溶出条件对铝土矿氧化铝溶出及赤泥中氧化铁富集的影响

采用拜尔法高压溶出广西平果铝土矿,考察了溶出时间、溶出温度、石灰添加量以及苛碱浓度对氧化铝溶出及赤泥中氧化铁富集的影响。结果表明,最佳溶出条件为:溶出时间50min、溶出温度260℃、石灰添加量6%、苛碱浓度235g/L,在该条件下,氧化铝实际溶出率可达79.6%,赤泥中氧化铁含量达32.1%。     

低温拜耳法赤泥高温溶出行为

赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中排放的强碱性固体废物,尤其对于三水铝石矿低温拜耳法产生的赤泥,其中含有大量的Al₂O₃未被溶出,造成资源的极大浪费。以低温拜耳法赤泥为原料,通过高温溶出回收其中的Al₂O₃,系统研究了石灰添加量、循环母液苛碱浓度、溶出温度、固含、溶出时间对Al₂O₃溶出性能的影响规律,获得了溶出过程中物相转变机理和溶出动力学。结果表明：低温拜耳法赤泥高温溶出过程中,Al₂O₃溶出率随苛碱浓度、溶出温度、时间的增加而增加,随着石灰添加量和固含的增加而降低。推荐Al₂O₃的溶出条件为：固含500 g/L、苛碱浓度210 g/L、溶出温度270℃、溶出时间60 min、溶出过程不添加石灰,在此条件下Al₂O₃溶出率为50.36%,溶出液硅量指数为260。Al₂O₃溶出过程受内扩散控制...     

云南某高铁铝土矿溶出氧化铝试验研究

研究了从云南某高铁铝土矿中高压溶出氧化铝,考察了溶出温度、溶出时间、石灰添加量、苛性碱质量浓度对氧化铝溶出率的影响。结果表明:氧化铝溶出最佳条件为溶出温度280℃,溶出时间45min,石灰添加量8%,苛性碱质量浓度225g/L;最佳条件下,氧化铝相对溶出率为84.35%,实际溶出率为75.94%。同时,对原矿样的能谱分析和赤泥的XRD分析结果表明,氧化铝溶出过程中,赤铁矿会包裹部分一水硬铝石,导致氧化铝溶出率下降。     

高硫铝土矿优化溶出工艺研究

采用正交试验研究高硫铝土矿的溶出性能,获得氧化铝与硫溶出率的回归方程,进而采用单因素试验方法,对高硫矿进行溶出工艺优化。结果表明,温度是影响矿石溶出性能的重要因素,但在低于260℃时,硫溶出率的提升更为明显;氧化铝溶出率随苛碱浓度的提高而提高、硫溶出率呈下降趋势;时间与石灰量对矿石溶出性能的影响不明显。获得"低温高碱"的优化溶出工艺为:温度250℃、碱浓度255g/L、时间70min、石灰添加量6%,氧化铝相对溶出率达到95%,硫溶出率低于26%,与回归方程的预测结果吻合度较高。此工艺适于处理硫含量低于1.47%的高硫铝土矿。     

某三水型高钛铝土矿的溶出性能试验研究

研究了某三水型高钛铝土矿的溶出特性,考察了温度、时间、石灰添加量及碱质量浓度对氧化铝和二氧化钛溶出率的影响。试验结果表明：温度对氧化铝的溶出影响显著,而石灰添加量对钛的溶出影响较大;较佳的溶出条件为温度240℃,时间40 min ,石灰添加量4％,苛性碱质量浓度225 g/L ;最佳条件下,二氧化钛溶出率为9．75％,氧化铝溶出率为88．91％。     

某高硫铝土矿选择性溶出氧化铝试验研究

研究从贵州某高硫铝土矿中溶出氧化铝,通过正交试验确定了氧化铝溶出的影响因素及优化条件。结果表明:各因素对Al_2O_3和S溶出率的影响顺序为溶出温度苛性碱质量浓度石灰添加量溶出时间;在溶出温度250℃、苛性碱质量浓度254.9g/L、石灰添加量8%、溶出时间60min优化条件下,氧化铝溶出率在95%以上,硫溶出率在24%以下,氧化铝的选择性溶出效果较好。     

平果铝土矿的拜耳溶出过程

文章论述了平果铝土矿的预脱硅性能、溶出性能和溶出过程条件对拜耳溶出过程的影响,所做的试验结果表明:在260℃,1～1.5小时、碱液浓度180～230克/升Na_2O_苛、溶出分子比1.55～1.60、石灰添加量为干矿量6～9%的溶出条件下,可获得96～97%的有效氧化铝溶出率而无过量碱损失的满意结果。     

石灰拜尔法溶出工艺的探讨

针对我国氧化铝生产的实际情况,提出采用石灰拜尔法提高我国氧化铝生产水平的必要性.研究了管道化溶出生产工艺条件下,矿石A/S为10.53和7.59时石灰添加量对溶出赤泥N/S、A/S和赤泥产出率、矿石溶出速度、溶出液硅量指数的影响,探索了适合河南分公司中品位矿石的石灰拜尔法溶出条件.     

