铸态304L奥氏体不锈钢等径角挤压变形研究

 研究了铸态304L奥氏体不锈钢在等径角挤压(ECAP)变形过程中显微组织的演变过程。结果表明，经4道次剪切变形后树枝晶破碎、原始粗大晶粒碎化。显微组织的变化过程可归纳为：原始粗晶粒→晶粒被滑移带分割→位错发展形成高密度位错墙，与滑移带共同作用形成胞块结构→应变增加形成层片状界面→形成大角度晶界的细小晶粒。表明铸态304L奥氏体不锈钢经ECAP变形后塑性变形机制主要由滑移完成。     

用等径角挤压变形法制备纳米晶金属结构材料的组织演变

用实验方法研究了工业纯铁在等径角挤压变形(路径C)过程中晶粒细化过程。实验结果表明，经4道次剪切变形后开始出现纳米级晶粒。晶粒细化过程为：原始粗晶粒→晶粒被剪切变形带分割→位错线分割滑移带→位错线发展为位错墙，把变形带分割成细小的亚晶→亚晶界的位错密度增加→形成大角度晶界的纳米晶粒。测试了不同变形道次下材料的显微硬度值。     

室温ECAP变形纯钛孪生行为研究

室温下对纯钛进行多道次等径弯曲通道变形（ECAP），分别采用光学显微镜（OM）、透射电镜（TEM）、电子背散射衍射仪（EBSD）、室温拉伸和显微硬度观察，测试纯钛变形过程组织演变和力学性能变化规律，探讨纯钛室温变形机制和孪生行为。结果表明，纯钛ECAP变形过程中出现■拉伸孪晶和■压缩孪晶，随着挤压道次的增大，孪晶数量先增大后减小。孪晶的出现有效改变晶格取向，激发进一步位错滑移，辅助塑性变形过程，使纯钛显微组织有效细化，经过4道次ECAP变形，平均晶粒尺寸由约63.79μm细化至约2.81μm。1道次变形后晶粒细化效果最显著，平均晶粒尺寸比变形前减小约94%；随着变形道次的增加，晶粒细化效果减弱，4道次变形后平均晶粒尺寸累积减小约95.6%。同时，大量位错、孪晶和亚晶的形成，使得位错、孪晶以及亚晶之间的相互作用加强，显著提高了纯钛的屈服强度和显微硬度，4道次变形后，屈服强度从215 MPa增加到600 MPa，增幅为179%；显微硬度从HV 129增加到HV 200。由于1道次变形后晶粒细化效果最显著，并且出现大量孪晶和位错，屈服强度与硬度的增幅也最大。     

00Cr18Ni12奥氏体不锈钢多道次等通道冷挤压时的组织和性能

对00Cr18Ni12奥氏体不锈钢进行道次变形量为1．02的8道次的等通道冷挤压试验。结果表明，第2道次后钢的强度和硬度明显增加，第3道次以后硬度变化很小。随挤压道次的增加，在6道次挤压后，由于多个滑移系相互作用，将滑移带分割形成亚晶，再转化成大角度取向的新晶粒(尺寸为300nm)，挤压到8道次时出现150nm新晶粒。     

ECAP过程中TWIP钢的组织演变

 研究了 TWIP钢（30Mn-3Si-3Al）在等径角挤压冷变形过程中的组织演变。试验结果表明：经1道次变形后,产生大量10～40 nm宽的形变孪晶,同时出现的微观剪切带对孪晶进行了切割。随着道次的增加,孪生系统增多,形变孪晶相互交割,孪晶板条出现弯曲和断裂;同时剪切带的数量和宽度都增加,产生相互交错并切割孪晶板条,使基体的细化面积增大。4道次变形后,组织变成由碎化带和割裂开的孪晶相互交织的变形结构。碎化部分超细晶晶粒尺寸为40～120 nm,而未碎化孪晶板条宽度降至5～20 nm。     

原始组织对304L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢等径角挤压变形的影响

304L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢由25kg真空感应炉冶炼,用透射电镜(TEM)研究了该钢铸态组织200℃等径角挤压变形(ECAP)后组织演变和铸态组织1道次ECAP+1150℃1.5 h,AC处理(固溶组织)再进行ECAP后的组织。结果表明,304L钢铸态组织1道次ECAP变形过程中主要的变形机制为滑移变形,同时出现少量的孪晶变形;304L钢固溶组织在ECAP变形过程中孪晶变形数量急剧增加,孪晶和滑移共同进行,细化原始晶粒组织演变。     

工业纯钛ECAP变形组织与织构演变的EBSD分析

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对采用90°模具以C方式制备的等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)各道次工业纯钛(CP-Ti)试样的组织及织构演变进行表征。结果表明:1道次变形后,ECAP组织并不均匀,既有拉长的粗晶,又有细小的等轴晶。随着道次的增加,组织变得细小均匀,从而达到细化晶粒的效果;工业纯钛ECAP变形初始阶段,粗大的晶粒破碎,产生位错缠结和位错胞,使小角度晶界增加。随着道次的增加,位错不断地向亚晶界运动,亚晶间产生相对滑动和转动,最终形成具有大角度晶界的超细晶组织,使小角度晶界减少,大角度晶界增加。工业纯钛原始试样具有双峰基面织构,晶体的c轴由法向方向(ND)向挤出方向(ED)偏转约15°,4道次变形后变为剪切织构,晶体的基面与剪切面平行,最终形成织构组分为(1120)[1101]。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面纳米化机制研究

