原始组织对304L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢等径角挤压变形的影响

304L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢由25kg真空感应炉冶炼,用透射电镜(TEM)研究了该钢铸态组织200℃等径角挤压变形(ECAP)后组织演变和铸态组织1道次ECAP+1150℃1.5 h,AC处理(固溶组织)再进行ECAP后的组织。结果表明,304L钢铸态组织1道次ECAP变形过程中主要的变形机制为滑移变形,同时出现少量的孪晶变形;304L钢固溶组织在ECAP变形过程中孪晶变形数量急剧增加,孪晶和滑移共同进行,细化原始晶粒组织演变。     

用等径角挤压变形法制备纳米晶金属结构材料的组织演变

用实验方法研究了工业纯铁在等径角挤压变形(路径C)过程中晶粒细化过程。实验结果表明，经4道次剪切变形后开始出现纳米级晶粒。晶粒细化过程为：原始粗晶粒→晶粒被剪切变形带分割→位错线分割滑移带→位错线发展为位错墙，把变形带分割成细小的亚晶→亚晶界的位错密度增加→形成大角度晶界的纳米晶粒。测试了不同变形道次下材料的显微硬度值。     

铸态304L奥氏体不锈钢等径角挤压变形的力学性能

 研究了经1~4道次等径角挤压变形(ECAP)后,铸态304L奥氏体不锈钢微观结构的演变,同时测定了ECAP变形后的力学性能。结果表明,经4道次变形后,铸态粗大晶粒破碎形成细小的大角度晶粒,平均晶粒尺寸约202 nm;抗拉强度和屈服强度大大提高(Rp02=1 002 MPa,Rm=1 100 MPa),但均匀塑性变形能力(A＜3%)和加工硬化指数(n=0060)却显著下降。     

用等径角挤压变形法进行奥氏体不锈钢锭开坯的研究

对铸态奥氏体不锈钢的等径角挤压变形(ECAP)试样进行了高温固溶处理,并与锻造试样 固溶处理后的组织、性能进行了对比,研究表明:室、高温ECAP试样在1150℃固溶处理后均可得到完全再结晶组织;增加ECAP道次对完全再结晶后的晶粒尺寸影响不大,但略微增加晶粒尺寸的均匀性;铸态奥氏体不锈钢采用ECAP 固溶处理新工艺后,可以获得与锻造 固溶处理工艺类似的组织、力学性能,有可能实现铸锭的开坯.     

等径角挤压变形奥氏体不锈钢的组织演变

 用实验方法研究了奥氏体不锈钢在等径角挤压冷变形(路径RC)过程中组织变化。实验结果表明：当剪切方向与孪晶带方向成一定角度时，在剪切力的作用下，孪晶逐渐由大块孪晶→由剪切带分割的孪晶(楼梯状)→小块状→奥氏体亚晶或马氏体晶粒；部分孪晶在剪切力作用下，剪切带可直接碎化成具有大角度位向差的细小晶粒(奥氏体亚晶+马氏体晶粒)，可发生马氏体相变；当剪切方向与孪晶带方向相同时，孪晶带区域也可发生马氏体转变；3道次变形后，具有明显特征的孪晶已很少，此后继续进行剪切变形，孪晶碎化组织(含马氏体)和奥氏体剪切滑移带(含碎化晶粒)的变形以剪切滑移方式进行，当奥氏体的滑移遇到阻力时，可局部形成局部形变孪晶来协调变形；随变形道次的增加，马氏体转变也越多，在多次剪切以及道次中的交叉滑移作用下，马氏体板条逐渐被高密度位错墙分割而碎化成细小的晶粒；8道次变形后，可获得60~230 nm的等轴晶粒。     

室温ECAP变形纯钛孪生行为研究

室温下对纯钛进行多道次等径弯曲通道变形（ECAP），分别采用光学显微镜（OM）、透射电镜（TEM）、电子背散射衍射仪（EBSD）、室温拉伸和显微硬度观察，测试纯钛变形过程组织演变和力学性能变化规律，探讨纯钛室温变形机制和孪生行为。结果表明，纯钛ECAP变形过程中出现■拉伸孪晶和■压缩孪晶，随着挤压道次的增大，孪晶数量先增大后减小。孪晶的出现有效改变晶格取向，激发进一步位错滑移，辅助塑性变形过程，使纯钛显微组织有效细化，经过4道次ECAP变形，平均晶粒尺寸由约63.79μm细化至约2.81μm。1道次变形后晶粒细化效果最显著，平均晶粒尺寸比变形前减小约94%；随着变形道次的增加，晶粒细化效果减弱，4道次变形后平均晶粒尺寸累积减小约95.6%。同时，大量位错、孪晶和亚晶的形成，使得位错、孪晶以及亚晶之间的相互作用加强，显著提高了纯钛的屈服强度和显微硬度，4道次变形后，屈服强度从215 MPa增加到600 MPa，增幅为179%；显微硬度从HV 129增加到HV 200。由于1道次变形后晶粒细化效果最显著，并且出现大量孪晶和位错，屈服强度与硬度的增幅也最大。     

