吉林市排污河底泥的污染状况及其生态风险评价

以吉林市排污河中底泥为主要研究对象,布置12个监测断面35个代表性采样点,采集并分析了河道内底泥样品中8种重金属及16种USEPA优先控制的多环芳烃的含量,并分别采用地质累积指数法(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险评价法(PERI)、沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对排污河底泥中污染物进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,该排污河底泥中重金属及多环芳烃均不同程度超过松花江水系沉积物背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Cu、As、NAP、ANT超标倍数分别为87.5、10.2、6.18、5.90、115.6和228.5;I_(geo)显示Hg的生态风险最大,I_(geo)达到了5.82,而Cd和Ni的风险较小,这与PERI中Hg风险最大的结果一致;SQGs评价结果表明由重金属及多环芳烃引起的污染会产生生物毒性,且不利生物毒性将频繁发生;(3)以上结果说明,该排污河呈现以Hg为主要风险因子的重金属与多环芳烃复合污染现象,在今后应加强底泥监测和定期清淤,从而推动区域生态环境的治理与恢复。     

Temporal evolution of urban wet weather pollution: analysis of PCB and PAH in sediment cores from Lake Bourget, France.

In order to evaluate the historical impact of urban stormwater runoff on a lacustrine environment, eight sediment cores were collected in October 2006 in Lake Bourget (Savoie, France). Sediment samples were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorobyphenyls (PCB) in order to correlate the vertical profiles of contamination and the evolution of the urbanisation on the watershed for the last 100 years. Overall, we observe that vertical profiles of PCB and PAH concentrations in Lake Bourget are showing a downward trend, probably resulting from the pollution control measures. Concentrations of PCB and PAH measured in surface sediments are approximately 5-10 fold less than maximal concentrations found in the cores. Maximal PAH concentrations were found at the bottom of the cores ( approximately 40 cm) which approximately correspond to the beginning of the 20th century. Maximal PCB concentrations measured in cores L5 and L6 are respectively 850 and 790 microg/g dw (dryweight). The peak of PCB corresponds to the maximum of PCB production and consumption in the 1970s. In surface sediments total PCB concentrations range between 47 and 79 microg/kg dw. Those concentrations are particularly high compared to other values measured in lake sediments and highlight the problem of a local source of PCB contamination in the watershed. General trends were observed, yet the part of urban stormwater runoff in the total contamination could not be determined.     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in large wastewater treatment plants treating municipal and industrial wastewaters.

This paper deals with a detailed study on the occurrence and fate of heavy metals (plus As, Fe and Al) in five Italian large wastewater treatment plants treating municipal and industrial wastewaters. The study showed that some of the compounds (As, Hg and Cd) were present at trace levels, while others were dispersed in a broad range of concentrations and were sometimes under the detection limit. The occurrence followed the order Hg = As < Hg < Pb < Ni < Cu < Cr < Fe < Zn < Al. Metals were mainly present bound to particulate organic matter in municipal wastewaters while they were often present in soluble phase in industrial wastewaters. Some heavy metals, like Hg and Pb, showed clear correlations with Al and Fe, therefore the last could be used as control parameters. Metals were removed with good efficiency in the treatment works, with the order As < Cd = Cr = Zn < Pb < Hg < Ni = Al < Cu < Fe. Metals then concentrated in waste activated sludge and accumulated after sludge stabilisation because of volatile solids degradation, therefore some problems may arise with limit for agricultural application, in particular for Hg, Cd and Ni.     

