Hydraulic geometry of New Zealand rivers and its use as a preliminary method of habitat assessment

‘Downstream’ hydraulic geometry relationships describe the variation of water depth, velocity, and water surface width between rivers of different size at a characteristic discharge, whereas ‘at-a-station’ geometry describes the variation of hydraulic geometry with discharge within a reach. The instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) also predicts the variation in water depth and velocity with discharge at a reach scale, so that hydraulic geometry relationships can potentially be used as a preliminary method of habitat assessment. Hydraulic geometry relationships were calculated from instream habitat surveys of 73 New Zealand river reaches with mean flows varying from 0.6 to 204 m³ s⁻¹ and an average gradient of 0.0047. The exponents of both at-a-station and downstream hydraulic geometry relationships were within the range of values reported in other international studies, although the exponents indicated that New Zealand rivers tended to experience greater changes in velocity and less in depth than the international average, probably because of high average gradient. The frequency distributions of water depth and velocity were positively skewed in most rivers, and on average the modal velocity was 90% of the mean velocity and the modal depth was 80% of mean depth. The use of at-a-station hydraulic geometry relationships for instream habitat assessment was compared to depth and velocity predictions using habitat simulation techniques (IFIM) in two streams. Measurements of stream width and depth at five cross-sections at two calibration discharges were used to establish at-a-station hydraulic geometry relationships. These predicted mean depth and velocity within 8% of the reach average values of the IFIM surveys within the range of calibration discharges and within 10–15% of the IFIM reach average when extrapolated beyond the calibration discharges. Hydraulic geometry can be used to indicate whether hydraulic conditions approach a ‘threshold’ such as a minimum acceptable depth or velocity, thus predicating the need for more extensive habitat survey and analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河岸与河底相对粗糙度对河道平衡形态的影响研究

边界条件对河流地貌形态具有重要影响,基于河道边界阻力水力半径分割方法,利用变分方法研究河岸与河底相对粗糙度对冲积河流平衡河道形态的影响。结果表明,河岸与河底相对粗糙度对河流达到平衡时的最大输沙率有一定的影响,但对河道平衡形态的影响非常显著。在临界和平均水力几何形态关系式中,随着河岸与河底相对粗糙度的增大,河宽关系式的系数逐渐减小,水深关系式的系数逐渐增大,但控制变量,特别是流量的指数变幅很小。     

Interbasin Consistency of Hydraulic Geometry and Its Relationships with Basin Morphology and Hydrology

Abstract

The width, mean depth, and mean velocity of a stream are typically power functions of discharge, whose exponents are unit-sum constrained. The appropriate methodology for testing statistical hypotheses involving such data is compositional data analysis (CDA). Prior to the advent of CDA, the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) undertook statewide and national studies of hydraulic geometry in which they developed an index called proportional stream order, which uses rational numbers to quantify the variation within a stream segment of a given order. The current investigation applies CDA to that data and to other hydrologic and morphologic parameters that are potential covariates of hydraulic geometry. Logratio linear modeling demonstrated that at-a-station hydraulic geometry was unrelated to proportional stream order in the Sangamon basin in central Illinois. The downstream hydraulic geometry of twelve basins in the humid region of the U.S. had atypicality indices consistent with a single, logistic normal population. There was no significant difference in the compositional mean or variability of the downstream exponents of the steep and shallow basins. Logratio linear models of the downstream hydraulic geometry of all twelve basins using runoff and drainage area as covariates resulted in random relationships. More localized channel factors probably control hydraulic geometry. These findings are consistent with the theory that channels adjust to a numerically consistent downstream hydraulic geometry and are pertinent to the derivation and application of models involving the impacts of point-source pollution on biological oxygen demand and of stream power on the evolution of drainage networks.     

青藏高原山区河流广义河相关系与多频率沿程河相关系

山区河流地貌由流域来水来沙和地质地貌等下垫面背景因素决定,基岩限制性河段与冲积河段相间分布,这些河流是否存在稳定的河相关系,是山区河流地貌演变研究亟待回答的重要问题.本研究以发源于青藏高原的六大水系共129个水文测验断面的实测流量和实测大断面数据为主要数据源,以青藏高原六大水系的沿程河相关系为研究对象,探讨了同一河段与...     