等通道转角挤压组织演变规律的研究进展

综述了金属结构材料和功能材料基体相晶体结构、层错能、Hollomon参数lnZ对等通道转角挤压ECAP变形组织演变规律影响的研究进展,试样基体相的晶体结构对变形组织的演变起重要的影响作用。随着应变量的增大,密排六方结构金属先形成形变孪晶、再启动优先存在的但被阻塞的滑移系统;面心立方结构金属的位错滑移主导着组织演变与晶粒细化过程,先形成亚晶界,再增大组织取向差,最终形成大角度晶界。在高层错能材料中,随着Hollomon参数lnZ增大,位错运动受到抑制,驱使变形机制从位错滑移逐渐转变成形变孪晶;当Z参数减小时,在ECAP高层错能材料中会形成微尺度的剪切带。在低层错能材料中形成丰富的孪晶,极低层错能的材料形成宏观剪切带。而中等层错能材料的变形机制则取决于Z值的高低。分析了ECAP过程动态再结晶的影响因素,认为γm·ln2Z30不宜作为ECAP过程是否发生动态再结晶的判据,ECAP过程动态再结晶的影响因素还有待进一步研究,如弄清ECAP过程温升规律、分析淬火保存ECAP变形组织将有助于研究ECAP动态再结晶。     

45钢等径弯曲通道变形及组织细化研究

研究了等径弯曲通道(ECAP)变形后45钢中先共析铁素体及珠光体组织的演变特征.结果表明,ECAP变形4道次后,片层状的珠光体组织演变成了超细的渗碳体颗粒均匀分布于亚微晶铁素体基体的组织.先共析铁素体由原始的平均晶粒尺寸约为30 μm演变为大角度晶界分离的、平均晶粒尺寸约为0.4μm的超细晶组织.ECAP变形后,先共析铁素体首先在其内部会形成具有薄片层界面(LBs)的板条位错胞甚至亚晶组织.进一步变形时位错胞或亚晶可继续细化.再进一步变形时通过晶界滑移和晶粒旋转的方式可以获得具有大角度晶界分离的、等轴的超细晶组织.     

等通道热挤压变形制备奥氏体不锈钢纳米级组织

 通过采用700 ℃等通道挤压法(ECAP法)对00Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢实施变形，制备出晶粒尺寸在200~300 nm的超细晶组织，由此可使其抗拉强度与屈服强度显著增加。同时探讨了ECAP细化机理，对试验钢在等通道挤压变形中的微观组织演变过程进行了分析，发现其组织演变与滑移、孪晶以及动态再结晶有关。     

热加工对铸造AM50镁合金显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用锻造和等通道转角挤压(ECAP)等技术研究了热加工对铸造AM50镁合金显微结构和力学性能的影响, 以改善该合金的力学性能.结果发现, ECAP对铸造AM50镁合金和锻造AM50镁合金两种显微结构的影响不同, 这是由于两种状态初始晶粒尺寸不同引起的.铸态AM50镁合金晶粒尺寸粗大, 经过ECAP工艺后, 晶界上出现大量平直滑移线;而锻态AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后, 晶粒进一步细化, 滑移线痕迹不明显.铸态AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后显微硬度从54.5提高到72.3, 锻造AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后显微硬度从60.3提高到81.9.铸造AM50镁合金经过锻造及ECAP工艺热加工后力学性能抗拉强度提高到320 Mpa, 同时延伸率保持在35%以上.     

Grain structures in gas tungsten-arc welds of austenitic stainless steels with ferrite primary phase

The grain structures were investigated in full penetration gas tungsten-arc (GTA) welds in sheets of 304 and 321 austenitic stainless steels for a range of welding conditions. In type 321 steel welds, fine equiaxed ferrite dendrites were observed in the ferrite phase. The equiaxed structure was ascribed to heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite on Ti-rich cuboidal inclusions present in this steel, since these inclusions were observed at the origin of equiaxed dendrites. In type 304 welds, the ferrite grains were columnar, except in less complete penetration specimens, where a few coarse equiaxed dendrites appeared to originate from the weld surface. The secondary austenitic grain structure was columnar in both steels. In type 304 steel, the columnar austenitic grain structure did not necessarily correspond to the primary ferrite grains. In type 321 steel, the secondary austenite was columnar despite the equiaxed structure of the primary ferrite. Factors which affect the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) are discussed. The failure to form equiaxed austenitic grains in type 321 steel is ascribed to austenite growing across the space between ferrite grains instead of renucleating on the primary equiaxed ferrite.     

00Cr18Ni12奥氏体不锈钢多道次等通道冷挤压时的组织和性能

对00Cr18Ni12奥氏体不锈钢进行道次变形量为1．02的8道次的等通道冷挤压试验。结果表明，第2道次后钢的强度和硬度明显增加，第3道次以后硬度变化很小。随挤压道次的增加，在6道次挤压后，由于多个滑移系相互作用，将滑移带分割形成亚晶，再转化成大角度取向的新晶粒(尺寸为300nm)，挤压到8道次时出现150nm新晶粒。     

塑性变形方法对奥氏体不锈钢力学性能的影响

在试验的基础上研究了经2种塑性变形(锻造、等径角挤压变形)的奥氏体不锈钢完全再结晶后的组织与性能.研究结果表明,完全再结晶退火后,经锻造、等径角挤压变形得到的晶粒尺寸与屈服强度的关系有明显的差异,塑性变形方法对Hall-Petch关系有显著的影响;等径角挤压变形试验料的晶粒尺寸满足Hall-Petch关系;超大塑性变形(ECAP)会降低奥氏体不锈钢完全再结晶后的屈服强度.     

