服务首都发展大局呼唤永定河统一管理

1永定河的特点和特殊的地位与作用 永定河是海河流域北系的主要河流之一,是首都北京的重要防洪、供水河道,它发源于山西省宁武县的桑干河和内蒙古兴和县的洋河,在河北省怀来县朱官屯汇合后始称永定河.永定河流经山西、内蒙、河北、北京、天津5省、市、自治区,在天津北塘入渤海,总流域面积4.7万km2,河道全长680km.永定河自河北省幽州进入北京市界,经门头沟、石景山、丰台、房山和大兴5个区后出市界,在北京市流域面积3 168km2,堤防全长122km.     

小浪底工程进水塔混凝土的温度控制

小浪底工程进水口集中布置,进水塔群由10座进水塔组成,呈"一"字形排列,体积庞大且结构复杂,故对温度控制要求高.洞群衬砌为C30～C70高等级混凝土,且厚度在1～4m之间,温控问题突出.本文从设计、施工及实施效果全面进行了分析、介绍.     

延庆地区的湿地保护

1湿地的定义及其沿革 对许多人来说,湿地是一个十分生疏的的概念,只是近年来,随着环境问题的突出,人们开始关注湿地."湿地"一词源自英文Wetland,是对地球三大生态系统(海洋、湿地与森林)中的与水发生关联的生态系统的总称.例如无论是天然或人工的湖泊、沼泽、滩涂、水库、蓄洪区、鱼塘、芦苇荡、荷花淀、烂泥坑……更大一些的有海滩、泛洪平原,只要水深不超过6 m的水域,无论咸淡,一律被称做湿地.     

以科学发展观为指导建设管理好北京的母亲河

永定河是北京的母亲河,它源源不竭的生命之水,在北京的形成、发展、繁荣过程中发挥了不可替代的作用.永定河又是一条汪洋恣肆、难以驯服的河,它暴虐的洪水年复一年地威胁着北京平原的安全.祈求永定成为世世代代生息在这里的人们对这条河的梦想,新中国的建立使这种梦想变成现实,永定河半个世纪安澜无患,写出辉煌的历史新篇章.     

北京城的沿革与水--元朝

元代为避开永定河洪水对都城的威胁,同时也为了使都城有更充足的水源可以利用,将大都城的城址向东北移动到永定河冲击扇脊部.公元1271年,元世祖忽必烈选定在白莲潭(今什刹海)一带建设元大都.为巩固元朝的统治,迫切需要从南方调运大批粮食和其他物资进大都,因而先后疏浚了南北大运河,同时试行海运.元代以前,漕船大多只能抵达通州张家湾.从通州到大都,虽有闸河和坝河可以通漕,但已废多年,坝河河窄水浅运量有限.史料记载:"通州而上,地峻而水不留,其势易浅,舟船不行",主要运输"常从事陆挽,人颇艰之".若"方秋霖雨,驴畜死者不可胜计".     

临泉县涎河闸底板混凝土施工技术

本文结合自己的施工经历,阐述了涎河闸工程闸室底板混凝土的施工技术,从混凝土的配合比、拌制、输送、浇筑、养护及温控等工艺流程上,介绍了混凝土工程施工的质量控制措施.     

水电站抗震保安全有力有序有效进行

[本刊综合报道]"5·12"汶川大地震导致四川等地水库、水电站严重受损，水利部领导高度重视.     

西藏皮达湖和龙巴萨巴湖除险的思考

由于自然、历史、社会等原因，人们对高原冰湖的研究甚少，除险施工更是少之又少。分析西藏定结县皮达湖、龙巴萨巴湖险情的成因与危害，通过对两冰湖除险施工的总结，揭示了高海拔水利工程施工的一些特点、面临的实际问题以及取得的实践经验，并从保护生态及环境的角度出发，对冰湖的保护和治理进行了有益的探索。     

热血融化冰雪真情融化灾情——追记在抗冰救灾中英勇殉职的大山人民的好儿子、电力职工彭显松同志

2008年1月29日下午5时54分,四川省水电投资经营集团筠连电力有限公司双腾供电所职工彭显松冒着严寒在风雪中抢修电路时,从7m多高的电杆上摔落,不幸英勇殉职,献出了他27岁年轻而宝贵的生命.     