黄河下游河道横断面变化特点分析

探讨了黄河下游不同河段断面水力几何形态及断面形态特征参数之间的相互关系与变化特点。研究结果表明:①游荡型河段,河宽随流量的增大而增大,但水深与流量之间基本没有相关关系;②蜿蜒型河段,在水流达到满槽河宽之前,断面几何形态和断面特征参数的变化与游荡型河段相似;在水流达到满槽河宽之后,水面宽与流量关系不大,平均水深与流量成正比关系;③过渡型河段断面特征参数的变化具有游荡型河段的断面特征,又具有弯曲型河段的断面特征。     

An environmental flow method applied in small and medium-sized mountainous rivers

In small and medium-sized mountainous rivers, there are usually hydropower stations in upper reaches as well as widened and heightened river sections in downstream reaches that are close to settlements. The environmental flow (EF) ensures river connectivity and the survival of aquatic organisms. The Tennant and wetted perimeter methods were used to calculate the minimum EF, and the R2CROSS criteria were used to evaluate the rationality of hydraulic parameters. The result shows that downstream areas with large cross-sections may suffer from shallow water depths, insufficient wetted perimeters, and poor overall connectivity of the water bodies, even under the standard EF discharges. A novel method was proposed to ensure EF and sustain suitable hydraulic conditions. The minimum EF calculated by the Tennant method is adopted as the design flow, and a small trapezoidal trough channel is excavated on the wide riverbed of an artificial river section. The width and depth of the small channel are calculated with Manning's equation. As a study case, this method was applied in the Fenglingang River in Zhejiang Province of China. A trapezoidal groove with a depth of 0.74 m and a bottom width of 0.52 m was excavated in the center of Fenglingang River to sustain EF and maintain river connectivity. This small channel not only prevents the river from cutoff, but also enables the water depth and wetted perimeter to meet the demand of aquatic organisms.     

One Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling of River Flow Using DEM Extracted River Cross-sections

River cross-sections are the prime input to any river hydraulic model for simulation of water level and discharge. Field measurements of river cross-sections are labour intensive and expensive activities. Availability of measured river cross-sections is scanty in most of the developing countries, thereby making it difficult to simulate the water level and discharge using hydraulic models. A methodology for extracting river cross-sections from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) of 3-arc second has been proposed in the reported study. The extracted river cross-sections were used to simulate the magnitude of flood in the deltaic reaches of Brahmani river basin located in the eastern India. Forty cross-sections along the reaches of the rivers were extracted from the DEM and were used in the MIKE 11 hydrodynamic (MIKE 11HD) model. Prior to using the DEM-extracted river cross-sections in the model, the cross-sections were modified based on the results of the DEM error analysis. Four available measured river cross-sections were compared with the DEM-extracted modified cross-sections to examine their geometric and hydraulic similarity. By changing Manning’s roughness coefficient (n), same stage-discharge relationship could be obtained in both types of cross-sections. Subsequently, the DEM-extracted cross-sections were used in the MIKE 11HD model for the simulation of discharge and water levels at various sections of the rivers. The model was calibrated for the period of June 15–October 31 of the year 1999 and validated for the year 2003. The model validation results showed a close agreement between the simulated and observed stage hydrographs. The calibrated values of Manning’s n were found to vary within the range of 0.02 to 0.033. The study revealed that freely available SRTM DEM-extracted river cross-sections could be used in hydraulic models to simulate stage and discharge hydrographs with considerable accuracy under the scarcity of measured cross-section data.     

Evaluation of Steelhead Passage Flows Using Hydraulic Modeling on an Unregulated Coastal California River

Passage and habitat connectivity flows for steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss through depth sensitive natural, low gradient, critical riffle sites were investigated in the unregulated Big Sur River, California. The River2D two‐dimensional hydraulic habitat model, along with quantitative passage metrics and species‐specific and lifestage‐specific depth criteria, were used to evaluate and compare predicted fish passage flows with flows derived by a traditional empirical critical riffle fish passage method. Passage flows were also compared with historical unimpaired natural hydrology patterns to assess the frequency and duration of suitable passage flows under the naturally variable flow regimes characteristic of Central California coastal rivers. A strong relationship (r² = 0.93) was observed between flows predicted by hydraulic modeling and flows identified by the empirical critical riffle method. River2D provided validation that the flows derived using the traditional critical riffle methodology provided for contiguous passable pathways of suitable hydraulic (depth and velocity) conditions through complex cobble‐dominated riffle sites. Furthermore, steelhead passage flows were spatially and temporally consistent between lagoon and upstream riffles for adults, and were generally indicative of a river system in equilibrium with a naturally variable flow regime and associated intact ecological processes. An analysis of 25 years of continuous flow data indicated sufficient flows for upstream passage by young‐of‐year and juvenile steelhead were produced between 37% and 100% and between 1% and 95% of the time, respectively. September and October are the most challenging months for natural flows to meet young‐of‐year and juvenile passage and habitat connectivity flows. Careful consideration of seasonal and interannual flow variability dynamics, therefore, are critical components of an effective flow management strategy for the maintenance and protection of passage and habitat connectivity flows between lagoon and upriver habitats. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Instream flow methods: a comparison of approaches

