残余奥氏体对贝氏体钢轨性能的影响

 无碳化物贝氏体组织中的残余奥氏体对提高贝氏体钢轨的韧塑性作出了突出贡献,为了在铁路运营时使钢轨仍保持较高的韧塑性,需要控制好贝氏体钢轨残余奥氏体的稳定性。通过对热轧空冷、热轧空冷+低温回火贝氏体钢轨在不同环境温度下残余奥氏体稳定性的分析,回火贝氏体钢轨在不同试验温度（包括低温）条件下拉伸性能的分析,在模拟钢轨运营的试验条件下疲劳性能的分析及相应条件下残余奥氏体含量的测定,说明低温回火处理提高了贝氏体钢轨中残余奥氏体的稳定性,模拟钢轨运营的试验条件下,贝氏体钢轨中的残余奥氏体基本是稳定的。     

Surface Temperature Change of U75V 60 kg/m Heavy Rail During Heat Treatment

The U75V 60 kg/m heavy rail samples were heated to 900 ℃ in a resistance furnace for a fixed duration of 50 min. Under this condition, the samples were austenitized totally. Then, the samples were dragged out of furnace and cooled for 25 s in the open air. After that, the samples entered into the air spraying channel, and were cooled from the top and both sides by compressed air. During this period, main technical parameters were changed such as the distance between spray nozzles and surface of rail head, air pressure, air spraying time and air temperature. So under laboratory condition, optimal heat-treating parameters of U75V 60 kg/m heavy rail were determined as the distance between spray nozzles and surface of rail head of 15 mm, air pressure of 0.26 MPa, cooling time of 80 s, and air temperature of 28 ℃. The surface temperature at different positions of heavy rail was measured before and after heat treatment, and the temperature changing law was determined. The self tempering occurred on the surface of rail head after heat treatment, and the tempering temperature became the largest (about 3 min) after heat treatment, separately 528, 524 and 536 ℃ at the center, top fillet and bottom fillet of rail head. The heavy rail was cooled in open air after heat treatment; during this period, the temperature gap on the surface of heavy rail became smaller and smaller, and was reduced to zero when being cooled for 20 min.     

回火工艺对热轧U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨组织性能的影响

U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨的生产流程为150 t 转炉-LF-VD-280 mm×380 mm铸坯 轧制,终轧930~980 ℃,空冷-340 ℃ 4 h两次回火,空冷。U20Mn2SiCrNiMo钢热轧态(终轧930~980 ℃空冷）和(320 ℃一、二次回火)组织均由贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。力学性能试验结果表明：U20Mn2SiCrNiMo钢轨最佳回火工艺为320 ℃ 4 h空冷+320 ℃ 4 h空冷二次回火,其性能为：屈服强度1242 MPa,抗拉强度1393 MPa,HBW硬度值417,伸长率15.0%,断面收缩率60%,冲击吸收功K_U2 98 J,轨底纵向残余应力+180 MPa。     

原位统计分布分析技术在表征钢轨焊接区域元素偏析中的应用

贝氏体钢轨经闪光焊后焊缝及热影响区出现的主要缺陷为C、Si、Mn、S元素的带状偏析,该缺陷的存在将直接影响闪光焊的焊接性能。通过低倍和金相组织分析得知,贝氏体钢轨焊接热影响区空冷处理后出现马氏体组织是造成C、Si、Mn、S元素偏析的主要原因。为了使上述偏析得以改善,相继对焊接热影响区进行1 200 ℃,持续8 h的回火热处理。实验采用原位统计分布分析技术先后两次对焊接后经空冷和热处理后的焊接热影响区进行分析,对两种工艺下C、Si、Mn、S元素的偏析情况进行对比。结果表明,完善回火工艺使得C、Si、Mn、S元素的偏析得到一定程度的改善,但始终无法完全消除,说明通过优化焊接工艺能够使得由元素偏析造成的缺陷得以改善,但始终无法彻底消除。     

