烧结过程的递阶集成智能控制系统研究（Ⅱ）——异常状况诊断专家系统总体规划

为了准确诊断烧结过程的异常状况并及时消除异常,作者将数学模型、模糊集合和订结合,建立了烧结过程异常状况诊断专家系统,并应用于在线实时诊断,取得了较好的效果,本文着重介绍了烧结过程异常知识获取和模糊诊断模型,研究了烧结异常诊断总体方案和总体结构。     

Bridge Damage Assessment through Fuzzy Petri Net Based Expert System

The reliability of the techniques adopted for damage assessment is important for bridge management systems. It is widely recognized that the use of expert systems for bridge damage assessment is a promising direction toward bridge management systems. However, several important issues need to be addressed, such as the management of uncertainty and imprecision, the efficiency of fuzzy rule based reasoning, and the need of an explanation facility to increase confidence about the assessment results. To address the issues arising from using expert systems, this paper is aimed at developing an expert system for assessing bridges based on an expert system shell, which is called the fuzzy Petri net based expert system (FPNES). Major features of FPNES include the ability to reason using uncertain and imprecise information, knowledge representation through the use of hierarchical fuzzy Petri nets, a reasoning mechanism based on fuzzy Petri nets, and an explanation of the reasoning process through the use of hierarchical fuzzy Petri nets. Therefore, this expert system for assessing bridges does not impose any restriction on the inference mechanism. Furthermore, this approach offers more informative results than other systems. An application to the damage assessment of the Da-Shi bridge in Taiwan is used as an illustrative example of FPNES.     

Preventing breast cancer with tamoxifen

Tamoxifen offers protection against the development or recurrence of breast cancer in a range of clinical circumstances, while simultaneously helping to prevent osteoporosis and perhaps coronary heart disease. The most serious side effects of this antiestrogen are thromboembolism and accelerated development of endometrial carcinoma; they occur primarily in postmenopausal women.     

Design and Implementation of Expert System for Judging Blast Furnace Conditions

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MEDUSA: a fuzzy expert system for medical diagnosis of acute abdominal pain

Even today, the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain represents a serious clinical problem. The medical knowledge in this field is characterized by uncertainty, imprecision and vagueness. This situation lends itself especially to be solved by the application of fuzzy logic. A fuzzy logic-based expert system for diagnostic decision support is presented (MEDUSA). The representation and application of uncertain and imprecise knowledge is realized by fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations. The hybrid concept of the system enables the integration of rule-based, heuristic and case-based reasoning on the basis of imprecise information. The central idea of the integration is to use case-based reasoning for the management of special cases, and rule-based reasoning for the representation of normal cases. The heuristic principle is ideally suited for making uncertain, hypothetical inferences on the basis of fuzzy data and fuzzy relations.     

高炉炉况的智能化判断方法

 提出了采用模糊聚类的方法，采集7种易于获得的高炉操作数据进行聚类分析，再结合神经网络训练，自行生成初始知识库，最终形成基本炉况判断专家系统。以随机采取的某445 m3高炉的现场数据(共150组)进行了验证性分析，结果表明，聚类方法适当，判断分析结果与高炉操作者的判断结果高度吻合，说明这是一种可行的高炉智能控制的新方法。     

镍闪速熔炼过程的模糊建模

针对冶金工业中镍闪速熔炼复杂工艺过程,提出了利用模糊理论建立镍闪模型的方法。一种方法是利用专家知识和操作经验（即ＩＦ－ＴＨＥＮ规则）建立闪速炉的先验模型;另一种方法是利用自适应模糊神经网络方法建立闪速炉的学习模型。综合考虑两种模型的建模结果,建立整个的模型。经过两个月的现场离线指导表明,这种建模方法能够较为准确地反映镍闪速炉的运行过程。     

浅谈烧结终点控制模型

介绍了通过控制BRP位置间接控制烧结终点的方法。通过计算BRP位置,实时调整烧结机速度和烧结机台车压入率厚度,使烧结终点稳定在系统设定的范围之内,形成了基于专家知识的烧结终点模糊控制系统。该模型被应用后,可根据实际情况调整烧透点的位置,保证了烧结生产正常运行,改善了烧结矿各项技术指标,2009年节约成本2310万元。     