Minimum flows in rivers and streams aim to provide a certain level of protection for the aquatic environment. The level of protection is described by a measure such as a prescribed proportion of historic flows, wetted perimeter or suitable habitat. Conflicting minimum flow assessments from different instream flow methods are arguably the result of different environmental goals and levels of protection. The goals, the way in which levels of protection are specified, and the relationship between levels of protection and the aquatic environment are examined for three major categories of flow assessment methods: historic flow, hydraulic geometry and habitat. Basic conceptual differences are identified. Flow assessments by historic flow and hydraulic methods are related to river size and tend to retain the ‘character’ of a river. Habitat-based methods make no a priori assumptions about the natural state of the river and flow assessments are based primarily on water depth and velocity requirements. Flow and hydraulic methods assume that lower than natural flows will degrade the stream ecosystem, whereas habitat methods accept the possibility that aspects of the natural ecosystem can be enhanced by other than naturally occurring flows. Application of hydraulic and habitat methods suggests that the environmental response to flow is not linear; the relative change in width and habitat with flow is greater for small rivers than for large. Small rivers are more ‘at risk’ than large rivers and require a higher proportion of the average flow to maintain similar levels of environmental protection. Habitat methods are focused on target species or specific instream uses, and are useful where there are clear management objectives and an understanding of ecosystem requirements. Flow and hydraulic methods are useful in cases where there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem or where a high level of protection for an existing ecosystem is required. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河道束窄段对上游洪水过程特性的影响

为了研究束窄河段对洪水演进过程特征的影响,采用二维全水动力模型GAST模拟了束窄段河道洪水过程,通过理想河道和灞河上游实际河道分析了河道束窄程度与洪水特性间的定量关系。结果表明：束窄断面形状对洪水过程特征中水深、流速影响的大小依次为V形>U形>梯形>矩形。断面形状相同时,束窄程度越大对水深和流速影响越大。河道束窄段上游水位壅高,下游水位相对降低但流速更大。扩宽河道束窄段可以降低上游水位及上下游流速差。在“8·19”洪水下,灞河束窄河段束窄程度降低时(原河道束窄程度为64.4%,河道疏浚后束窄程度分别为55.6%、46.7%、37.8%),上游最大水深分别减小0.669、0.985和1.066 m,上下游流速差分别减小0.702、1.592、2.550 m/s。洪量越大则河道水位越高、流速越大,束窄程度变化对水位和流速变化的影响也越大。将“8·19”洪水进行缩放入流情况下,原始河道最大水深分别为2.177、2.778、3.618 m,束窄程度为37.8%时最大水深减小至1.866、2.367、3.175 m。通过分析不同束窄程度的束窄段河道洪水过程特性,可为束窄段河道防...     

跨海桥梁基础冲刷特征研究

在我国近海海域,跨海桥梁基础冲刷是影响大桥安全的重要因素之一。基于金塘大桥2014、2015和2017年桥墩基础冲刷实测资料,并结合建桥前地形测验资料进行了案例分析,解析出了往复潮流条件下桥墩基础的一般冲刷及局部冲刷深度,金塘大桥中引桥桥墩一般冲刷深度为3.3~3.6 m,平均局部冲刷深度约8.3 m。往复潮流条件下桥墩基础局部冲刷坑受双向潮流影响向上下游延伸,形状呈椭圆形,各墩冲刷坑纵向长度与最大局部冲刷深度呈近似线性关系,长度约为局部冲刷深度的10~12倍,而各墩冲刷坑横向宽度则基本一致,约为桥墩基础宽度的4~5倍,与最大局部冲刷深度无明显相关性。跨海桥梁基础冲刷深度计算方法及冲刷坑形态特征的研究成果可供跨海大桥基础设计、运行维护及基础冲刷防护参考。     