Railroad rails made of bainitic steel

Results are presented from a study of the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of rails made at the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Combine from steel alloyed with manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. It was established that obtaining high strength and hardness in the steel by increasing its contents of carbon and alloying elements has an adverse effect on the service properties of rails made of steels with a bainitic structure. Normalizing is the most effective means of increasing strength and improving microstructure. The required level of mechanical characteristics can be obtained by tempering the steel at 350–370°C. The adverse effect of cold straightening-which is manifest in a reduction in the rails’s impact toughness-can be offset by subjecting the steel to preliminary tempering or normalizing and tempering. Rather than further increasing the strength of rail steel to improve its overall quality, this objective is better served by making sure that the steel is cleanly made, that the rails have little or no curvature, and that the residual stresses in the steel are favorably distributed. __________ Translated from Metallurg, No. 4, pp. 51–53, April, 2007.     

高强韧U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨热处理工艺的优化

研究正火-回火和等温热处理工艺对U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢经900℃正火+300℃回火后的力学性能为抗拉强度为1396MPa,伸长率为16.0%,冲击吸收功K_U2为57J,HB硬度值402;试验钢经870～930℃加热空冷至300℃等温处理后,抗拉强度基本保持在1300 MPa左右,伸长率为17.0%,冲击吸收功K_U2≥80 J,HB硬度值375～395;和传统的正火+回火工艺相比,优化的等温热处理工艺可以大幅提高U20Mn2SiCrNiMo贝氏体钢轨的冲击韧性,室温冲击吸收功由57J提高到80J以上,提高40%～56%,而断后伸长率基本保持不变,抗拉强度和踏面硬度略有降低。最佳优化工艺为:870℃正火后空冷至300℃保温4h后空冷。     

Effect of induction heating and tempering on properties and microstructures of quenched and tempered pipes

In this study,a C-Mn quenched steel tube was quickly tempered by induction heating,and the influence of the tempering temperature on its performance was studied and compared with that by traditional tempering. The results show that the yield strength of both is quite strong with regular changes in the tempering temperature,but that the tensile strength of the tube tempered by induction heating is higher than that tempered by traditional tempering by about 25 MPa,and the elongation after induction tempering is significantly higher than that after traditional tempering. The differences in the microstructures of tubes after induction and traditional tempering were compared by metallographic microscope,scanning electron microscopy,and transmission electron microscopy.Theoretical analysis was also performed. Compared with traditional tempering,a fine dispersion of precipitated carbides occurs after induction tempering,which is the main reason for the performance differences.     

High Strength High Carbon Low Alloy Pearlite-Ferrite-Tempered Martensite Steels

High strength multiphase steels have been developed consisting of combination of pearlite, tempered martensite and small amount of ferrite, by suitable heat treatment of a high carbon low alloy rail steel (0.7 % C). The desired microstructure has been obtained by holding fully homogenized steel in pearlitic range for small durations followed by water quenching and subsequent tempering at 773 K for 18 h. Variation in mechanical properties has been studied with the change in volume fraction of different phases. Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are observed to be in the range of 500–1,000 MPa, 900–1,185 MPa and up to 16.8 %, respectively. Continuous and discontinuous yielding along with substantial work hardening has been explained as a function of tempered martensite content.     

预备热处理对A-F区亚温淬火-回火的42CrMo钢组织和性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、洛氏硬度计和扫描电镜,对经过预备热处理(退火、淬火、调质)+亚温淬火+高温回火处理(又称临界区淬火+回火)后的42CrMo钢的组织、冲击性能以及断口形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明,预备热处理为退火处理时,亚温处理后残留的铁素体粗大不均;且在回火索氏体之间分布不均匀;预备热处理为淬火处理和调质处理时,残留的铁素体形态细小,且与回火索氏体均匀分布。采用不同预备热处理时,亚温处理后的硬度差别很小。亚温处理后42CrMo钢的冲击性能均高于常规调质处理后的冲击性能;预备热处理为调质处理时,亚温处理后的冲击功最大,从其断口形貌中可以看出,其起裂区和裂纹纤维扩展区所占比例较退火处理和淬火处理时要大。因此,调质处理更适合作为42CrMo钢的预备处理。     

