Modeling River Mixing Mechanism Using Data Driven Model

Modeling river mixing mechanism in terms of pollution transmission in rivers is an important subject in environmental studies. Dispersion coefficient is an important parameter in river mixing problem. In this study, to model and predict the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D _L ) in natural streams, two soft computing techniques including multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) as a new approach to study hydrologic phenomena and multi-layer perceptron neural network as a common type of neural network model were prepared. To this end, related dataset were collected from literature and used for developing them. Performance of MARS model was compared with MLP and the empirical formula was proposed to calculate D _L . To define the most effective parameters on D _L structure of obtained formula from MARS model and more accurate formula was evaluated. Calculation of error indices including coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) for the results of MARS model showed that MARS model with R²?=?0.98 and RMSE?=?0.89 in testing stage has suitable performance for modeling D _L . Comparing the performance of empirical formulas, ANN and MARS showed that MARS model is more accurate compared to others. Attention to the structure of developed MARS and the most accurate empirical formulas model showed that flow velocity, depth of flow (H) and shear velocity are the most influential parameters on D _L .     

Estimation of longitudinal dispersion coefficient in rivers

The longitudinal dispersion coefficient is a crucial parameter for 1D water quality analyzing in natural rivers, and different types of empirical equations have been presented in the literature. To evaluate the precision of those commonly used equations, 116 sets of measured data for rivers in U.S. and UK have been collected for comparison. Firstly, the precisions of selected ten empirical equations under different aspect ratio (water surface width B/water depth H) have been compared, and calculation shows that most of the equations have underestimated the longitudinal dispersion when 20 < B/H < 100, in which most of the natural rivers located. The regression analysis on the collected data sets proved that the product of water depth H and the cross-sectional averaged velocity U has a higher linear correlation with the longitudinal dispersion coefficient than the product of H and shear velocity u1, and then a new expression of longitudinal dispersion coefficient, which is a combination of the product of HU and other two nondimensional hydraulic and geometric parameters, was deduced and the exponents were determined by the regression analysis. The comparison between the measured data and the predicted results shows that the presented equation has the highest precision for the studied natural rivers. To further evaluate the precision of the empirical formulae to artificial open channels, comparison was made between laboratory measuring data and empirical equation prediction, and the results have shown that the newly presented model is effective at predicting longitudinal dispersion in trapezoidal artificial channels too.     

天然河流纵向离散系数确定方法的研究进展

对天然河流纵向离散系数的确定方法进行综述,详细分析了理论公式、示踪试验、经验公式这3种方法的研究现状和发展趋势。讨论了基于断面流速分布的理论公式的适用范围以及国内外学者对该公式使用的拓展;阐述了利用现场示踪试验数据计算纵向离散系数的矩量法、演算法、直线图解法和多种优化方法,并分析了它们各自的优缺点;列举了一些具有代表性的经验公式。探讨了弯道和死水区对天然河流纵向离散系数的影响;阐述了针对传统一维纵向离散方程的缺点提出的一些其他模型,并提出了天然河流纵向离散系数研究中一些有待深入研究的问题。     

室内模拟试验确定河流纵向扩散系数研究

采用几何相似原理,在不同流量、流速条件下,以室内模拟试验求得纵向扩散系数,所得结果与同条件下现场分析计算的结果基本上一致,与国内外相近条件和经验计算值接近。室内模拟试验法不仅克服野外条件下示踪剂投放和测试条件的不便,还能够更好地研究不同水动力条件下污染物的扩散运移规律。     

Dispersion coefficients of sewers from tracer experiments.

In this paper, 60 tracer experiments in 37 different sewer reaches have been analyzed for longitudinal dispersion under dry weather flow conditions. It was found that dispersion coefficients of sewers are two to three orders of magnitude smaller than those measured in rivers and do not differ much from system to system. Suitable equations were identified to predict reasonable dispersion coefficients in sewer reaches with uniform geometry and stable flow conditions. For engineering applications that require a high degree of accuracy the performance of tracer measurements is recommended.     