借助X射线衍射仪、透射电镜及显微硬度仪等先进仪器,研究了经超音速微粒轰击( SFPB)形变热处理Ti-6Al-4V合金表面自身纳米化晶粒尺寸演化及纳米化机制.研究结果表明:超音速微粒轰击使Ti-6Al-4V合金表面获得了纳米组织,并发生显著的加工硬化,表面显微硬度比基体硬度提高了1倍多;随着SFPB处理时间的延长,纳米结构层厚度不断增加,晶粒尺寸逐步细化,当SFPB处理30 min后晶粒尺寸趋于稳定,在表层形成了晶粒尺寸约为20 nm具有随机取向的纳米等轴晶.Ti-6Al-4V合金表面自身纳米化是由于位错运动、孪晶的形成及交割共同作用的结果;在多方向载荷的重复作用下,在塑性变形区产生了大量的由位错线和高密度位错缠结分割的位错胞,并在位错寨集处产生应力集中,进而形成孪晶;孪晶自身相互交割和位错的滑移相互协调,形成了细小的孪晶和胞状组织;晶胞组织转变为细小多边形亚晶;当孪晶尺寸细化到亚纳米级时,位错的滑移起主导作用,最终通过位锗的湮灭和重组形成了具有随机取向的等轴状纳米晶粒.     

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢双相区多道次轧制模拟的组织演变

 为了实现Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的铁素体晶粒细化从而充分提高其强塑性,通过热模拟压缩试验,利用金相、SEM、EBSD等微观组织分析方法研究了其在双相区的多道次压缩变形过程中的组织演变。结果表明,试验钢在变形过程中,第二相（马氏体、贝氏体）呈条带状分布于铁素体基体上,随着道次增加,铁素体晶粒逐步细化,第5道次变形后得到1.8 μm左右的超细晶铁素体。前期铁素体晶粒细化的主要机制是形变强化铁素体相变,即多道次的累积大变形使组织内畸变能增大,铁素体形核点增多,促进铁素体快速析出,形成细小铁素体晶粒;后面几道次变形中,随着应变量继续增大,在铁素体晶粒内形成大量亚晶界,且亚晶界逐步累积扭转成大角度晶界,分割原来的粗大晶粒,发生铁素体连续动态再结晶细化。     

表面机械研磨工业纯钛表面纳米化研究

表面机械研磨处理可以使工业纯钛形成纳米表面层, 通过扫描电镜、透射电镜和高分辨电镜观察SMAT处理后的工业纯钛表层组织, 并研究了工业纯钛表面纳米化机制. 工业纯钛表面纳米化机制为: 孪晶的形成和孪晶的交割使得原始晶粒尺寸减小, 同时使晶格取向发生改变, 有利于位错滑移; 孪晶通过自身交割, 以及位错密度增加及其相互作用, 形成了细小的孪晶与胞状组织; 胞状组织转变为多边形亚晶; 亚晶不断吸收位错形成大角度晶界, 亚晶以及取向不同的细小孪晶逐渐转变为随机取向的纳米晶.     

Structure and fatigue properties of 08Kh18N10T steel after equal-channel angular pressing and heating

The structure of corrosion-resistant austenitic 08Kh18N10T steel is studied after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), heating, and subsequent cyclic tests. After ECAP, an oriented mainly subgrain structure with a structural element size of 100–250 nm and a high fraction of deformation twins forms in the austenite of the steel, and 42 vol % of lath martensite appears. Dynamic twinning, martensitic transformation, dynamic recovery, and even recrystallization take place in the 08Kh18N10T steel during cyclic deformation in the course of fatigue tests according to the scheme of repeated tension. The fatigue strength increases after ECAP due to the refinement and twinning of an austenite structure and the appearance of martensite. The fatigue limit is maximal after ECAP and heating at 550°C for 20 h due to a high annealing twin density in a predominantly austenitic recrystallized matrix, intense dynamic twinning, and martensitic transformation during cyclic deformation.     