浅谈铁磁谐振故障诊断系统的研究

在研究铁磁谐振故障特点以及产生铁磁谐振故障条件的基础上分析了PT饱和铁磁谐振故障诊断的因果关系，创建了一种树状知识模型，并针对故障现象的不确定性采用模糊产生式知识表示方法，并利用专家系统技术对实际运行中发生的铁磁谐振故障进行诊断。     

Risks and benefits of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy

The author reports on the up to date view of the hormone replacement therapy of women with postmenopausal complaints. The benefits of the hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms and bleeding disorders and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and postmenopausal osteoporosis are discussed. The connection between hormone replacement therapy, thromboembolism and cancer are reported. In the authors opinion, the hormone replacement therapy must be available for all the most women suffering from climacteric complaints. A strong cooperation between the menopausal care units and GP-s is advisable.     

烧结生产异常诊断专家系统的设计和开发

 采用Visual Studio.Net和Matlab混编的方式,结合ADO数据库技术,将整个烧结生产工艺过程作为诊断对象,设计开发出基于规则的烧结生产异常诊断专家系统。系统分为烧结全程诊断子系统、配料混合诊断子系统、布料点火诊断子系统和烧结过程诊断子系统。系统通过对特征参数的模糊处理,同时采用软测量模型,再结合诊断知识来实现异常诊断。通过现场仿真试验,系统诊断命中率达到95%以上,性能达到预定要求。通过系统的人机界面可以对异常信息、实时数据等进行查询,还可对知识规则库进行修改和添加等维护工作。     

高炉异常炉况的模糊预测模型

将神经网络和模糊数学理论相结合，建立了一种新型的炉况预报模型，利用模糊神经网络的并行处理特性进行模糊推理。模糊神经网络的并行数学计算过程取代了专家系统中传统的参数处理，具有更高的推理效率；且神经网络的学习能力实现了隶属函数和模糊规则的自学习，从而满足了高炉专家系统知识库的动态特征，有效提高了炉况预报模型的自适应能力。最后，应用莱钢1号高炉在线采集的数据动态模拟了高炉炉况的变化趋势。     

Fuzzy Logic Integrated Genetic Programming for Optimization and Design

A fuzzy logic integrated genetic programming (GP) based methodology is proposed to increase the performance of the GP based approach for structural optimization and design. Fuzzy set theory is employed to deal with the imprecise and vague information, especially the design constraints, during the structural design process. A fuzzy logic based decision-making system incorporating expert knowledge and experience is used to control the iteration process of genetic search. Illustrative examples have been used to demonstrate that, when comparing the proposed fuzzy logic controlled GP approach with the pure GP method, the proposed new approach has a higher search efficiency.     

Evolutionary Fuzzy Neural Inference System for Decision Making in Geotechnical Engineering

Problems in geotechnical engineering are full of uncertain, vague, and incomplete information. In most instances, successfully solving such problems depends on experts’ knowledge and experience. The primary object of this research was to develop an evolutionary fuzzy neural inference system (EFNIS) to imitate the decision-making processes in the human brain in order to facilitate geotechnical expert decision making. First, an evolutionary fuzzy neural inference model (EFNIM) was constructed by combining the genetic algorithm (GA), fuzzy logic (FL), and neural network (NN). In the proposed model, GA is primarily concerned with optimizing parameters required in the fuzzy neural network; FL with imprecision and approximate reasoning; and NN with learning and curve fitting. This research then integrates the EFNIM with an object-oriented computer technique to develop an EFNIS. Finally, the potential to apply the proposed system to practical geotechnical decision making is validated using two real problems, namely estimating slurry wall duration and selecting retaining wall construction methods.     

The pharmacology and therapeutic utility of bisphosphonates

Bisphosphonates have clinical application in diseases associated with increased bone turnover that inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption by direct and indirect actions on osteoblasts and macrophages. Bisphosphonates are the treatment of choice for Paget's disease of bone, in which they return to normal the increased rate of bone turnover and slow radiographic disease progression. The agents reduce hypercalcemia associated with malignancy, and may reduce bone pain and prevent radiographic progression of metastatic bone disease. In patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, they prevent further bone loss and reduce fracture rates. The drugs also ameliorate osteoporosis associated with long-term corticosteroid treatment. Bisphosphonates are well tolerated; gastrointestinal disturbances are the most common adverse events. Potential bone mineralization defects that occur with first-generation bisphosphonates are not of concern with therapeutic doses of newer ones.     