土壤孔径分布对污染物迁移过程中弥散系数的影响

弥散作用主要受土体孔隙结构影响,基于孔隙结构特征对弥散作用的影响这一问题,通过压汞实验确定土样孔径分布,以水动力弥散理论为基础,以3种不同粒径组分砂土作土样,以氯化钠作为示踪剂,进行一维土柱水动力弥散和扩散实验。并由实验结果计算出各土样的机械弥散和扩散系数,得出以下结论:随着特征孔径d60或者不均匀系数Pu增大,分子扩散系数只有很小程度的增加,但机械弥散系数却有大幅度的增大,而且扩散作用在整个水动力弥散作用中所占的比例也越来越小,机械弥散受孔隙结构特征影响程度较分子扩散而言要大的多。     

Prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficient in natural streams by prediction map

Longitudinal dispersion coefficient can be determined by experimental procedures in natural streams. Many theoretical and empirical equations that are based on hydraulic and geometric characteristics have been developed from the field experiments of longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Regression analysis, which carries some restrictive assumptions such as linearity, normality and homoscedasticity, was used to derive some of these equations. Generally speaking, results obtained from regression analyses are not that accurate as these assumptions are often not satisfied completely. In this study, a method called Prediction Map (PM) is developed based on geostatistics to predict longitudinal dispersion coefficient from measured discharge values, shear velocities, and other conventional parameters of the hydraulic variables and normalized velocity with the objective of overcoming the drawbacks indicated above. As part of this method, a new procedure called Iterative Error Training Procedure (IETP) was developed to minimize prediction error. The prediction error level was reduced after implementing the IETP. PM was compared with various regression models by taking analyzed errors (average relative error percentage and root mean square error), coefficient of efficiency, coefficient of determination and Scatter Index as performance evaluation criteria. The results of the study indicate that the PM approach can perform very well in predicting longitudinal dispersion coefficient by applying IETP. The presented approach yielded lower average relative error percentage, root mean square error and Scatter Indices, and higher coefficient of efficiency and coefficient of determination values compared to the regression models. One of the important advantages of the PM method is that valuable interpretations and a prediction map can be extracted from the resulting contour maps, and as a result, more accurate predictions can be obtained compared to regression analysis.     

Estimation of the transverse dispersion coefficient for two-dimensional models of mixing in natural streams

Existing equations to predict the transverse dispersion coefficient for the two-dimensional model of mixing and transport in natural streams use the channel aspect ratio and roughness factor as well as the sinuosity of the channel as the controlling parameters, and the performance of the equation varies largely according to the range of each parameter that was studied. To this end, this study suggests the criteria to select the proper method to calculate the transverse dispersion coefficient according to the availability and range of each parameter. The strengths and limitations of existing methodologies were compared against observed data acquired from tracer experiments conducted in natural streams. Further, a flow chart was proposed with the criteria to select a suitable method under specific hydraulic and geometric conditions of the stream.The results of the classification flow chart showed that, at the first step, in the cases where secondary currents data were available for natural streams, the theoretical equation by Baek and Seo (2011) could be used to estimate the transverse dispersion coefficient. At the second step, in the case of large value of P, i.e., P > 0.04, the equation by Baek and Seo (2013) was suitable to estimate the transverse dispersion coefficient, while in the case of a small value of P, equations by Yotukura and Sayer (1976) and Baek and Seo (2013), could be used with little differences. At the third step, for the narrow streams with W/h < 50, those proposed by Bansal (1971) and Deng et al. (2001) were preferable to estimate the transverse dispersion coefficient for two-dimensional mixing models. In wide streams with W/h > 50, the results of Jeon et al. (2007) showed much better agreement with the observed values than the others.     

Spectral‐ALS data fusion for different roughness parameterizations of forested floodplains

Natural river floodplains and adjacent wetlands grow typically a diverse and heterogeneous combination of herbs, shrubs and trees, which play an essential role in determining the total flow resistance. Hydrodynamic effects of trees in forested floodplains can provide the majority of flow resistance during flood events. Nevertheless, ground‐based techniques to acquire vegetation parameters are expensive and difficult to apply over long reaches. This paper presents a novel method of automated roughness parameterization of riparian woody vegetation by fusion of Quickbird multi‐spectral image with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The data fusion approach includes: individual tree detection and estimation of vegetation metrics from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, assessment of predictive models for the vegetation parameters and spatial mapping of the vegetation parameters for the forest plants in the riparian corridor. The proposed method focuses on estimation of plant density (d), crown diameters (D_C), tree height (h), stem diameter (D_S), crown base height (cbh) and leaf area index (LAI). The procedure is tested along a 14‐km reach of the Sieve River (Tuscany, Italy) characterized by high woody plant density. Due to the complex study area, the data fusion approach explains with variable reliability the local vegetation properties (R²(D_C) = 0.14, R²(h) = 0.84, R²(D_S) = 0.25, R²(cbh) = 0.66). The generated structural parameter maps represent spatially explicit data layers that can be used as inputs to hydrodynamic models used to analyse flow resistance effects in different submergence conditions of vegetation. A simple flow resistance model was applied over a test area comparing the results of the proposed method and a traditional ground‐based approach. The modelling results showed that the new method is able to provide accurate output data to describe the interaction between water levels and bio‐mechanical characteristics of vegetation. The proposed methodology provides a fast, repeatable and accurate way of obtaining floodplain roughness, which enables regular updating of vegetation characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河水滴灌系统灌水器结构-泥沙淤积-堵塞行为的相关关系研究