岳虎滩水电站增容改造

岳虎滩水电站工程始建于1974年,原机组设备较为落后,经多年运行,下游河床内洪水堆积体抬高下游水位严重,且现有发电机组处于超龄服役期,水轮机效率、机组出力明显下降,加之原装机容量偏小,已不能满足电网需求.随着科技进步,在充分利用原有资源、采用新型机组设备条件下,通过对岳虎滩水电站进行综合改造,增加电站容量及机组出力,使电站效益得到大幅提高,同时也达到最大限度地利用水能资源目的.     

洪泽湖混合流数值模拟

本文通过构造一个二维开边界数值模式，对不同风情及出入湖流量组合情况下的洪泽湖混合流流态进行模拟研究，探讨其混合流特征。     

Feeding Ecology of Lake Whitefish in Lake Huron

We determined diet composition, feeding strategy, prey size, and effects of prey type on food weight and energy in stomachs for lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Huron during 2002–04. Age-0 lake whitefish (73–149 mm TL) ate mainly large-bodied cladoceran zooplankton in the summer (July–mid September). Medium lake whitefish (≤ 350 mm TL excluding age-0) generally ate softbodied macroinvertebrates, especially Chironomidae larvae and pupae, in the spring (mid May-June). Zooplankton, if eaten, were generally most important in the summer. Molluscs were generally a minor part of medium lake whitefish diets. Large lake whitefish (> 350 mm) mainly ate molluscs, particularly quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), despite geographic differences in mussel abundance. Large-bodied crustaceans (Diporeia spp., Mysis relicta, Isopoda) were a minor part of large lake whitefish diets. Lake whitefish demonstrated a flexible feeding strategy, with individual specialization on some prey and generalized feeding on others. The size of benthic prey (Diporeia spp., Chironomidae, and Dreissena spp.) eaten increased with fish size and influenced the energetic value of prey for medium and large lake whitefish. The type of prey eaten affected the food and energy intake differently for each size class of lake whitefish. Age-0 lake whitefish that ate mainly zooplankton had more food and energy in stomachs than fish eating shelled prey or other macroinvertebrates. On the other hand, food weight in stomachs did not differ across prey groups for medium fish, but energy in stomachs was lowest for fish that ate shelled prey. For large lake whitefish, there was no difference in food weight or energy in stomachs for different prey groups.     

Maturity Schedules of Lake Trout in Lake Michigan

We determined maturity schedules of male and female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan from nearshore populations and from an offshore population on Sheboygan Reef, which is located in midlake. Gill nets and bottom trawls were used to catch lake trout in fall 1994 and 1995 from two nearshore sites and Sheboygan Reef. Each lake trout was judged immature or mature, based on visual examination of gonads. Probit analysis, coupled with relative potency testing, revealed that age-at-maturity and length-at-maturity were similar at the two nearshore sites, but that lake trout from the nearshore sites matured at a significantly earlier age than lake trout from Sheboygan Reef. However, length at maturity for the nearshore populations was nearly identical to that for the offshore population, suggesting that rate of lake trout maturation in Lake Michigan was governed by growth rather than age. Half of the lake trout males reached maturity at a total length of 580 mm, whereas half of the females were mature at a length of about 640 mm. Over half of nearshore males were mature by age 5, and over half the nearshore females matured by age 6. Due to a slower growth rate, maturity was delayed by 2 years on Sheboygan Reef compared with the nearshore populations. Documentation of this delay in maturation may be useful in deciding stocking allocations for lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Michigan.     

