初始损伤对混凝土硫酸盐腐蚀劣化性能的影响

通过试验研究含初始损伤混凝土在硫酸盐腐蚀和干湿循环共同作用下的性能,分析了不同初始损伤程度混凝土随腐蚀时间的增加,其质量、超声波传播速度、强度、单轴压缩应力应变曲线以及声发射活动的变化,运用损伤力学对腐蚀损伤进行定量评价和参数拟合,基于声发射特性建立含初始损伤混凝土的腐蚀受荷损伤模型并进一步分析其损伤演化过程,借助环境扫描电镜与电子能谱技术观测分析受硫酸盐腐蚀作用初始损伤混凝土微结构的变化,揭示其损伤机理.试验结果表明,随着腐蚀时间的增加,不同初始损伤程度混凝土的质量、超声波传播速度和强度均呈先增大后减小,初始损伤程度增加会加速混凝土在腐蚀作用下物理力学性能的劣化,其影响存在阈值,分别以抗压强度、超声波速为损伤变量可以建立混凝土的腐蚀损伤劣化方程,并进一步得出不同损伤表达式间的函数关系;相同腐蚀时间下,初始损伤的增加使声发射活动减弱且产生明显的声发射的时间滞后;初始损伤下,基于声发射特性的混凝土损伤演化过程可分为初期压密阶段、损伤稳定演化阶段和损伤加速发展阶段3个阶段;初始损伤的增加使混凝土内部腐蚀反应更为活跃,微裂纹网络体系比无初始损伤状态下更加发达,呈现龟裂状延伸和扩展,进而改变了混凝土的宏观物理力学性质.      

干湿循环下氯盐-硫酸盐共同作用时混凝土耐久性研究初探

为了探求在西部盐渍土环境下混凝土耐久性问题,本文基于胶砂试块和不同浓度的氯盐与硫酸盐混合溶液,利用干湿循环加速制度对其进行合理组合,以此来探求混凝土的腐蚀前期的损伤机理.     

循环荷载作用下胶结充填体声发射特征试验研究

随着开采深度的增大,采场地压显现日趋严峻。胶结充填体作为充填采矿法中采场的重要结构单元,对维护采场稳定具有重要作用,因此了解认识胶结充填体在外界荷载作用下的响应特征具有重要的意义。通过进行单轴循环加卸载试验,研究了胶结充填体在加载阶段的声发射特征,以及声发射“平静”期的分形特征。结果表明:胶结充填体存在明显的压密阶段。在压密阶段初期,声发射能率较大。而后随着应力的增大,声发射能率又逐步降低,并最终维持在较低的水平;在弹性阶段,声发射事件率和能率随应力的增大而增大,并且声发射事件率普遍大于其余加载阶段;在加载应力达到胶结充填体峰值应力前,声发射会出现“平静”期。在此时期,声发射能率出现剧烈波动,且声发射分形维数是不断减小的;试验中,下级加载声发射能率大于上级加载,并且声发射能率对充填体损伤程度的敏感性大于声发射事件率。      

砂岩单轴循环加卸载试验及声发射特征研究

通过对砂岩进行循环加载试验,揭示了砂岩在循环加卸载过程中的强度变化及声发射特性。试验利用电液伺服岩石三轴试验机和SDAES数字声发射检测仪采集系统,对两组砂岩试样分别进行单轴抗压、单轴循环加卸载试验。试验结果表明岩样在经过循环加卸载后试样的单轴抗压强度略有增大,循环加卸载过程中在伴随着岩样内部原始天然裂隙的压密、新生裂纹的产生、扩展和贯通的同时,也伴随着声发射不断产生。声发射事件在砂岩再次加载应力到达上次加载最大应力前极少发生,达到上次加载最大应力以后则大量发生,说明砂岩岩样在循环加卸在作用下存在声发射的Kaiser效应,而无Felicity效应产生。     

锰渣微粉-石灰石粉掺合料对混凝土耐久性的影响

为合理利用水淬锰渣研究了40％的锰渣微粉及10％的石灰石粉作为掺和料对C30混凝土化学侵蚀性能的影响.实验选用了力学强度和坍落度较好的锰渣微粉-石灰石粉混凝土与基准普通混凝土参照美国ASTM C1012标准,进行混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀和抗海水侵蚀干湿循环试验研究.研究证明：在海水侵蚀环境下,锰渣微粉-石灰石粉混凝土的抗折、抗压强度保持率高于基准普通混凝土,强度提高,质量增加率大于基准普通混凝土,抗海水侵蚀能力增强.     