钩环式护圈对冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷影响的试验研究

基于桥墩局部冲刷原理,在水平护圈防冲措施的基础上,设计了一种能改变桥墩周围水流流态的新型防冲设施—钩环式护圈。为探究钩环式护圈对圆柱形桥墩局部冲刷的防护效果,采用不同形状的钩环式护圈进行室内物理模型试验,分析了桥墩周围的冲刷特征和水力特性。试验结果表明：当钩环式护圈的高度为1 cm、角度为135°且安装在床面时,防护效果最好;与光墩相比,桥墩安装钩环式护圈后,最大冲刷深度最多可减小62.2%,桥墩底部垂向流速、垂向紊动强度均明显减小。通过多元回归分析建立了计算桥墩周围无量纲最大冲刷深度的经验方程,该方程对明流和冰盖条件下水流均适用。     

马蹄形过水断面临界水深的迭代计算

蹄形过水断面是无压隧洞较常采用的断面形式之一,其几何图形由多段圆弧曲线构成,过水断面水力要素须由分段函数表示,水力计算困难。导出了标准Ⅰ,Ⅱ型马蹄形过水断面水力要素分段计算公式和临界水深迭代公式,并提出判别临界水深范围的分界流量,便于生产实际中应用。水力要素的计算结果在特征水深点是吻合的,由此证明水力要素分段公式在特征点的连续性和正确性。     

箱形涵洞对河床水沙特性影响的试验研究

以漳河的穿河涵洞为对象,采用物理模型的方法,就3年一遇和50年一遇洪水工况时箱形涵洞所在河道的沿程水位、上下游各断面流速及其下游河床局部冲淤变形等问题进行了试验观测,探讨了箱形涵洞对河床水沙特性的影响。试验表明:在3年一遇和50年一遇洪水工况下,箱形涵洞对上游河床的壅水较少,最大壅水高度分别为0.57m和0.3m;涵洞上游各断面的平均流速较无涵洞时有所减小,且断面横向流速分布曲线更平坦。在迎水面出现了河中心流速较左右岸流速大的现象;在涵洞下游较远的CS8断面的平均流速分别为1.8m/s和3.7m/s,与无涵洞时相差不大;在3年一遇洪水工况下,箱形涵洞洞后能形成Fr=4.52的稳定水跃,使得箱形涵洞下游CS6断面的河床局部冲刷较少,其平均冲刷深度约为0.5m。由此可见,箱形涵洞具有较优的水力条件。     

兴化湾海域泥沙特征及地形变化分析

为了查明兴化湾海域泥沙特征及地形变化,基于2013年7月份兴化湾海域水文泥沙测验资料,分析了研究区域的泥沙分布特性,并结合兴化湾深槽历年实测数据探讨了悬沙运移对其水下地形变化的影响。分析结果表明:测区含沙量较小,本次测验平均含沙量为0.062 kg/m³,大潮的平均含沙量较大,小潮的平均含沙量较小;含沙量的涨、落潮变化明显,最大含沙量多出现在最大涨急时刻附近,最小含沙量多出现在最大落急时刻附近,表明测验海域泥沙受到的扰动较小;各测点涨潮输沙率占优势,但涨、落潮输沙率绝对值都很小;研究海域泥沙随潮流往复进出,总体上为涨潮流方向,即由东南向西北运移,这与江阴壁头附近的情况相吻合,即深槽宽度不断向两侧扩展,而海底水深稳中有冲,基本处于略有冲刷的平衡状态。     

小开河灌区渠道的输水输沙特性①

依据小开河灌区运行10 a来的资料,总结灌区引水引沙条件和渠道断面特性,研究干渠不同渠段的引水分布特征和泥沙长距离输送、淤积特性。根据断面实测流量资料,给出输沙渠不同渠段的河宽、水深、流速、水力半径等水力参数与流量关系的水力几何形态指标,进而得出小开河灌区不同渠段的水流挟沙力与流量的关系。计算结果表明,设计流量下小开河灌区输沙渠沿程输沙能力变化不大,输沙渠中段由于渠道宽度较大,相同流量条件下的输沙能力较上、下段偏小约2 kg/m3。     

