挠力河流域水体氢氧同位素与水化学特征

通过野外考察取样和室内试验分析,应用氢氧同位素和水化学方法分析了挠力河流域地表水和地下水氢氧同位素特征和地表水与地下水的相互作用关系。结果表明:降水是地表水和地下水的补给源;湿地地表水氢氧同位素最富集;沿松花江、七星河和挠力河流向,氢氧同位素有富集的趋势;多通道井的氢氧同位素数据表明,地表水和地下水水力联系较强;挠力河流域地表水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca-Na,深层地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca,在人类活动的影响下,浅层地下水水化学类型主要由HCO_3-Na-Mg-Ca演化为HCO_3-Mg-Ca-Cl(SO_4)。采用端元法计算得知,松花江在江川农场和山河村受到浅层地下水的补给,地下水的补给比例分别为7.6%和31.2%。     

双辽市地下水化学特征及成因分析

为了研究双辽市地下水化学特征及成因,采集了双辽市82个地下水潜水样品,检测分析了地下水主要组分。运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、相关性分析、离子相关关系、Gibbs图等方法对双辽市地下水化学特征及成因进行了分析,揭示了地下水水化学特征的变化规律。结果表明:双辽市地下水pH平均值为7.60,呈弱碱性,TDS均值837.75 mg/L,其中有55个水样为淡水,占总数的67.07%,其余为微咸水,沿地下水流方向,TDS逐渐增大;地下水中主要的阴阳离子为HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+);地下水水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,其次为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型;沿地下水水流方向,东辽河流域地下水化学类型主要从HCO_3-Ca型向HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型演化,西辽河流域地下水化学类型主要从HCO_3-Ca型向HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3-Ca·Na型演化;在地下水补给区,水文地球化学作用以风化溶滤作用为主,在地下水径流—排泄区水文地球化学作用以蒸发浓缩作用和阳离子交换作用为主。     

云南省南洞岩溶水系统水化学特征及其成因分析

云南省南洞地下河流域是西南地区典型的超大型地下河流域,选择其中的南洞岩溶水系统作为研究区。针对岩溶地区的用水短缺问题,以水资源的合理开采及可持续利用为目标,于2015年5月和12月分别在研究区的16个观测点进行采集水样与野外现场测试,运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图等方法对地下水水化学特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:研究区内各水体pH值在6.19～7.66之间,平均值为7.25,呈中性偏弱碱性;TDS均值为329.24 mg/L,属于低矿化度水。因受岩溶区碳酸盐岩地层的控制,研究区地下水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,地表水以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主。控制研究区水中主要离子形成的水文地球化学作用主要为岩石风化溶滤作用。氢氧同位素分析表明地表水和地下水的初始补给源主要为大气降水,而地表水由于经历较强的蒸发作用,氢氧同位素偏重。     

基于水化学和环境同位素的准格尔煤田地下水循环特征

为揭示准格尔煤田地区地下水循环特征,运用水化学技术、水汽轨迹模型和环境同位素等方法分析不同水体水化学特征、环境同位素特征、大气降水主要来源、地表水及地下水转化关系。结果表明:地表水矿化度低,呈弱碱-偏碱性,水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4·Cl-Ca型水为主;地下水整体矿化度低,偏弱碱性,主要以HCO_3-Na·Ca型、Cl-Na型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型、HCO_3·Cl-Na型水为主;黄河水δ(D)平均值为-79.6‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-10.47‰,第四系地下水δ(D)平均值为-66.25‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-9.1‰,白垩系地下水δ(D)值为-70.6‰、δ(~(18)O)值为-9.3‰,石炭-二叠系地下水δ(D)平均值为-77.07‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-9.9‰,寒武-奥陶系地下水δ(D)平均值为-75.73‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-10.06‰;大气降水受极地气团和季风影响,主要来源为西风带水汽、地表水和地下水水汽蒸发再循环;断层带、褶皱轴部裂隙带为不同含水层间主要导水通道,大气降水和黄河为地下水主要补给来源;高承压水头寒武-奥陶系岩溶裂隙水越流补给第四系松散孔隙水和砂岩裂隙水,第四系松散孔隙水通过地层间不整合接触面裂隙发育带向下补给石炭-二叠系砂岩裂隙水,黄河水对寒武-奥陶系地下水的补给比例受地质构造发育的影响较大。     

柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化及地球化学模拟

为揭示柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化机理,在对柳林泉域水文地质调查的基础上,从岩溶水阴阳离子组成和矿物饱和指数入手,分析了岩溶水化学特征及其演化过程,通过建立逆向地球化学模型,模拟了岩溶含水层中的水岩作用。结果表明:沿地下水流动路径,柳林泉域岩溶水化学类型由补给区的HCO_3-Ca·Mg型演化为径流区的HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型,在排泄区演化为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型。柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化的主要地球化学作用为碳酸盐岩和石膏的溶解作用,且沿地下水流动路径,由补给区的方解石和白云石共同溶解作用,逐渐向径流区的白云石和石膏溶解作用为主演化,排泄区还发生了岩盐溶解作用。去白云岩化作用和Na~+-Ca~(2+)离子交换吸附作用在径流区和排泄区影响岩溶水化学类型。     

滇中地区岩溶水文地质特征

在简述滇中地区自然地理、岩溶水文地质基本特征的基础上,结合野外现场调查及室内岩石、水化学样品的测试分析,查明了研究区可溶岩地层的岩性组合状况、地质构造特征、地表水体分布情况、地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件,基本查明了岩溶的类型为HCO_3-Ca·Mg、HCO_3-Mg·Ca、HCO_3-Ca型,可溶岩在不同地区呈不同发育规律,并分析了在地下水的补给来源主要为大气降水。     

鹤壁矿区奥陶系灰岩地下水水文地球化学特征及反向模拟

为探讨采矿活动对岩溶地下水水质的影响,以鹤壁矿区奥陶系灰岩地下水为研究对象,基于不同时期岩溶地下水水化学资料,采用Piper图结合离子组合比例分析法,分析矿区岩溶地下水主要组分的物质来源和水岩相互作用过程,并借助PHREEQC软件对其进行了反向水文地球化学模拟。结果表明:研究区岩溶水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg型。主要水岩作用为碳酸盐岩、石膏和岩盐的溶解与阳离子交替吸附作用。煤矿区的岩溶水水质受采煤活动影响,水中SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-与TDS的含量较高,且采矿活动对水质的影响随时间增强。     

白城市地下水中氟分布特征及风险评价

高氟地下水导致的氟中毒是一直以来困扰白城市居民的地方病。岩石中的氟在风化、流水搬运、淋滤、蒸发浓缩等作用的影响下富集于该地区的地下水中,致使部分地区地下水中氟超标。首先利用白城市地下水检测数据结合SPSS、Aquachem等软件对研究区潜水、承压水的水化学参数和类型进行对比分析。其次利用Kriging插值法分别绘制研究区潜水、承压水氟含量分布图,对各含水层中氟的分布特征进行对比研究。最后结合USEPA健康风险评价模型进行风险评价研究。结果表明:研究区地下水整体上呈弱碱性,属于淡水,潜水的水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca,HCO_3-Ca+Mg,HCO_3-Ca+Na,HCO_3+Cl-Na,HCO_3-Na+Mg型为主,第四系承压水的水化学类型以HCO_3-Na,HCO_3-Na+Ca,HCO_3-Na+Mg型为主;研究区潜水中氟含量超标区整体大于承压水,研究区潜水的健康风险区分布范围广泛,主要分布在研究区的中部和北部。     

平阴-东阿水文地质单元岩溶地下水化学特征分析

为研究平阴-东阿水文地质单元地下水化学特征,采用相关性分析法、因子分析法、聚类分析法等方法对研究区26组岩溶地下水样的10项指标进行了综合分析。结果表明:研究区地下水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca为主;地下水在补给区、径流区和排泄区水化学成分呈现明显的差异性。控制岩溶地下水成分的主要因素是NO~-_3,SO_4~(2-),Na~+和Ca~(2+),可以反映样本71.20%的信息量;其中,NO~-_3和SO_4~(2-)主要受工矿生产和人类活动的影响,贡献率为31.98%;Na~+主要受人类活动的影响,贡献率为22.65%;Ca~(2+)主要受灰岩的风化-溶滤作用影响,贡献率为20.17%。     

峨眉山玄武岩地下水水化学特征及水质评价

四川昭觉县地区峨眉山玄武岩地下水资源丰富。为了查明研究区地下水水化学特征及水质状况,于2019年7～8月在峨眉山玄武岩地区采取了76组地下水样并进行水化学测试;运用水化学软件绘制Piper三线图,并对水样进行了舒卡列夫分类;利用统计软件进行描述性分析、相关性分析;采用地下水水质量综合评价方法进行水质评价。研究结果表明:(1)峨眉山玄武岩地区地下水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,其次为HCO_3-Ca型,地下水化学成分具有明显的空间变异性;(2)地下水质量综合评价结果显示研究区的地下水质量能够满足饮用水标准的占67.1%,总体上地下水质量较好;(3) 19组水样的偏硅酸大于25.0 mg/L,满足Ⅲ类水标准的有10组水样,硅酸浓度达到了天然矿泉水标准,建议进行一个完整水文年的天然饮用偏硅酸矿泉水评价工作。研究结果可为昭觉县地下水资源开发及矿泉水产业发展提供科学依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．