三水型铝土矿磁选除铁及Al_2O_3溶出性能研究

研究了三水型铝土矿磁选除铁和高压溶出氧化铝,考察了磨矿时间、磁场强度对磁选除铁的影响以及石灰添加量、碱质量浓度、溶出时间对氧化铝相对溶出率的影响。试验结果表明:在磨矿时间10min、磁场强度1.7T磁选除铁条件下,Al2O3回收率为76.68%,Fe2O3脱除率为83.54%;在石灰添加量4%、碱质量浓度180g/L、溶出时间45min条件下,Al2O3相对溶出率达93.65%。     

石灰拜尔法溶出工艺的探讨

针对我国氧化铝生产的实际情况,提出采用石灰拜尔法提高我国氧化铝生产水平的必要性。研究了管道化溶出生产工艺条件下,矿石A/S为10．53和7．59时石灰添加量对溶出赤泥N／S、A/S和赤泥产出率、矿石溶出速度、溶出液硅量指数的影响,探索了适合河南分公司中品位矿石的石灰拜尔法溶出条件。     

Digestion in the newborn

Although the various aspects of digestion in the newborn have been studied for decades, we still lack quantitative information about the contribution of individual enzymes to the overall process. The information to date indicates that in spite of immaturity of many of the classical digestive mechanisms of the adult, the infant uses a number of compensatory systems to achieve adequate digestion of nutrients (Fig. 1). Thus, whereas in the infant gastric proteolysis is probably extremely limited, intestinal protein digestion is adequate. Although starch supplements are better tolerated in breast-fed infants, because of the compensation provided by human milk amylase, the infant is able to digest lactose and short-chain glucose polymers with endogenous brush border enzymes. Fat digestion is markedly aided by gastric lipase and, in breast-fed infants, the bile salt-dependent lipase of human milk. Thus, in the infant, gastric lipolysis is quantitatively much more significant than in adults. The absorption of human milk whey proteins (and probably also cow milk proteins) is probably associated more with the highly glycosylated form of these proteins than with immaturity of neonatal digestive enzymes.     

Multistaged Anaerobic Sludge Digestion Processes

Two multistaged anaerobic digestion systems, a four-stage thermophilic anaerobic digestion (4TAD), all at 55°C, and a four-stage anaerobic digestion with a tapered temperature configuration (4ADT) at 55, 49, 43, and 37°C, respectively, were studied to evaluate their solids, volatile organic sulfur compounds, and indicator organism (E. coli and fecal coliform) reduction potentials. The 4TAD system removed significantly more volatile solids from sludges than the 4ADT system (6%). However, the dewatered biosolids cakes from the 4ADT system generated fewer organic sulfur compounds than those from the 4TAD system. Both multistage systems showed better digestion efficiencies than single-stage mesophilic or single-stage thermophilic anaerobic digesters at the same overall retention time. However, the lowest organic sulfur compounds were observed from the single mesophilic system. Both multistage anaerobic digestion systems failed to dramatically remove DNA of the indicator organism, E. coli, quantified by real time polymerase chain reaction, even though the indicator organism densities measured by standard culturing methods satisfied EPA Class A biosolids requirements.     

溶出温度对三水铝石与一水软铝石混合型铝土矿溶出及赤泥沉降性能的影响

以三水铝石与一水软铝石混合型铝土矿为研究对象，研究了溶出温度对其溶出及沉降性能的影响。溶出试验结果表明：三水铝石在145℃低温条件下较短时间就能全部溶出，且随着溶出时间的延长，氧化铝溶出率呈降低趋势；提高溶出温度到240℃以上，一水软铝石溶出，氧化铝溶出率显著升高，但同时也会造成碱耗增加；沉降试验结果表明：高温溶出矿浆的赤泥沉降性能显著优于低温溶出矿浆，达到相同的沉速，絮凝剂添加量减少约50%。     

烧结法熟料溶出工艺研究

通过正交试验与单因素试验考察了溶出时间、液固比、溶出温度及调整液中碳酸钠浓度等因素对烧结法熟料溶出过程的影响,并确定了影响因素的主次关系。结果表明,影响因素主次关系依次是温度、时间、液固比、碳酸钠浓度,在下述条件下,氧化铝溶出率达到91.26%:碳酸钠浓度20g/L、液固比5∶1、溶出时间30min、溶出温度80℃。     

一水硬铝石溶出性能的研究

采用拜耳法对某地区铝土矿进行了溶出性能研究,探讨了原矿配料分子比、循环母液浓度和石灰添加量对矿石溶出性能的影响,研究结果显示,适当提高配料分子比、石灰添加量及循环母液浓度,溶出率会增大。控制配料分子比在1．4～1．5之间、石灰添加量在8．5％～16％时,最佳的相对溶出率可以达到95．19％。     