长江源区主要河流表层沉积物及沿岸土壤重金属分布特征及来源

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光分光光度计测定了长江源区主要河流沉积物及周边土壤中14种重金属的含量,并采用富集因子法评价了长江源区主要河流沉积物及土壤中重金属富集程度,同时分析了河流沉积物及沿岸土壤中重金属分布特征及来源。研究结果表明:长江源区主要河流表层沉积物中,除Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg四种重金属外,其他元素含量均低于中国沉积物的平均含量;沉积物中Hg、Ni和Cd存在一定富集;与长江源区其他河流沉积物中重金属相比,沱沱河Cd含量相对较高,楚玛尔河重金属含量均相对较低,而通天河Hg和Fe含量相对较高;沉积物中重金属主要受自然因素影响。土壤中Ni、Pb、Cd、Ti略高于青海省土壤背景值,但重金属富集程度均较低;与长江源区其他河流沿岸土壤中重金属相比,当曲Cr、Ni、Cu含量相对较高,沱沱河Pb、Cd、Sb和Tl含量相对较高,而通天河V含量相对较高;重金属主要受自然因素影响,但部分重金属可能受交通因素影响。研究成果可为长江源区生态环境保护提供基础支撑。     

Enhancing the removal of arsenic, boron and heavy metals in subsurface flow constructed wetlands using different supporting media

The presence of arsenic and heavy metals in drinking water sources poses a serious health risk due to chronic toxicological effects. Constructed wetlands have the potential to remove arsenic and heavy metals, but little is known about pollutant removal efficiency and reliability of wetlands for this task. This lab-scale study investigated the use of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for removing arsenic, boron, copper, zinc, iron and manganese from synthetic wastewater. Gravel, limestone, zeolite and cocopeat were employed as wetland media. Conventional gravel media only showed limited capability in removing arsenic, iron, copper and zinc; and it showed virtually no capability in removing manganese and boron. In contrast, alternative wetland media: cocopeat, zeolite and limestone, demonstrated significant efficiencies--in terms of percentage removal and mass rate per m3 of wetland volume--for removing arsenic, iron, manganese, copper and zinc; their ability to remove boron, in terms of mass removal rate, was also higher than that of the gravel media. The overall results demonstrated the potential of using vertical flow wetlands to remove arsenic and metals from contaminated water, having cocopeat, zeolite or limestone as supporting media.     

松花江流域鱼体内重金属含量的监测与污染评价

为研究松花江流域鱼体重金属的污染现状,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定松花江流域鱼类体内的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As等7种重金属的残留量,使用综合污染指数法对污染情况进行了评价。结果表明,松花江鱼体中7种重金属的基准值由高到低依次为Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Pb、Hg和Cd,且除Hg以外,其他6种重金属的来源具有一定的相似性;第二松花江流域中鱼体内重金属残留量高于嫩江和松花江干流两条流域中鱼体内重金属残留量;参照《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量标准》(NK 5073-2006)和《食品中锌限量卫生标准》(GB13106-1991),鱼体内Pb、As、Cr和Zn的超标率很高,特别是Pb和As的污染比较严重。     

水生植物去除重金属机制及生理响应研究综述

重金属是水环境中的典型污染物,存在着潜在的生态风险。利用水生植物去除重金属的处理方法具有高效、环保、经济等特点,成为当前研究的热点领域。阐述了植物对重金属的去除机制主要有植物吸收、根际微生物活动、植物根系微环境作用及植物富集,综述了植物在重金属胁迫下发生的生理响应,包括植物生长、细胞结构、酶活性等方面的生理变化。并讨论分析了pH、温度、底泥性质等对水生植物去除重金属过程的影响。同时,提出了植物去除重金属及响应机理方面还需深入研究的几个问题。     

海河流域中部表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及污染评价

为了解海河流域中部表层沉积物中重金属分布特征和污染现状,分别测定了17个采样点表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb共8种重金属元素质量比,并采用相关性分析法、富集系数法、地累积指数法分析其同源性、污染来源及污染程度。结果表明：海河流域中部表层沉积物中重金属质量比整体上较历史水平有所下降,8种重金属元素的污染系数从高到低依次为Cd（1-98）、Hg（1-80）、Cu（1-37）、Zn（1-18）、Pb（1-12）、Ni（1-07）、Cr（1-02）、As（0-77）,Cd污染相对严重;Cd和Hg的富集系数平均值均高于1-5,污染来源以人为输入为主,其余6种重金属元素则主要以自然来源为主;海河流域中部重金属总体上污染较轻,个别点位污染等级达到中度污染。     