三轴不同加载路径下花岗岩Kaiser效应试验研究

为了解不同加载路径三轴预加载对花岗岩Kaiser效应的影响,先对花岗岩进行三轴预加载试验,再进行单轴压缩试验并采集声发射信息,据此分析预加载对声发射特征的影响。研究表明,预加载时轴压和围压的加载顺序及大小对于Kaiser效应有明显的影响。先加围压可以抑制轴向加载损伤的产生,导致Kaiser点提前。先加轴压,后加较小围压对Kaiser点影响可忽略;后加围压如果较大,则会加大花岗岩所受损伤,导致Kaiser点延后。如果轴压围压同步加载,则会大幅度影响Kaiser点的准确性,甚至完全观察不到预加载的影响。该试验研究方法和结果可为岩石Kaiser效应理论研究提供参考。     

早龄期冻结土压力与负温耦合作用的井壁混凝土性能

研究了早龄期冻结压力等荷载、负温及早龄期荷载和负温耦合作用对冻结竖井井壁C60混凝土抗压强度、氯离子扩散系数和声发射特征的影响,并通过扫描电镜分析其内部微裂缝.结果表明:早龄期荷载加载时间越早对混凝土28d抗压强度的影响越大,当外部荷载作用时间在3d以后且荷载水平在混凝土当天强度40%以内时,混凝土28d强度几乎不受影响;冻结井井帮负温环境会延缓井壁混凝土早期水化,防冻剂的加入利于加快混凝土水化和强度的发展;在早龄期荷载及负温耦合作用下,混凝土28d抗压强度降低明显,氯离子扩散系数大大增加,混凝土的渗透性由"中"变为"高",内部产生了缺陷和微裂缝导致声发射"活跃阶段"提前,且混凝土呈现明显的塑性变形.      

含陡倾角软弱结构面的花岗岩力学特性及声发射特征

利用MTS 815.03岩石试验机对试件进行三轴压缩试验,采用DISP声发射测试系统进行声发射数据收集,并对含陡倾角软弱结构面的岩体试件和岩石试件进行试验对比.两种试件随围压的增加强度逐渐增加,破坏由脆性向延性转变;岩体试件总是沿结构面滑移破坏,岩石试件为剪切破坏.随着围压的增加,两种试件的弹性模量、变形模量、峰值应变和峰值强度增加;岩体试件弹性模量、变形模量值和峰值强度低于岩石试件,而峰值应变高于岩石试件.岩体试件内摩擦角小于岩石试件,而黏聚力大于岩石试件.随围压的增加,两种试件在峰值应力阶段声发射事件远高于其他阶段,而岩体试件声发射事件集聚量远远高于岩石试件.研究结果表明软弱结构面的存在降低了岩体的力学性质,因此在高放废物地质处置库选址时结构面发育特征是需要考虑的关键因素.      

拉伸试验中充填体声发射特性及数值模拟研究

下向胶结充填采矿过程中, 胶结充填体顶板的破坏不仅受抗压强度的影响, 而且还表现为张拉破坏, 为了充分探索充填体顶板张拉破坏过程中的损伤演化规律, 对胶结充填体试件进行了单轴抗拉破坏声发射试验, 并利用RFPA2D软件对其拉伸破坏过程及声发射信号进行了数值模拟.模拟分析表明, 胶结充填体的抗拉破坏是始于试件圆盘中部, 沿着加载轴线方向出现裂隙萌生与扩展, 并汇聚成宏观的裂隙带, 最终导致整体失稳的破坏过程.模拟结果还再现了抗拉破坏时声发射的分布规律, 其结果对比室内试验的声发射特征规律, 具有很好的一致性.      

大理岩声发射Kaiser效应法测量原岩应力试验研究

为研究声发射Kaiser效应法测量原岩应力,进行了现场套孔应力解除试验,得到了试件加载方向的实测应力值,对大理岩进行单轴压缩条件下的2次加载声发射试验并确定Kaiser点.试验结果表明:通过声发射Kaiser效应法测得的地应力与通过套孔应力解除法测得的原岩应力误差小于10 %,原岩应力位于20 %~26 %的峰值强度之间,即岩石压密阶段后期或弹性阶段初期.研究结果可为提高判读Kaiser点的精度和岩石工程实际提供依据.      

Damage Assessment of FRP-Encased Concrete Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Since concrete members with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement are not as ductile as conventional structures, and since concrete in retrofitted members is often covered and not readily available for visual inspection, development of nonintrusive and nondestructive damage assessment tools is essential. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) can provide such an assessment tool, and help quantify the extent and progression of damage in concrete. Continuous UPV monitoring of a number of concrete cylinders and concrete-filled FRP tubes showed the concrete-filled tubes to have higher sensitivity at lower stress ratios as compared to plain concrete. When compared with the axial strain energy, the UPV damage index has a much better resolution for stress ratios up to about 50% of ultimate strength. This ratio depends on the thickness of the jacket. It was also shown that the UPV has a strong correlation with volumetric strains after confinement is activated. Therefore, at high levels of axial loads when the confining pressure of the jacket results in volumetric compaction, the UPV increases by about 6% of the initial pulse velocity. Repeated loading generally induces the same rate of change of UPV damage index as that of the initial loading on the virgin specimen. This phenomenon occurs irrespective of the stress ratio at which the specimen is unloaded or reloaded. A comparison of the UPV damage index with the normalized acoustic emission counts reveals that the two methods have different sensitivities at different stages of loading and could potentially complement each other as a hybrid damage assessment tool.     