Potential Strategies for Recovery of Lake Whitefish and Lake Herring Stocks in Eastern Lake Erie

Lake Erie sustained large populations of ciscoes (Salmonidae: Coregoninae) 120 years ago. By the end of the 19^th century, abundance of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) had declined drastically. By 1925, the lake herring (a cisco) population (Coregonus artedii) had collapsed, although a limited lake herring fishery persisted in the eastern basin until the 1950s. In the latter part of the 20^th century, the composition of the fish community changed as oligotrophication proceeded. Since 1984, a limited recovery of lake whitefish has occurred, however no recovery was evident for lake herring. Current ecological conditions in Lake Erie probably will not inhibit recovery of the coregonine species. Recovery of walleye (Sander vitreus) and efforts to rehabilitate the native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Erie will probably assist recovery because these piscivores reduce populations of alewife (Alosa psuedoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), which inhibit reproductive success of coregonines. Although there are considerable spawning substrates available to coregonine species in eastern Lake Erie, eggs and fry would probably be displaced by storm surge from most shoals. Site selection for stocking or seeding of eggs should consider the reproductive life cycle of the stocked fish and suitable protection from storm events. Two potential sites in the eastern basin have been identified. Recommended management rocedures, including commercial fisheries, are suggested to assist in recovery. Stocking in the eastern basin of Lake Erie is recommended for both species, as conditions are adequate and the native spawning population in the eastern basin is low. For lake herring, consideration should be given to match ecophenotypes as much as possible. Egg seeding is recommended. Egg seeding of lake whitefish should be considered initially, with fingerling or yearling stocking suggested if unsuccessful. Spawning stocks of whitefish in the western basin of Lake Erie could be utilized.     

Nitrogen dry deposition to Lake Superior and Lake Michigan

Nitrate (NO₃^?) levels in Lake Superior have increased from historic levels of about 5?μM to its current concentration of about 25?μM. The atmosphere makes a substantial contribution to the nitrogen budgets for Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. This study provides a more well-defined estimate of nitrogen dry deposition rates derived from the measurement of over-water concentrations, and in situ meteorological measurements, which were input into the Resistance Model. We obtained a nitrogen dry deposition rate of [(3.41?±?2.26)?×?10⁷?kg?N/yr; (5.90?±?3.91)?kg?N/ha/yr] over Lake Michigan, and [(1.54?±?1.06)?×?10⁷?kg?N/yr; (1.87?±?1.27)?kg?N/ha/yr] over Lake Superior. Nitric acid (HNO₃), which originates from the combustion of fossil fuels, contributes 84% of the total nitrogen dry deposition to Lake Michigan; and 66% to Lake Superior. Ammonia (NH₃), which originates from agricultural activities and gasoline combustion, is the second highest contributor of nitrogen dry deposition to both lakes: contributing 13% to Lake Michigan and 32% to Lake Superior. The nitrogen dry deposition is approximately 68% of the nitrogen wet deposition over Lake Superior, and approximately 80% of wet deposition over Lake Michigan. The over-water dry deposition velocity of HNO₃ and NH₃ were also evaluated. We obtained morning deposition velocities of 0.099?cm/s for NH₃ and 0.095?cm/s for HNO₃; and afternoon values of 0.137?cm/s for NH₃ and 0.132?cm/s for HNO₃. Another key finding is that the atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen compounds near Lake Michigan and Lake Superior have decreased since 2003.     