Mechanical Behaviors of Ultrafine-Grained 301 Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

The technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was used to refine the microstructure of an AISI 301 austenitic stainless steel (SS). An ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure consisting mainly of austenite and a few martensite was achieved in 301 steel after ECAP processing for four passes at 523 K (250 °C). By submitting the as-ECAP rods to annealing treatment in the temperature range from 853 K to 893 K (580 °C to 620 °C) for 60 minutes, fully austenitic microstructures with grain sizes of 210 to 310 nm were obtained. The uniaxial tensile tests indicated that UFG 301 austenitic SS had an excellent combination of high yield strength (>1.0 GPa) and high elongation-to-fracture (>30 pct). The tensile stress–strain curves exhibited distinct yielding peak followed by obvious Lüders deformation. Measurements showed that Lüders elongation increased with an increase in strength as well as a decrease in grain size. The microstructural changes in ultrafine austenite grains during tensile deformation were tracked by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. It was found that the strain-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite took place soon after plastic deformation. The transformation rate with strain and the maximum strain-induced martensite were promoted significantly by ultrafine austenite grains. The enhanced martensitic transformation provided extra strain-hardening ability to sustain the propagation of Lüders bands and large uniform plastic deformation. During tensile deformation, the Lüders bands and martensitic transformation interacted with each other and made great contribution to the excellent mechanical properties in UFG austenitic SS.     

Metastable Phase Transformation in Ti-5Ta-2Nb Alloy and 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel under Explosive Cladding Conditions

Ti-5Ta-2Nb alloy was clad on 304L austenitic stainless steel (SS) using the explosive cladding process. Both Ti-5Ta-2Nb and 304L austenitic steel were severely deformed due to high pressure (in the gigapascal range) and strain rate (10⁵/s), which are characteristics of explosive loading conditions. Consequent changes produced in the microstructure and crystal structure of both the alloys are studied using electron microscopy techniques. The microstructure of both Ti-Ta-Nb alloy and 304L steel showed evidence for the passage of the shock waves in the form of a high number density of lattice defects such as dislocations and deformation twins. In addition, both the alloys showed signatures of phase transformation under nonequilibrium conditions resulting in metastable transformation products. 304L SS showed martensitic transformation to both ????(bcc) and ??(hcp) phases. Microscopic shear bands, shear band intersections, and twin boundaries were identified as nucleation sites for the formation of strain-induced phases. Ti-Ta-Nb alloy underwent metastable phase transformation to an fcc phase, which could be associated with regions having a specific morphology.     

Surface distortions in twinned niobium (Columbium) crystals

The surface distortions resulting from the formation of mechanical twins in niobium single crystals are more complex than the simple tilts predicted from the twinning shear. Tilt angles observed vary from zero to well in excess of the conventionally predicted values. In addition, the shear offset is not limited to the twinned lamella, but is generally also observed in the adjacent matrix. These observations suggest that macroscopic shear need not be necessary in the initial twin formation. It is suggested that such shear offset, when present, is associated with the simultaneous occurrence of slip, and that the shear probably takes place after the initial twin formation, during the subsequent transverse twin growth. Observed slip markings, and the energy associated with the initial twin formation, are also briefly discussed.     

On the Relation of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in an Austenitic Fe-28Mn-0.28C TWIP Steel During Cold Rolling

In the present study, microstructure and texture evolution in an austenitic Fe-28 wt pct Mn-0.28 wt pct C TWIP steel in the range between 10 and 80 pct reduction by cold rolling were systematically analyzed. The formation of the observed microstructural features occurred in three different stages: I (10 to 20 pct)—mainly slip lines, grain elongation, and formation of few twin-matrix lamellae; II (30 to 50 pct)—severe increase of the volume fraction of twins, alignment of twins with the rolling plane, and formation of microshear bands; and III (60 to 80 pct)—further alignment of twins, evolution of a herring bone structure, and macroshear bands. In contrast to most f.c.c. metals, the transition from Copper- to Brass-type texture occurred at low strain levels (30 pct). This behavior is attributed to the early formation of deformation twins in the material and can be related to the SFE of this high manganese steel. At higher reduction levels, microscopic (≥40 pct) and macroscopic shear band formation (≥60 pct) contributed to the increase of randomly oriented grains, mainly at the expense of the Brass component. Furthermore, the formation of the Goss component and of the 〈111〉//ND fiber (γ) is attributed to severe twin formation.     

ECAP制备TWIP钢的力学性能研究

采用ECAP方法对TWIP钢(30Mn-3Si-3A1)试样进行一道次等径角挤压(ECAP)变形,对比研究原始态、一道次挤压态、ECAPlP+850℃×1h(空冷)处理和ECAPlP+1000℃×1h空冷处理后的微观结构及力学性能.试验结果表明:在变形过程中,形变孪晶的相互形变阻力和位错在形变孪晶界的大量塞积,使TWI...     

Cyclic Deformation Microstructure in Heavily Cold-Drawn Austenitic Stainless Steel

Cyclic deformation microstructure of the heavily cold-drawn austenitic stainless steel is significantly influenced by the spacing between mechanical twins introduced by prior cold drawing. Well-developed dislocation cells form between mechanical twins with the spacing larger than about 800 nm. Persistent slip band (PSB)-like structure with ladders takes place between mechanical twins spacing from 300 to 800 nm. Few dislocations occur between neighboring mechanical twins with spacing less than about 100 nm. Pre-existing mechanical twins and deformation bands segment austenitic grains, facilitating multi-slip and consequently suppressing PSB formation.