传统的黄河水沉淀-过滤系统存在沉沙池建设成本高、过滤器频繁反冲洗能耗高等问题,让更多的细颗粒泥沙随水流排出灌水器体外是解决黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的新思路,而摸清泥沙在黄河水滴灌系统内部的淤积特性以及灌水器结构-淤积泥沙特性-堵塞特性参数间的相关关系是探索其排沙能力的前提和基础。为此,本文在河套灌区开展了黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞原位试验,系统分析了6种内镶贴片式灌水器内部细颗粒泥沙含量及粒径分布动态变化特征,探索了三者间的级联关系。结果表明：进入灌水器内部的泥沙99%以上可以排出体外,淤积在灌水器内部的泥沙以粉粒为主、砂粒次之、黏粒最少。随着灌水器堵塞加剧,内部淤积泥沙的黏粒、粉粒比例相对降低,而砂粒比例相对增加,泥沙进入灌水器后存在聚集等行为,使得灌水器内部淤积泥沙粒径明显高于毛管入口。泥沙比表面积淤积量、粉粒比例、砂粒比例、D₅₀、D₉₅对黄河水滴灌系统Dra、克里斯琴森均匀系数CU影响显著（p<0.05）,不同灌水器淤积泥沙粒径明显不同,D₅₀与灌水器结构无量纲参数（流道宽深比W/D、面积长度比A^1/2/L）及断面平均流速v显著（p<0.05）相关。本研究对引黄滴灌灌水器设计及灌溉系统过滤配置具有指导意义。     

Modelling Temperature,Body Size,Prey Density,and Stream Gradient Impacts on Longitudinal Patterns of Potential Production of Drift‐Feeding Trout

In this study, we modelled idealized stream reaches using empirical hydrodynamic and bioenergetic parameters to predict how rainbow trout production depends on physical and biological variations across a downstream gradient, and we compared these downstream effects in a low and high‐gradient stream reach. We found that longitudinal production potential (i.e. net rate of energetic intake per 100 m of stream length) generally increased with increasing stream size when stream gradient was low. This was not the case, however, for high‐gradient streams, wherein maximum longitudinal production potential was associated with middle or low stream size (Q_MAD = 2.5 to 25 m³ s^?1). Areal production potential (net rate of energetic intake per m² of wetted stream bed) reached a maximum at low stream size (Q_MAD = 2.5 m³ s^?1) with both high and low gradients. We also showed that high stream temperature and low drift density could potentially cause adult rainbow trout to be excluded from stream reaches with high flow. The models presented here have a stronger mechanistic basis for predicting fish production across heterogeneous stream environments and provide more nuanced predictions in response to variation in environmental features than their physical habitat‐based predecessors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of abutment aspect ratio on clear‐water scour in floodplains

Scour around abutments is recognized as one of the main reasons of bridge foundations failure. This paper presents the experimental results of the effects of abutment width and length on the scour development up to its equilibrium condition around 45° wing‐wall setback abutments in a compound channel. The developing scour hole characteristics are tested for three different lengths and widths at different time intervals until its equilibrium scour conditions. The findings showed that the abutment width has a profound effect on the characteristics of the scour hole, contradicting the results of previous studies. Generally, an increase in the relative abutment width leads to a reduction in the scour depth and width. However, the scour length, area, and volume initially increase with an increase in the relative abutment width, L_c/y_f , from 1.33 to 10.67, where L_c is the abutment width and y_f is the floodplain flow depth, and then these characteristics decrease significantly with a much wider abutment, L_c/y_f , from 10.67 to 21.33. Overall, the effects of the abutment width on abutment scour should be accounted. To this end, empirical equations are proposed to predict the scour hole characteristics. Scour data from previous studies are also used to compare with the proposed equations.     

Bubble hydrodynamic influence on oxygen transfer rate at presence of cationic and anionic surfactants in electroflotation proces

In this work, the effects of the presence of surfactants in the liquid phase and the hydrodynamic regime of the bubble flow on the oxygen transfer rate were investigated in an electroflotation process in batch mode. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLα and the oxygenation capacity were evaluated to improve the performances of the electroflotation process in terms of oxygenation. In order to evaluate the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient KLα the volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLα was dissociated into KL and the specific interracial area （a） since the last one was obtained from the gas hold-up and the bubble diameter. The effect of Reynolds number which define the hydrodynamic of the bubble flow has been also studied. Models of KLa and KL have been established to show the effects of the hydrodynamic parameters and liquid phase characteristics on the oxygen transfer rate.     