Fracture of a low-carbon steel under mode I,mode II,and mixed-mode loading conditions

The effect of the shear component of static loading on the evolution of the plastic deformation zones and the mechanical and acoustic properties (acoustic emission parameters, ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation coefficient) of a low-carbon grade 20 steel is studied. It is found that an increase in the shear loading component leads to a change in the shape of a plastic deformation zone, the appearance of an additional system of microcracks, an increase in the total fracture energy, a decrease in the slopes of the cumulative distributions of the acoustic signal amplitude and the microcrack length, and a significant increase in the ultrasound attenuation coefficient.     

Ultrasonic attenuation peak in steel and aluminum alloy during rotating bending fatigue

Using electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR), we studied the evolution of the surface shearwave attenuation and phase velocity in a 0.45 pct C steel and a 5052 aluminum alloy exposed to rotating bending fatigue. In the EMAR method, we used electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for the contactless measurements of the axial shear wave, which is a surface shear wave that propagates along a cylindrical surface in the circumferential direction, with an axial polarization. There has been no previous report of continuous and contactless monitoring of the surface wave attenuation and velocity being performed without interrupting the fatigue. The attenuation coefficient always showed sharp peaks around 90 pct of the fatigue life, independent of the fatigue-stress amplitude. To interpret this phenomenon, we made crack-growth observations using replicas and measurements of recovery of attenuation and velocity by stopping the cyclic loading before and after the peak. From these results, we concluded that the evolution of the ultrasonic properties is caused by a drastic change in dislocation mobility being accompanied by the crack growth at the final stage of the fatigue life.     

Nondestructive and Laboratory Evaluation of Damage Gradients in Concrete Structure Exposed to Cryogenic Temperatures

This paper discusses the use of pulse velocity, dynamic Young’s modulus of elasticity, and air permeability of concrete to evaluate the extent of damage and damage gradients to a concrete structure exposed to thermal shock and subsequent cryogenic temperatures. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is maintained in liquid form at cryogenic temperatures typically below ?160°C (?260°F). The elevated concrete pedestal and precast concrete piles supporting a LNG storage tank were exposed to cryogenic temperatures following a leak of the LNG. The engineering assessment of the concrete structure consisted of a nondestructive evaluation phase using ultrasonic pulse velocity and a subsequent laboratory phase based on concrete cores. Dynamic Young’s modulus of elasticity and air permeability index of 25?mm (1?in.) thick disks sawed from the cores were determined. Analyzing concrete disks at 25?mm (1?in.) increments permitted assessment of changes in these properties with depth and enabled evaluation of depth of damage and damage gradients. The laboratory study confirmed that the distressed zone was limited to a near-surface area of concrete as suggested by the results of pulse velocity testing.     

Experimental Characterization and Optimization of Hybrid FRP/RC Bridge Superstructure System

An experimental investigation was performed to assess the performance of a hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer/reinforced concrete bridge system. The full-scale laboratory specimen was representative of an 813?mm (32?in.) wide strip of a completed bridge in San Patricio County, Tex. The specimen was first subjected to static loading prior to casting the reinforced concrete deck. Displacement, strain, and acoustic emission were recorded. After completion of the nondestructive static loading a reinforced concrete deck was cast in the laboratory to represent one unit of the completed bridge. Load was statically applied with several increased load cycles until failure occurred at a load level exceeding 18 times the calculated design load. The results of the static testing indicated that the original design of the hybrid bridge was very conservative. An optimized design of the hybrid bridge was then derived. The static load testing program and the resulting optimized design are described.     

循环载荷下块石胶结充填体声发射特性研究

利用RMT-150C岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2型声发射采集系统,对灰砂比为1∶4的纯尾砂充填体与块石作骨料的胶结充填体在不同幅值循环加卸载条件下损伤破坏全过程的声发射特性进行了研究。试验结果显示：含块石充填体在循环载荷下损伤破坏过程声发射信号较纯尾砂充填体更加丰富,且均表现出在加卸载应力幅值为80%的阶段声发射活动最为平静的共性。试验数据处理结果表明：充填体Kaiser效应的有效应力区间为相对应力水平低于70%,超过这一区域后,Kaiser效应失效,Felicity效应显著。     

循环载荷下胶结充填体损伤声发射表征

胶结充填体是充填采矿法应用的关键部分,其稳定与否是充填采矿成功实施的基础和前提。实际采矿活动对充填体产生一种循环重复的加卸载扰动,通过研究循环加卸载作用下充填体损伤破坏过程的声发射特征,探求充填体的损伤演化机理,可为充填体声发射监测技术提供基础性依据。本研究利用RMT-150C电液伺服系统和PIC-2型USB数字多通道声发射仪对灰砂比为1∶4的4组试样进行多级加卸载试验,模拟充填体实际所处应力环境。通过对试验过程系统接收到的声发射信号分析处理后,发现了循环载荷下胶结充填体的损伤演化具有3个不同阶段特征;同时用经过声发射参数量化后的损伤值表征充填体的损伤,为充填体稳定性监测技术的建立提供数值依据。