漂流河段水动力数值模拟研究

为了给水利枢纽下游河道整治规划提供技术支撑并提出漂流供水方案,采用二维全水动力模型,对水利枢纽下游河道整治前后不同泄水工况进行模拟。以三河口水利枢纽下游河道为例,河道两侧风景优美且暗礁险滩较少,河床高程为514~526 m,河床砂卵石层厚度5~10 m,为实施漂流项目提供了保证,结合上游水利枢纽调度运行情况,计算了各个泄水工况下不同断面的水力要素及相关统计信息,并根据计算结果提出河道整治及漂流供水方案。结果表明,该二维水动力模型能高效高精度对水利枢纽下游河道进行不同泄水工况下的模拟,为河道水上娱乐设施规划提供了有效的技术支撑,并从节约水资源及减少工程施工量的角度建议对河道进行6 m疏浚,在此工况下上游水利枢纽仅需泄水4 m3/s,此时河床断面最大水深最小值为0.50 m,断面水面最小宽度为4 m,断面最小流速为1.02 m/s。     

Indikatorenbasierte Evaluierung von Fischhabitaten in alpinen Fließgewässern

The EU Water Framework Directive commits member states to achieve good ecological status in all waterbodies. Artificial or heavily modified waterbodies must reach at least its good ecological potential. In view of these requirements, simple and feasible methods are required in order to evaluate habitat suitability for relevant target species in larger river reaches. Well-developed models for determining the relationship between stream flows and habitat for target species mainly based on micro- and meso-scale already exist. However, the application of such models is complex and time-consuming and consequently limited to relatively short river segments. The objective of this study is to develop a simplified applicable assessment model to evaluate habitat conditions for selected target fish. This model uses hydro-morphological indicators for the habitat assessment and relies on correlative relations between habitat suitability and hydro-morphological features of river stretches (average Froude-number, relative flow width, mean bed slope, relative water depth and flow velocity). The indicators were determined as reach-related averages, derived from 2D model simulations (hydraulic and habitat-specific). Particular emphasis was laid on using a wide range of river stretches with different hydro-morphological characteristics (hydrology, bed substratum, bed structures, degree of braiding, sinuosity of the river course, mean bed width and bed slope). As a result, a set of model equations enables the evaluation of fish habitat conditions in river stretches as a function of flow and morphology. The habitat suitability assessment focuses on four preselected target species: brown trout, European grayling and for low slope rivers common nase and barbel.     

长江上游干支流汇合口河道特征研究

采用遥感卫星影像资料、实测河道地形图、地理信息系统和AutoCAD软件等相结合的方法,从河道平面形态和河床地貌形态对长江上游宜宾至重庆主城区河段9个主要干支流交汇河口的河道特征进行了分析。主要研究了交汇河段干支流河型特征、干支流交汇角和交汇位置、干流弯曲度、干支流河宽比及面积比、河道断面形态和滩地形态等。结果表明:在交汇河段长江干流主要呈弯曲型河道的特征,而支流入汇段基本为顺直河道;干支流交汇角一般在30°~90°范围内,且大多数支流在长江干流凹岸弯顶上游侧入汇;大部分干流河弯的弯曲度大于1.2,属于典型的弯曲型河道;长江干流河宽和面积远大于支流河宽和面积,干流河宽沿程变化相对平缓,河弯比较规顺;汇合口河段的河床地貌形态复杂,河谷断面形态往往发育为"偏V"字形或不完整的"U"形,存在碍航的江心滩或浅滩。研究成果对港口及航道工程、水利工程、市政工程和生态环境工程等的规划和建设具有重要的指导价值。     

植物对明渠流速分布影响的试验研究

采用圆柱铝棒模拟刚性植物进行水槽试验,利用激光流速仪LDV对含非淹没、淹没植物明渠流场进行了测量,对模拟植物淹没度、密度对流速分布的影响进行了研究.分析表明,植物非淹没条件下的平均流速可以表示为流量、渠宽、水深和植物密度的函数;植物淹没条件下,很难用统一的函数描述平均流速沿水深的分布,植物层上部和内部与顶部处的流速偏离有随淹没度、密度的增大而增大的规律,相同宽深比条件下,含淹没植物明渠和无植物明渠相比,最大流速位置前者高于后者,植物“抬高床面”或是减小了有效宽深比的作用.