太湖梅梁湾、贡湖套网格风生流数值模拟

对太湖梅梁湖、贡湖湖流进行套网格数值模拟。根据1998年8月太湖富营养化水质监测水文物理资料,绘制出梅梁湖、贡湖各站点位置分布图和其流速大小和方向。模拟计算与实测结果吻合较好,证明其套网格数值模型的建立是合理和有效的。分析结果表明,太湖各水域流速相差很大,近岸区域流速高于远岸区域,存在明显的近岸流。但流速值不大,即梅梁湖、贡湖和大太湖的水体交换量不大,通过流场分布可初步判断污染物质在水体中的扩散与迁移情况。     

Spatial Patterns in PCB Concentrations of Lake Michigan Lake Trout

Most of the PCB body burden in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the Great Lakes is from their food. PCB concentrations were determined in lake trout from three different locations in Lake Michigan during 1994–1995, and lake trout diets were analyzed at all three locations. The PCB concentrations were also determined in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), bloater (Coregonus hoyi), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), five species of prey fish eaten by lake trout in Lake Michigan, at three nearshore sites in the lake. Despite the lack of significant differences in the PCB concentrations of alewife, rainbow smelt, bloater, slimy sculpin, and deepwater sculpin from the southeastern nearshore site near Saugatuck (Michigan) compared with the corresponding PCB concentrations from the northwestern nearshore site near Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin), PCB concentrations in lake trout at Saugatuck were significantly higher than those at Sturgeon Bay. The difference in the lake trout PCB concentrations between Saugatuck and Sturgeon Bay could be explained by diet differences. The diet of lake trout at Saugatuck was more concentrated in PCBs than the diet of Sturgeon Bay lake trout, and therefore lake trout at Saugatuck were more contaminated in PCBs than Sturgeon Bay lake trout. These findings were useful in interpreting the long-term monitoring series for contaminants in lake trout at both Saugatuck and the Wisconsin side of the lake.     

GPS?RTK?技术在青海湖容积测量中的应用

随着? GPS?的快速发展,RTK?测量技术也日益成熟,并逐步在测绘中得到应用.分析? GPS? RTK?技术在第一次水利普查青海湖容积测量中的应用,就? GPS? RTK?技术在水下地形测量中数据处理方法和野外测量优势进行探讨.在青海湖容积测量中的应用说明,RTK?技术改变了水下地形测量的作业模式,真正实现高精度、高效率,减轻了劳动强度,经过不断发展和完善,RTK?技术将改变测绘领域其他如控制测量、纵横断面测量、施工放样等的手段.     

Lake trout in northern Lake Huron spawn on submerged drumlins

Recent observations of spawning lake trout Salvelinus namaycush near Drummond Island in northern Lake Huron indicate that lake trout use drumlins, landforms created in subglacial environments by the action of ice sheets, as a primary spawning habitat. From these observations, we generated a hypothesis that may in part explain locations chosen by lake trout for spawning. Most salmonines spawn in streams where they rely on streamflows to sort and clean sediments to create good spawning habitat. Flows sufficient to sort larger sediment sizes are generally lacking in lakes, but some glacial bedforms contain large pockets of sorted sediments that can provide the interstitial spaces necessary for lake trout egg incubation, particularly if these bedforms are situated such that lake currents can penetrate these sediments. We hypothesize that sediment inclusions from glacial scavenging and sediment sorting that occurred during the creation of bedforms such as drumlins, end moraines, and eskers create suitable conditions for lake trout egg incubation, particularly where these bedforms interact with lake currents to remove fine sediments. Further, these bedforms may provide high-quality lake trout spawning habitat at many locations in the Great Lakes and may be especially important along the southern edge of the range of the species. A better understanding of the role of glacially-derived bedforms in the creation of lake trout spawning habitat may help develop powerful predictors of lake trout spawning locations, provide insight into the evolution of unique spawning behaviors by lake trout, and aid in lake trout restoration in the Great Lakes.     

魏源湖赋

荆楚古邑,宝庆隆中。乙卯降魔,治水劈山,扼河兴湖,名弘魏源。彰群贤壮志,汗青碧湖;酬先哲宏愿,水映金潭。登高远眺,雪峰逶迤,资水蜿蜒;凌空俯瞰,黛镜平铺,翡玉精嵌。南北隽秀,西洋江、小沙江,江湖连环;东西妖娆,白马山、九龙山,山峦迭嶂。高州温泉,闻名遐迩,荷田钟乳,玲珑剔透,