竺山湖及太湖西沿岸北段的重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

对竺山湖及太湖西沿岸北段底泥沉积物中6种重金属Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Pb和Cu的质量比进行分析,结果表明,底泥沉积物中Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Pb和Cu的平均质量比分别为1.23 mg/kg、10.28 mg/kg、82.98 mg/kg、0.074 mg/kg、35.27 mg/kg和33.9 mg/kg,分别是各自背景值的4.6倍、1.1倍、1.0倍、0.7倍、2.2倍和1.8倍;底泥沉积物中重金属的垂向分布特点是:随底泥沉积物深度的增加,重金属质量比逐渐降低,并在底泥沉积物50 cm深处表现出明显的重金属质量比降低拐点。利用潜在生态风险指数法对竺山湖及太湖西沿岸北段的重金属生态风险进行评价,结果表明,该区域重金属生态风险值范围为34～444,平均值为117,太湖西沿岸大浦口区域的生态风险较大,Cd是生态风险的主要贡献元素。建议对竺山湖以及太湖西沿岸区大浦口区域Cd的污染进行必要的疏浚控制,疏浚深度在底泥50 cm深处,以有效去除该区域的Cd污染。     

青狮潭水库底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

广西桂林青狮潭水库由东湖和西湖两部分组成,为了研究青狮潭水库底泥重金属污染分布特征及潜在生态风险,测定了青狮潭水库不同位置底泥中5种重金属(As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb)的含量,并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明:东湖底泥中As和Cd含量较西湖高,西湖Hg和Pb含量高于东湖;底泥中Cr主要来源于成土母质,船只通行是造成Pb污染的主要原因;东湖底泥中As和Cd可能主要来源于东江上游煤矿开采;西湖底泥中As,Cd,Hg与营养元素间存在显著相关性,其来源可能与周边农业活动和前期水库内网箱养鱼有关;根据地累积指数,重金属污染强度排序为Cd,As,Pb,Hg,Cr,Cd和As为主要污染元素;重金属潜在生态风险大小排序为Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr;东湖底泥重金属潜在生态风险强于西湖。     

Heavy metals, PAHs and toxicity in stormwater wet detention ponds

Concentrations of 6 different heavy metals and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in stormwater runoff and in the pond water of two Danish wet detention ponds. The pond water samples were analyzed for toxic effects, using the algae Selenastrum capricornutum as a test organism. Stormwater and pond water from a catchment with light industry showed high levels of heavy metals, especially zinc and copper. The pond water showed high toxic effects and copper were found to be the main toxicant. Additionally, a large part of the copper was suspected to be complex bound, reducing the potential toxicity of the metal. Another catchment (residential) produced stormwater and pond water with moderate concentration of heavy metals. The pond water occasionally showed toxic effects but no correlation between heavy metals and toxicity was identified. PAHs concentrations were for both catchments low and no correlations between PAH concentrations in the pond and toxicity were found.     

Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Modern Sediments in the Kingston Basin of Lake Ontario

Accumulation of Recent fine sediment is limited to deep water areas in the Kingston basin and thicknesses of more than 50 cm are found only in the St. Lawrence trough; elsewhere, sands and silty sands are largely composed of reworked material. Local sources provide little input of fine sediment to the Kingston basin. Statistical relationships derived from geochemical analyses indicate several forms of association between heavy metals and organic carbon, sulphides, clays, hydrous Fe and Mn oxides, and carbonates. A comparison between Kingston and Niagara sediments shows that the combined effects of riverine and lacustrine erosion have resulted in a generally greater content of carbonates in the Niagara sediments. The content of Fe (which is partly influenced by redox potential) is highest, however, in sediment of the Kingston basin, where higher P values are also associated with an increased clay content. Differences in the concentrations of heavy metals in Lake Ontario, except for Hg, Co, Cu, and Zn, are largely explained by variations in silt and clay contents. Contaminant loadings from the Niagara River are largely responsible for the anomalously high concentrations of Hg and, to a lesser extent, Cu and Zn. Cobalt occurs at higher concentrations in the sediments of eastern Lake Ontario, where its presence is thought to reflect glacial dispersal patterns.     