The influence of coarse particle mobility on scour depth in salmonid spawning habitat

This study examined the influence of flow hydraulics and coarse particle mobility on bed scour adjacent to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) redds in a coastal California watershed for a bankfull flood. It was theorized that coarse particle mobility (i.e., mobility of particles larger than the median bed particle size, D₅₀) exerts a strong control on bed scour depth. Maximum scour depth at the study sites was found to be negatively correlated with flow shear stress, which is dissimilar to findings from previous scour studies in spawning reaches. This resulted from a relatively similar coarse particle size (D₈₄) for all study sites and a negative relationship between shear stress and coarse particle exposure to flow (or the D₈₄/D₅₀ ratio), which together caused sites with low shear stress to have a high degree of localized coarse particle mobility and an associated high maximum scour depth. This study provides new insights into the vulnerability of spawning reaches with low flow energy to redd scour and highlights the need to consider the mobility of coarse particle sizes explicitly when examining the dominant controls on redd scour.     

Process‐based assessment of success and failure in a constructed riffle‐pool river restoration project

Although there is increasing consensus that river restoration should focus on restoring processes rather than form, proven techniques to design and monitor projects for sediment transport processes are lacking. This study monitors bedload transport and channel morphology in a rural, an urban unrestored, and an urban restored reach. Objectives are to compare bedload transport regimes, assess the stability and self‐maintenance of constructed riffle‐pool sequences, and evaluate the impact of the project on coarse sediment continuity in the creek. Sediment tracking is done using radio frequency identification tracers and morphologic change is assessed from repeated cross‐section surveys. Mean annual velocity is used to quantify the average downstream velocity of tracers, defined as the mean overall tracer travel length divided by the total study duration. The channel reconstruction slows down the downstream velocity of particles in the D₇₅ and D₉₀ size classes, but does not significantly change the velocity of particles in the D₅₀ size class or smaller. Surveys show that riffle features remain stable and that pool depths are maintained or deepened, while tracer paths match with what has been observed in natural riffle‐pools. However, the slowdown of coarse sediment and increase in channel slope may lead to future failures related to over‐steepening of the banks and a disruption in the continuity of sediment transport in the creek. This study demonstrates how bedload tracking and morphological surveys can be used to assess river restoration projects, and highlights the importance of incorporating coarse sediment connectivity into restoration design and monitoring.     

On the parametric approach to unit hydrograph identification

Unit hydrograph identification by the parametric approach is based on the assumption of a proper analytical form for its shape, using a limited number of parameters. This paper presents various suitable analytical forms for the instantaneous unit hydrograph, originated from known probability density functions or transformations of them. Analytical expressions for the moments of area of these form versus their definition parameters are theoretically derived. The relation between moments and specific shape characteristics are also examined. Two different methods of parameter estimation are studied, the first being the well-known method of moments, while the second is based on the minimization of the integral error between derived and recorded flood hydrographs. The above tasks are illustrated with application examples originated from case studies of catchments in Greece.Notations A catchment area - a,b,c definition parameters (generallya is a scale parameter, whileb andc are shape parameters) - C _v coefficient of variation - C _s skewness coefficient - D net rainfall duration - f( ) probability density function (PDF) - F( ) cumulative (probability) distribution function (CDF) - g( ) objective function - H net rainfall depth - H ₀ unit (net) rainfall depth (=10 mm) - I(t) net hyetograph - i(t) standardized net hyetograph (SNH) - I _n n ^th central moment of the standardized net hyetograph - Q(t) surface runoff hydrograph - q(t) standardized surface runoff hyrograph (SSRH) - Q _n n ^th central moment of the standardized surface runoff hydrograph - S _D (t) S-curve derived from a unit hydrograph of durationD - s(t) standardizedS-curve (SSC) - t time - T _D flood duration of the unit hydrographU _D (t) - T ₀ flood duration of the instantaneous unit hydrographU ₀(t) (= right bound of the functionU ₀(t)) - t _U IUH lag time (defined as the time from the origin to the center of area of IUH or SIUH) - t _I time from the origin to the center of the area of the net hyetograph - t _Q time from the origin to the center of the area of the surface runoff hydrograph - t _p time from the origin to the peak of IUH (or SIUH) - U _D (t) unit hydrograph for rainfall of durationD (DUH) - U _o (t) instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) - u(t) standardized instantaneous unit hydrograph (SIUH) - U _n nth central moment of area of IUH - U _n nth moment of IUH about the origin - U _n nth moment of IUH about the right bound (when exists) - V surface runoff volume - V ₀ volume corresponding to the unit hydrograph     

