue stress intensity factor ??Kth at 200?? decreases by 20%, leading to the reduction of the critical non- metallic inclusion size at the start of fatigue crack initiation. The interaction of small cracks near the fatigue source in the surface initiation cracks at 200?? increases the stress intensity factor KI and accelerates the initial surface crack propagation. At the same time, according to the ratio of the nominal stress amplitude and the ultimate fatigue strength of the non- metallic inclusions in the high- nitrogen bearing steel, the influence of the size, position and temperature of the non- metallic inclusions on the fatigue life was analyzed.     

15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2齿轮钢的扭转疲劳特性及裂纹扩展行为

 通过扭转疲劳试验,研究了15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳断裂的裂纹扩展行为和夹杂物尺寸与扭转疲劳寿命之间的关系。得到了钢的扭转疲劳极限强度和[τ-N]曲线,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳极限强度为350 MPa,扭转疲劳寿命分散度较大。通过断口观察,发现15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳破坏模式以表面破坏和近表面破坏为主,主要由氧化物夹杂引起。通过计算应力强度因子[ΔK]和裂纹扩展门槛值[ΔKth]分析15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳裂纹扩展的断裂力学条件,试验钢在断裂过程中受载荷情况为,II型载荷—I型载荷—II型载荷—I＋II型载荷,分别对应起裂源区、纤维区、疲劳裂纹扩展区和瞬断区;当有大裂纹产生时,则不会产生纤维区,受载荷情况则为：II型载荷—I＋II型载荷。通过公式推导和数据拟合得到夹杂物尺寸和15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢扭转疲劳寿命的关系,发现随着夹杂物尺寸减小,钢的[τ-N]曲线向高寿命区移动。当引起裂纹萌生的夹杂物尺寸小于5 μm时,在350 MPa应力下,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳寿命超过107循环周次。     

Intrinsic stage i crack growth of directionally solidified Ni-Base superalloys during low-cycle fatigue at elevated temperature

Strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests of cylindrical smooth specimens of two kinds of directionally solidified Ni-base superalloys, RENé 80+Hf and CM 247LC, were carried out at a temperature of 873 K, and the successive process from the crack initiation to small crack propagation was investigated by employing a replication technique. Both materials exhibited typical features of stage I fatigue fracture; that is, the fracture occurred on the crystallographic 111 planes, the most important slip planes in face-centered cubic (fcc) materials. It was found that the rate of stage I crack growth, when not influenced by a nearby grain boundary, proportionally increased with the crack length. However, as the crack tip neared a grain boundary, the rate rapidly decreased. It was also shown that the crack growth rate fell when the crack deflection occurred due to secondary slip. Comparison was also made between the stage I crack growth rate and the long crack growth rate in polycrystalline Ni-base superalloys.