Hydrocarbons and heavy metals fixed to the lift station sediment of the Paris combined sewer network.

This work aims to characterise the pollutant loads fixed to the Lift Station (LS) sediments. Firstly, levels of n-alkanes, PAH and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) of LS sediments were assessed, and were found of the same order of magnitude as those reported for street runoff. In addition, investigations on LS sediment reveal that n-alkane distributions reflect the combination of biologic and petrogenic inputs, while PAH distributions indicate a major pyrolytic origin with traces of petrogenic contaminations. The metallic fingerprints also attest to the important contribution of road traffic emissions. Secondly, a comparison between LS sediment and the Gross Bed Sediment (GBS) pollutant contamination was established in order to optimize the in-sewer deposits management. For hydrocarbons, a similar contamination between both sediments is found. For the heavy metals, this comparison indicates a similar Fe and Zn content, while Pb, Cu and Cd contents differ. Indeed, LS sediment shows a higher Cu content, linked to the occurrence of intensive brake lining abrasion, compared with GBS, which reflects a higher Pb and Cd content, owing to the contribution of roof runoff. This result reveals the impact of specific inputs such as road traffic or roof runoff on the in-sewer sediments contamination, and provides a complete overview of the LS sediment contamination. This database could be used by the municipality to optimize their contaminated in-sewer sediment management.     

石臼湖表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布及污染评价

为揭示石臼湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属的污染特征,于2018年2月采集表层沉积物,分析了石臼湖营养盐和重金属的含量、空间分布特征。结果表明:全湖有机质、TP和TN的平均质量比分别为30.25 mg/kg、585 mg/kg和776 mg/kg,TP为无污染风险级别,有机质和TN处于低污染风险级别;重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb平均质量比分别为94.92 mg/kg、41.25 mg/kg、38.42 mg/kg、124.33 mg/kg、16.48 mg/kg、0.17 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg和35.92 mg/kg,均超过了江苏省的土壤重金属背景值,Hg和Cd污染相对较重,全湖为中等危害等级;在空间分布上,东部区域的采样点8、9营养盐质量比较高,重金属污染较重。     

The role of plant uptake on the removal of organic matter and nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: a simulation study.

Plants in constructed wetlands have several functions related to the treatment processes. It is generally agreed that nutrient uptake is a minor factor in constructed wetlands treating wastewater compared to the loadings applied. For low loaded systems plant uptake can contribute a significant amount to nutrient removal. The contribution of plant uptake is simulated for different qualities of water to be treated using the multi-component reactive transport module CW2D. CW2D is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The model for plant uptake implemented describes nutrient uptake coupled to water uptake. Literature values are used to calculate potential water and nutrient uptake rates. For a constructed wetland treating municipal wastewater a potential nutrient uptake of about 1.9% of the influent nitrogen and phosphorus load can be expected. For lower loaded systems the potential uptake is significantly higher, e.g. 46% of the nitrogen load for treatment of greywater. The potential uptake rates could only be simulated for high loaded systems i.e. constructed wetlands treating wastewater. For low loaded systems the nutrient concentrations in the liquid phase were too low to simulate the potential uptake rates using the implemented model for plant uptake.     

大燕河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险分析

为了解大燕河表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险,对大燕河干流和支流沉积物重金属污染物进行了分析,并采用Hakanson生态危害指数法进行评价。结果表明,大燕河干流沉积物重金属含量明显高于支流,重金属含量高于广东省土壤背景值,Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg超出了土壤环境质量Ⅰ级标准。沉积物中重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数明显高于其他重金属,不同采样点重金属超出背景值的程度具有明显的差异性,呈现干流高于支流,下游高于上游的特征。沉积物中重金属具有极强的生态危害,各种重金属造成的平均生态危害程度由大到小依次为:CdHgCuAsPbZnNiCr,其潜在生态风险应引起足够的重视。     