Digestion and absorption of dietary triglycerides

This review is an attempt to put in order some facts obtained during twenty-five years of studying the digestion and absorption of dietary triglycerides. After a short history of this problem to show the progress of research, the active mechanism of pancreatic lipase on triglycerides is explained: this enzyme specifically hydrolyses fatty acids esterified with the primary hydroxyl groups of glycerol, forming 2-monoglycerides and free fatty acids. This fact is very important for the further process involving formation and composition of intraluminal micelles, along with absorption and de novo synthesis of triglycerides inside enterocytes. Several different points are disscussed: - Short or medium chain-length fatty acids are hydrolyzed more easily than long-chain ones; after their absorption, the former go to the liver by the portal circulation and the latter go to lymph. - An evaluation of the extent of digestive hydrolysis has been given by means of doubly-labelled triglycerides (glycerol and fatty acids), and by comparing isotope ratio values of lymph and dietary triglycerides. - The physico-chemical state that intraluminal fats are in is discussed; 2-monoglycerides and fatty acids released from triglyceride hydrolysis form macromolecular agregates with biliary salts and phospholipids, cholesterol, and dietary phospholipids (or their degradation products). These are termed mixed micelles and are absorbed by diffusion. - Many recent morphological studies carried out with the electron microscope are indicated. - Two metabolic pathways for triglyceride resynthesis in the mucosal cells have been established, one from free fatty acids and alpha-glycerophosphate, the other from 1 or 2-monoglycerides. Phosphatidic acids are involved in this resynthesis, but the role of other phospholipids is almost certainly not so narrowly limited. - The apparent digestibility of fats according to their fatty acid composition, and mainly according to the location of the fatty acids in the initial triglyceride molecule, is discussed. - The nature and importance of endogenous fatty acids in the digestive tract and lymph is discussed. - The lipid and fatty acid composition of lymph chylomicrons is given. - The importance of lymph lipid particles (average diameter 0,05 less than or equal mum) for transport of exogenous fatty acids is indicated. The biochemical mechanism involved in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids are now well known, but some processes are still uncertain, particularly the physico-chemical state of intraluminal lipids, the role of enterocyte membranes, the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes, and the role of intestinal flora.     

球磨-浸出工艺处理三水铝石矿的工艺研究

采用自行研制的球磨装置对三水铝石矿进行了球磨溶出工艺研究。考察了填充系数、转速、料球比、配矿量和溶出温度等因素对球磨溶出性能的影响,并对球磨溶出矿浆进行了XRD分析。结果表明,三水铝石矿的最佳球磨工艺为:装球量30%、钢弹转速100 r/min、料球比1.2∶1、球磨钢球采用混合球(2~20 mm)1、00 mL母液配矿量25 g、溶出温度150℃。     

Effects of Pretreatments on Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion

In order to enhance the degradation efficiency of waste activated sludge (WAS) in thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD), various pretreatment methods were investigated for the decomposition of WAS, including ultrasonic, thermal, alkaline, and mechanical treatments. Thermophilic aerobic digestion experiments using pretreated WAS were conducted to investigate the effects of the pretreatments on degradation efficiency in TAD. The pretreatment methods enhanced the degradation efficiency in the TAD process and thermal and mechanical pretreatments had the best efficacy from the viewpoint of solid particle decomposition. Based on the efficiencies of solid particle decomposition, the order of pretreatment efficacy was as follows: mechanical treatment > thermal treatment > alkaline treatment > ultrasonic treatment. Based on total suspended solids reduction and released compounds decomposition, the order of TAD efficacy was as follows: TAD with thermal pretreatment > TAD with mechanical pretreatment > TAD with alkaline pretreatment > TAD with ultrasonic pretreatment > control TAD (without pretreatment). Because the thermal process consumes a large amount of energy, mechanical pretreatment is considered the most practical pretreatment for the TAD process.     

高有机物铝土矿的经济性溶出研究

我国氧化铝产量位居全球第一,对海外铝土矿的依存度逐年攀升。针对某进口高品位高有机物铝土矿,采用低压溶出工艺进行提取氧化铝试验,考察温度、苛碱浓度、时间、液固比对氧化铝溶出率和有机碳转化率的影响。XRF和XRD分析结果表明,矿石中的碳含量较高、一水软铝石含量较低,适合低压溶出生产使用。试验结果表明:当溶出温度为145℃、苛性碱浓度190g/L、溶出时间20min、液固比6时,氧化铝溶出率可达到86%,有机碳转化率为58%。     

提高溶出机组运转率的生产实践

介绍了拜尔法氧化铝生产中提高溶出机组运转率的生产实践 ,阐述了工艺、设备方面的改进、创新 ,以及科学组织生产 ,强化管理责任 ,提高机组运转率的成功经验。