回火温度对冶金锯片用钢75Cr1回火组织及性能的影响

利用金相观察、力学性能测试等手段,在400～520℃温度范围内对冶金锯片用钢75Cr1进行了连续回火处理。结果显示：随着回火温度的升高,试样的组织由淬火马氏体逐渐转化为回火马氏体、回火马氏体＋回火索氏体; 试样的强度和硬度连续下降,冲击值、断面收缩率和延伸率逐渐提高。     

Ti-V复合低碳钢在回火过程中MC型碳化物的析出与强化行为

利用维氏硬度计、OM(光学显微镜)、EBSD(电子背散射衍射)和TEM(透射电子显微镜)对在600℃回火不同时间后的Ti-V复合微合金化马氏体钢的维氏硬度、微观组织及析出相随回火时间的演变进行了研究。结果表明:随回火时间的增长,实验钢的硬度变化为先下降后上升再下降。前期由于位错密度降低,引起实验钢硬度下降。回火开始后,由于析出相的沉淀强化作用,硬度逐渐上升,并在回火1 h时达到峰值。回火1 h后,析出相开始粗化并引起位错密度降低,实验钢的硬度又开始下降,并在100 h时达到最低值。在回火过程中析出相的形状和尺寸都发生了明显变化。在回火1 h时实验钢的主要强化机制为沉淀强化,沉淀强化增量占总强度的34.9%,而在回火100 h时沉淀强化仍是钢中的主要强化方式。     

冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。     

回火温度对30Cr15Mo1N微观组织和力学性能影响

 为探索高氮马氏体钢在回火过程中组织性能演变，对30Cr15Mo1N高氮钢进行了不同温度下的回火处理，利用OM、XRD、拉伸、冲击、SEM和TEM等方法研究了高氮钢在回火过程中微观组织和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明，30Cr15Mo1N钢经淬火和低温处理后在150～700 ℃回火，随回火温度升高，显微组织中马氏体基体逐渐发生回复与再结晶，组织中马氏体形态逐渐消失，碳氮化物先在马氏体板条边界呈片状或棒状析出，逐渐演变为颗粒状弥散分布，700 ℃时碳氮化物聚集长大、球化。随着回火温度升高，30Cr15Mo1N钢的基体持续软化，析出强化不断增强，导致其在500 ℃以下回火时强度变化较小，抗拉强度保持在2 000 MPa以上；当回火温度大于500 ℃时，强度随回火温度升高而线性下降。随着回火温度升高，30Cr15Mo1N钢的U型缺口冲击吸收功先基本保持不变再持续升高，在700 ℃回火后冲击韧性达到45 J/cm2。不同回火温度下冲击性能的变化与其强度、塑性变化密切相关，冲击韧性好坏主要由塑性大小决定。     

回火温度对TiC增强耐磨钢TiC粒子析出行为的影响

通过对新型Ti C增强耐磨钢进行在线回火热模拟试验,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结合能谱INCA Feature功能分析了回火温度对Ti C粒子体积分数和尺寸分布的影响。结果表明:与未经热处理的试验钢相比,回火后钢中Ti C析出相的体积分数有所增加。但温度较低时(500℃),析出相增加不明显且小尺寸粒子(1~3μm)所占比例偏低,大于5μm的析出相所占比例高。随回火温度的增加,高于550℃后,析出相总量显著提高,同时尺寸分布在1~3μm范围内的粒子所占比例明显增加,650℃回火时,达到72%左右。且粒子的最大尺寸及其比例均下降。因此,500℃回火主要有利于Ti C粒子的粗化长大,而温度超过550℃后则Ti C粒子的形核、析出过程更加显著,粒子尺寸较小。     

平整对罩式退火生产BH钢板力学性能和自然时效性能的影响

研究了平整对罩式退火生产的BH钢板力学性能和自然时效性能的影响。结果表明，平整对BH钢的BH性能有显著影响，平整延伸率在1．0％～2．0％之间时BH值有最大值；平整使得BH钢的屈服强度先下降而后上升，屈服强度最小时的平整延伸率消除了钢板单向拉伸时的屈服点延伸现象；足够的平整延伸率是BH钢抗自然时效性能的有效保证。实验结果在工业生产中得到了应用。     

Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steel Containing Ni of 9 %

  Mechanical properties of quenching, intercritical quenching and tempering (QLT) treated steel containing Ni of 9% were evaluated from specimens subject to various tempering temperatures. The detailed microstructures of steel containing Ni of 9% at different tempering temperatures were observed by optical microscope (OM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The volume fraction of austenite was estimated by XRD. The results show that high strength and cryogenic toughness of steel containing Ni of 9% are obtained when the tempering temperature are between 540 and 580 ℃. The microstructure keeps the dual phase lamellar structure after the intercritical quenching and there is cementite created in the Ni rich constituents when tempering temperature is 540 ℃. When tempering temperatures are between 560 and 580 ℃, the reversed austenites (γ′) grow up and the dual phase lamellar structure is not clear. The γ′ becomes instable at 600 ℃. When tempered at temperature ranging from 500 to 520 ℃, the increase of dislocation density in the lamellar matrix makes both tensile strength and yield strength decrease. When tempered at 540 ℃ and higher temperature, the yield strength decreases continuously because the C and alloying elements in the matrix are absorbed by the cementite and the γ′, so the yield ratio is decreased by the γ′. There are two toughness mechanisms at different tempering temperatures. One is that the precipitation of cementite absorbs the carbon in the steel which plays a major role in improving cryogenic toughness at lower temperature. Another is that the γ′ and the purified matrix become major role at higher tempering temperature. When the tempering temperature is 600 ℃, the stability of γ′ is decreased quickly, even the transformation takes place at room temperature, which results in a sharp decrease of Charpy V impact energy at 77 K. The tempering temperature range is enlarged by the special distribution of cementite and the lamellar structure.     

回火温度和保温时间对冶金锯片用65Mn钢性能的影响

为研究回火温度和保温时间对冶金锯片用65Mn钢力学性能的影响,设计了6种回火温度和4种保温时间,分别测定其力学性能和显微组织.结果显示：65Mn钢在淬火条件相同时,回火温度对性能的影响显著,回火保温时间对65Mn钢力学性能的影响不明显.在保证工件力学指标的前提下可以适当提高回火温度,显著缩短回火保温时间.     

A Study of Microstructure and Performance of Tempered Fe‐V‐W‐Mo Alloy

Influences of tempering temperature, holding time and tempering times on the microstructure and performance of Fe‐5%V‐5%W‐5%Mo‐5%Cr‐3%Nb‐2%Co(Fe‐V‐W‐Mo) were investigated by means of metallography, optical microscopy, hardness measurements, impact tester and pin abrasion tester. The results show that the hardness of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy remains constant when tempered below 350°C. The hardness decreases gradually as the tempering temperature increase until around 475°C and then it increases again to a peak at 525°C. The hardness of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy reaches nearly the highest value after the first tempering and decreases after triple‐tempering. The toughness of Fe‐V‐W‐Mo alloy increases until the tempering temperature reaches 475°C and then decreases until the temperature reaches 525°C. However, it increases again when tempering is beyond that temperature. The excellent wear resistance can be obtained by tempering at 500‐550°C.     

回火温度对热轧双相钢组织和力学性能影响研究

研究了100~300℃回火对0.054C-1.18Si-1.16Mn-0.49Cr成分热轧双相钢DP600的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:回火温度主要影响热轧双相钢中铁素体位错密度和马氏体微观结构;随着回火温度的增加,热轧双相钢中铁素体可动位错密度降低,马氏体部分发生分解,析出碳化物;回火温度对抗拉强度影响不大,对屈服强度和屈强比的影响显著,175℃以上回火,热轧双相钢屈服强度显著提高,并出现屈服平台,150℃以下回火热轧双相钢屈服强度增加不明显,不出现屈服现象。     

Measurement and Analysis on Hardness and Residual Stress of Heavy Forging after Heat Treatment

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