The Quality of Drinking Water at Source of West Amman,Jordan

Abstract

In the summer of 2002, a detailed survey of water samples collected from King Abdullah Canal (KAC), which is the major source of drinking water in Amman, Jordan, was analyzed for its major ionic composition, five heavy metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and chlorinated pesticides residues in order to evaluate its suitability for drinking purposes. The results showed that the major source of chemical constituents and micropollutants such as heavy metals, PAH, and organochlorinated pesticides in the canal water samples originated from Syria and Israel since the canal water supply initially originate from these countries. The pH values of all analyzed water samples obtained were relatively high due to the buffering effect of carbonate rocks at the source. The major chemical composition indicated that the canal water was weak to moderate salinity dominated by Ca, Mg, and HCO₃ ions, which is due to the dolomite lithology at source. Despite the fact that the canal water runs in an intensive agricultural area, the analysis of this study concludes that the water of the canal is acceptable in terms of its organic and inorganic constituents. All samples showed low concentrations and were within their guidelines. Nitrate values ranged from 2.2 ppm to 13.2 ppm, organochlorinated pesticides ranged from 0.11 ppm to 0.82 ppm for individual pesticides, and the sum did not exceed the European guideline of 0.5 ppm. Ten PAHs were detected in the analyzed samples ranging from 24.45 ng/l to 35.4 ng/l and in all samples; no concentration reached the maximum level permitted by the EPA for drinking water. All samples showed a slight increase in concentration along the canal flow.     

Metals,acid-volatile sulfides,organics, and particle distributions of contaminated sediments

An overview of key physical/chemical parameters for contaminated sediments is presented. While sediment cores from remote lakes show little or no enrichment with heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu) and PAHs in top layers, the contamination near industrial areas is more significant. Cd in more bioavailable geochemical phases can occur in response to Cu inputs to sediments, and aeration during dredging operations of anaerobic sediments can reduce the pH causing release of heavy metals. The toxicity of anaerobic sediments to benthos can be effectively predicted based on interstitial water concentrations and the molar ratio between simultaneously extracted metals and acid-volatile sulfides (SEM/AVS). The toxicity of PAHs and other organics can be predicted based on equilibrium partitioning. Principal component analysis indicates that PAHs are associated with organic carbon and silt, and PCBs with inorganic clay. Finally, formulated reference sediments appear to be useful in toxicity testing by creating uniform parameters matching field conditions, and by isolating the effects of specific contaminants.     

Occurrence and fate of organic pollutants in combined sewer systems and possible impacts on receiving waters.

Selected organic pollutants are classified based on an intensive literature survey. Two wastewater parameters (COD and ammonium) and six selected organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilo triaceticacid (NTA)) are specified. As a result, for the first time representative concentrations in dry weather flow, surface runoff and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in combined sewer systems (CSS) are stated. The second part of the paper presents a first estimation of main emission out of a combined sewer system and possible receiving water impacts in terms of (1) annual discharged loads calculated by pollution load simulations in a hypothetical catchment and (2) concentrations calculated in combined sewer overflows (CSO) discharges and resulting receiving water concentrations.     

Application of a membrane bioreactor for the treatment of low loaded domestic wastewater for water re-use.

This paper describes the demonstrative scale application of a membrane biological reactor (MBR) for low loaded domestic wastewater with low attitude to biological treatment (carbon/nitrogen approximately 5). The biological process was managed by the automatically controlled alternate cycles allowing for re-use purposes with a remarkable reduction of the operational costs. The global process evaluation revealed the system capability of obtaining high nitrogen removal (effective nitrogen removal of 69%) thanks to its high flexibility related to the hourly loading fluctuation. Moreover, high removal of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was obtained due to the perfect retention capability of the membranes. In-depth studies were conducted to determine the process behaviour for activated sludge over aeration and with addition of exogenous carbon. Limitation of sludge over aeration and energy savings were observed with a gradient air supplying method. The addition of exogenous carbon (acetic acid up to carbon/nitrogen approximately 9) led to complete nitrogen removal (Ed = 96%) and permitted biological phosphorus uptake. In conclusion, it was been found that the coupled process alternated cycles-MBR had the capacity to remove COD, BOD, N, P and suspended solids, as well as heavy metals and organic micropollutants, resulting in high quality effluent suitable for re-use purposes.