异重流潜入现象探讨Ⅱ:浑水水槽实验与分析

在上篇回顾异重流潜入现象研究中前人水槽实验情况和理论分析成果的基础上,本篇首先对浑水水槽实验测得的潜入点上下游沿程断面上的流速分布、含沙量分布及浑水潜入形成异重流的交界面曲线等数据进行分析,求得不同进槽流量、含沙量的进口水沙条件下潜入点处的密度Froude数Fp判别值;其次考虑潜入点Fp与其下游异重流水深hd等因素的关系,进行水库和引航道异重流潜入的理论分析,应用能量方程、动量方程分析得到忽略掺混的4种Fp与hd/hp的表达式,并与实验数据作比较,两者较接近;再将以往各学者的理论研究Fp的表达式略作推演,获得同本文推导公式近似或相同的公式,以便同本文实验资料进行比较。     

Lateral stability of sandbed canals

The lateral stability of unlined sandbed irrigation canals is a problem in the operation and maintenance of gravity irrigation systems. This problem has been studied from the aspect of meandering thalwegs that develop in otherwise straight channels.Hydrodynamic stability analysis of two-dimensional flow in sandbed channels has been used to predice the conditions under which meandering thalwegs will develop and lead to lateral instability. The analytical study shows that, with realistic functions for hydraulic resistance and bedload transport used herein, the two parameters which determine if meandering thalwegs will develop are the discharge intensity, q and channel width W.Results of analysis are confirmed by extensive data, especially collected for this purpose from straight irrigation canals in Pakistan. This study leads to criteria for stable channel width.Notation A _* coefficient, Equation (32) - B _* coefficient, Equation (32) - a, b dimensionless constants, Equation (5) - C _* dimensionless Chezy's coefficient - CC} dimensionless equilibrium bed material load, Equation (27) - D ₅₀ median bed material size - d flow depth - d ₀ equilibrium value of d - d perturbation in d - dd} a dimensionless dimensionless function of y - E _* coefficient, Equation (32) - G _* coefficient, Equation (32) - F Froude number of equilibrium flow - g acceleration of gravity - g _b bed material transport rate - g _b0 equilibrium value of g _b - g _bx,g _by values of g _balong x and y, respectively - H _y first partial derivative of hh} with respect to y - H _yy second partial derivative of hh} with respect to y - h water surface level, with reference to an arbitrary datum - h ₀ equilibrium value of h     

Improvement on the Existing Equations for Predicting Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient

Accurate prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficient (K) is a key element in studying of pollutant transport in rivers when the full cross sectional mixing has occurred. In this regard, several research studies have been carried out and different equations have been proposed. The predicted values of K obtained by different equations showed a great amount of uncertainty due to the complexity of the phenomenon. Therefore, there is still a need to make an improvement on the existing predictive models. In this study, a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique was used to derive new equations for predicting longitudinal dispersion coefficient in natural rivers. To do this, extensive field data, including hydraulic and geometrical characteristics of different rivers were applied. The results of this study were compared with those of the previous studies using the statistical error measures. The comparison revealed that the proposed model is superior to the previous ones. According to this study, PSO algorithm can be applied to improve the performance of the predictive equations by finding optimum values of the coefficients. The proposed model can be successfully applied to estimate the longitudinal dispersion coefficient for a wide range of rivers’ characteristics.     

Numerical simulation of flow past twin near-wall circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Reynolds number

Fluid flow past twin circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement placed near a plane wall was investigated by means of numerical simulations. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved with a three-step finite element method at a relatively low Reynolds number of Re = 200 for various dimensionless ratios of 0.25 ≤ G/D ≤ 2.0 and 1.0 ≤ L/D ≤ 4.0, where D is the cylinder diameter, L is the center-to-center distance between the two cylinders, and G is the gap between the lowest surface of the twin cylinders and the plane wall. The influences of G/D and L/D on the hydrodynamic force coefficients, Strouhal numbers, and vortex shedding modes were examined. Three different vortex shedding modes of the near wake were identified according to the numerical results. It was found that the hydrodynamic force coefficients and vortex shedding modes are quite different with respect to various combinations of G/D and L/D. For very small values of G/D, the vortex shedding is completely suppressed, resulting in the root mean square (RMS) values of drag and lift coefficients of both cylinders and the Strouhal number for the downstream cylinder being almost zero. The mean drag coefficient of the upstream cylinder is larger than that of the downstream cylinder for the same combination of G/D and L/D. It is also observed that change in the vortex shedding modes leads to a significant increase in the RMS values of drag and lift coefficients.