Microstructural stability of ultrafine grained low-carbon steel containing vanadium fabricated by intense plastic straining

Two grades of low-carbon steel, one containing vanadium and the other without vanadium, were subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 623 K up to an effective strain of ∼4. After equal channel angular pressing, a static annealing treatment for 1 hour was undertaken on both pressed steels in the temperature range of 693 to 873 K. By comparing the microstructural evolution during annealing and the tensile properties of the two steels, the effect of the addition of vanadium on the thermal stability of ultrafine-grained (UFG) low-carbon steel fabricated by intense plastic straining was examined. For the steel without vanadium, coarse recrystallized ferrite grains appeared at annealing temperatures above 753 K, and a resultant degradation of the strength was observed. For the steel containing vanadium, submicrometer-order ferrite grain size and ultrahigh strength were preserved up to 813 K. The enhanced thermal and mechanical stabilities of the steel containing vanadium were attributed to its peculiar microstructure, which consisted of ill-defined pearlite colonies and ultrafine ferrite grains with uniformly distributed nanometer-sized cementite particles. This microstructure resulted from the combined effects of (a) the preservation of high dislocation density providing an effective diffusion path, due to the effect of vanadium on increasing the recrystallization temperature of the steel; and (b) precipitation of fine cementite particles at ferrite grain boundaries through the enhanced diffusion of carbon atoms (which were dissolved from pearlitic cementite by severe plastic straining) along ferrite grain boundaries and dislocation cores.     

晶粒细化对奥氏体不锈钢高温力学性能的影响

摘要：对粗晶201LN奥氏体不锈钢采用60%冷变形结合700℃退火120s工艺制备超细晶奥氏体不锈钢，研究晶粒细化对奥氏体不锈钢高温力学性能的影响。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术对粗晶和超细晶奥氏体钢进行了组织表征，并使用万能试验机测试20和650℃环境下力学性能。结果显示粗晶奥氏体不锈钢经过冷变形结合退火工艺处理，平均晶粒尺寸由18μm细化为0.9μm，屈服强度由383MPa提高到704MPa，而伸长率由63.8%下降到46.3%，表明晶粒细化能有效提高奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度的同时较小损害塑性，TEM证实其形变机制均为形变诱导马氏体和孪生协同作用。当温度由20℃提高到650℃时，粗晶奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度和伸长率分别下降到180MPa和28.1%，超细晶奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度和伸长率分别为384MPa和24.2%。这表明在650℃高温环境下细晶强化作用仍然有效，粗晶和超细晶奥氏体不锈钢也有较好的塑性，其形变机制分别变为位错滑移和位错滑移+层错+孪生。     

等径弯曲通道变形对超低碳钢组织及性能的影响

 研究了室温下C方式等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)对超低碳钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明：第1道次ECAP变形后，组织细化效果最显著；随变形道次的增加，组织由取向差小的板条状亚晶演变成取向差大的等轴晶；第4道次ECAP变形后，晶粒平均尺寸约03 μm；变形道次继续增加，晶粒尺寸变化不显著，而晶粒取向差不断增大。这表明第4道次ECAP变形为超低碳钢细化极限；ECAP变形可大幅度提高超低碳钢的强度，并保持较高的塑性。     

Mechanical Behaviors of Ultrafine-Grained 301 Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

The technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was used to refine the microstructure of an AISI 301 austenitic stainless steel (SS). An ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure consisting mainly of austenite and a few martensite was achieved in 301 steel after ECAP processing for four passes at 523 K (250 °C). By submitting the as-ECAP rods to annealing treatment in the temperature range from 853 K to 893 K (580 °C to 620 °C) for 60 minutes, fully austenitic microstructures with grain sizes of 210 to 310 nm were obtained. The uniaxial tensile tests indicated that UFG 301 austenitic SS had an excellent combination of high yield strength (>1.0 GPa) and high elongation-to-fracture (>30 pct). The tensile stress–strain curves exhibited distinct yielding peak followed by obvious Lüders deformation. Measurements showed that Lüders elongation increased with an increase in strength as well as a decrease in grain size. The microstructural changes in ultrafine austenite grains during tensile deformation were tracked by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. It was found that the strain-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite took place soon after plastic deformation. The transformation rate with strain and the maximum strain-induced martensite were promoted significantly by ultrafine austenite grains. The enhanced martensitic transformation provided extra strain-hardening ability to sustain the propagation of Lüders bands and large uniform plastic deformation. During tensile deformation, the Lüders bands and martensitic transformation interacted with each other and made great contribution to the excellent mechanical properties in UFG austenitic SS.