Secondary amenorrhea leading to osteoporosis: incidence and prevention

Osteoporosis is widely accepted as a "female disease" occurring primarily in postmenopausal women. The fact that this disease can affect premenopausal women experiencing menstrual dysfunction is less commonly known. Amenorrhea decreases bone density at an age when bone formation should still be occurring. The implications of this failure to attain sufficient bone density during the formative years are frightening. The adverse effects on skeletal strength may lead to devastating outcomes in this subgroup of women, either now or in the future. This article reviews causes, risk factors, and treatments associated with both osteoporosis and amenorrhea. Three causes of secondary amenorrhea are discussed in detail: rigorous physical training, anorexia nervosa, and use of the contraceptive agent medroxyprogesterone acetate injection. A review of the literature is presented in order to establish the link between amenorrhea and osteoporosis. A great many young women may be unknowingly placing themselves at risk for developing osteoporosis. This article includes interventions that may decrease this risk and improve quality of life.     

Predicting Industrial Construction Labor Productivity Using Fuzzy Expert Systems

The objective of this technical note is to illustrate the application of fuzzy expert systems to the modeling of a practical problem—that of predicting the labor productivity of two common industrial construction activities: rigging pipe and welding pipe. This note illustrates how to develop and test such a model, given the realistic constraints of subjective assessments, multiple contributing factors, and limitations on data sets. The factors that affect the productivity of each activity are identified, and fuzzy membership functions and expert rules are developed. The models are validated using data collected from an actual construction project. The resulting models are found to have high linguistic prediction accuracies. This note is of relevance to researchers by demonstrating how a fuzzy expert system can be developed and tested. It is of relevance to industry practitioners by illustrating how fuzzy logic and expert systems modeling can be exploited to help them solve real world problems.     

基于模糊数学专家系统的研究与开发

随着开采深度的增加,给采矿工程带来一系列新的问题,针对采矿工程中许多对象上具有“内涵明确,外延不明确”,以及实际问题中决策变量通常具有模糊性的特点,讨论了采矿工程中经常遇到的一些模糊概念和模糊数学的一些最基本方法和定议,提出一个基于模糊数学的专家系统,重点阐述了该系统与其他一些专家系统的主要区别。最后,对该系统在采矿工程中的应用进行了一些初步的探讨,给出了一些有实用价值的结论。     

针对生产流水线的故障诊断专家系统

以专家系统基本理论为基础 ,针对连续性生产流水线设备故障的特点 ,结合设计实例 ,详细论述了故障诊断专家系统的设计思路与方法。该专家系统具有交互式推理和自动推理的功能 ,并采用了基于故障树的搜索来处理精确推理问题 ,用模糊推理来处理不精确推理问题。该专家系统还引入了解释机制 ,使推理具有一定透明性     

Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: revisiting the issues

OBJECTIVE: To assess current ideas about the benefits and risks of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy (ERT/HRT) in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE searches, supplemented by various texts, of the literature on HRT, ERT, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene. DATA SYNTHESIS: HRT is primarily used for improving quality of life in women suffering from vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. HRT is beneficial in postmenopausal women for preventing cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Review of meta-analyses of clinical trials showed that ERT/HRT ever-users (patients who have ever used ERT/HRT) did not have an increased risk of breast cancer, but current users did have an increased risk, with some studies reporting increasing risk with duration of ERT. No relationship was found between dose or the addition of progestin to ERT and increased breast cancer risk. Overall breast cancer mortality rates associated with HRT were decreased in current users. In general, HRT does not increase the risk of breast cancer in women with a family history of the disease, compared with those without a family history. New HRT strategies that could potentially prevent breast cancer are now being developed. The SERMs tamoxifen and toremifene appear to have positive clinical effects on bone and serum lipids; they are currently being investigated for use as breast cancer chemopreventive agents. Raloxifene, a new SERM used for the prevention of osteoporosis, is an alternative for women who cannot tolerate HRT. Unfortunately, these SERMS have anti-estrogenic effects and thus cause vasomotor adverse effects such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. In addition, SERMs do not protect against heart disease or prevent osteoporosis as well as does HRT. CONCLUSION: Presently, SERMs will not become first-line HRT, as the positive effects of ERT/HRT may outweigh any potentially increased risk of breast cancer. The development of new agents with pharmacodynamic profiles similar to that of ERT/HRT but lacking its adverse effects would be greatly beneficial for postmenopausal women.